Au/Fe2O3催化剂的制备及其对富氢气体中一氧化碳选择性氧化的催化性能

 采用共沉淀法制备了1.5%Au/Fe2O3催化剂,考察了加料方式对Au/Fe2O3催化剂化学组成及其催化富氢气体中CO选择性氧化性能的影响. 结果表明,正加法制备的Au/Fe2O3催化剂的性能明显好于反加法制备的催化剂,80 ℃时前者对富氢气体中CO选择性氧化反应的转化率为94%,CO2选择性为65%,连续反应10 h,催化剂活性没有变化. XRD,XPS和TEM等的测试结果表明,正加法制备的Au/Fe2O3催化剂中金粒子的平均粒径为2～4 nm,金粒子高度分散在载体上,并与载体之间发生了较强的相互作用,从而表现出较高的催化性能.     

Rh/Al_2O_3-Cr_2O_3整体式催化剂的制备和二氯甲烷催化氧化性能

以粉末Al_2O_3为载体,通过浸渍Rh(NO_3)_3制备Rh/Al_2O_3催化剂;再以Rh/Al_2O_3、粉末Cr_2O_3和铝胶经过研磨混合制得催化剂活性浆料;将催化剂活性浆料涂覆到堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体表面,经烘干,焙烧制得不同Rh含量的Rh/Al_2O_3-Cr_2O_3系列整体式催化剂.研究了该类催化剂的二氯甲烷催化氧化性能,发现Rh负载量为0.4 g/L的Rh/Al_2O_3-Cr_2O_3催化剂活性最佳,且未生成含氯中间产物.结合催化剂的表征结果发现,Rh的添加可增加催化剂的表面酸性和氧化还原性能,二者的协同作用提高了催化剂活性;而Cr_2O_3的存在有利于CH_3Cl中间体的进一步氧化,从而提高了催化剂的选择性.     

负载型介孔Au/NiO催化剂的制备、表征与光谱特性研究

采用还原法和沉积-沉淀法制备了介孔Au/NiO催化剂,并运用XRD、N2吸附-脱附、UV-Vis、FTIR、和XPS等方法对其进行了表征,考察了制备方法对Au/NiO催化剂物理化学性质和丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯反应催化性能的影响.实验结果表明Au/NiO催化剂具有一定的低温催化活性,而还原法制备的催化剂催化性能好于沉积-沉淀法制备的催化剂,反应温度350℃时,还原法制备的Au/NiO催化剂的丙烷转化率和丙烯选择性分别达到25.1%和39.8%.制备方法对表面Au的价态分布、颗粒大小及分散度均有影响.催化剂表面Auδ+物种是催化剂的主要活性组分.     

无碱条件下Au/ZnO选择性催化氧化1,3-丙二醇合成3-羟基丙酸甲酯

采用溶胶-沉积法合成了高选择性的Au/ZnO催化剂,用于1,3-丙二醇选择性氧化酯化为3-羟基丙酸甲酯的反应.研究了保护剂PVA用量、金溶胶合成温度、金负载量及催化剂循环利用对反应的影响,且优化了反应温度和反应压力,并对催化剂进行了XRD和TEM表征.结果表明,PVA∶Au(m/m)=1∶4、金溶胶合成温度25℃、金负载量1%的Au/ZnO对目标反应的催化活性最好,在100℃和Po2=2MPa的条件下1,3-丙二醇的转化率达82.8%,产物3-羟基丙酸甲酯的选择性达95.4%.Au纳米粒子的粒径影响催化性能,在Au平均粒径为2.8~6.1nm的范围内,产物选择性随Au纳米粒子的粒径的减小而增大,平均粒径在2.8~4.8nm的范围内时,催化剂具有较好的产物选择性(大于90%);Au/ZnO催化剂循环利用4次后催化性能(转化率和选择性)无明显下降;并推测了无碱条件下Au/ZnO选择性催化氧化1,3-丙二醇合成3-羟基丙酸甲酯的反应机制.     

面向异丁烷脱氢介孔γ-Al_2O_3基催化剂的合成及其高催化性能

采用溶剂蒸发自组装法调控载体形貌及孔道结构,成功制备了有序介孔氧化铝载体。以铬氧物种为活性组分,碱金属钾为助剂,采用浸渍法制备负载型催化剂,用于异丁烷催化脱氢反应,研究了反应温度、原料流速、催化剂粒径等因素对催化性能的影响。采用X射线粉末衍射、透射电子显微镜、N_2物理吸附、氢气程序升温还原及热重等表征方法探讨了载体形貌、孔道结构与催化性能的构效关系,结果表明,低温下有利于控制异丙醇铝的水解和缩合及介孔γ-Al_2O_3的研制。与常规的γ-Al_2O_3相比,所制备的介孔γ-Al_2O_3的有更大的比表面积和良好的有序性,在600℃、101.325kPa、GHSV=1 000 h~(-1)的条件下,10%(w/w)Cr_2O_3/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂性能最佳,异丁烷的转化率达63.1%,异丁烯的选择性达到85.5%。与传统的催化剂相比,介孔Cr_2O_3/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂具有大的比表面积,高度分散的活性组分,优良的催化性能和良好的抗积碳能力。     

反应气中的湿度对Au/Co_3O_4室温催化氧化甲醛的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了Au/Co_3O_4催化剂,通过TG-DSC、XRD、BET、XPS等技术对其进行了表征,并考察了其室温下催化氧化甲醛的性能.结果表明,Au的负载降低了Co3O4催化氧化甲醛的反应温度,在25℃具有60%的催化去除效率(RH 0%,GHSV 80 000 h-1)和100%的CO2选择性;室内环境湿度水平的水汽能显著提高其催化活性,在25℃达到了95%以上的甲醛去除效率(RH 50%,GHSV 80 000 h~(-1))和100%的CO_2选择性,活性持续2 0 h以上未见降低.XPS结果表明,Au在Co_3O_4表面主要以金属单质形式存在,其引入提高了催化剂表面的Oads/Olatt比.原位红外(In situ DRIFTS)分析结果表明,甲酸盐和二氧亚甲基(DOM)是催化反应过程中的主要中间物种,水汽的引入有利于促进甲酸盐的生成、中间产物的氧化分解以及产物的脱附.     

Au/TS-1选择性催化氧化NO性能研究

制备了负载型Au/TS-1催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、TEM等方法进行了表征,并将其应用于选择性催化氧化NO反应,考察了各工艺条件对NO催化氧化效率的影响。结果表明,Au/TS-1催化剂具有良好的结晶度,Au粒子成功地负载在TS-1上。该催化剂在选择性催化氧化NO反应中具有优异的低温催化氧化活性,在NO体积分数为1×10-3,O2含量为10%,空速为5 000 h-1,Au的负载量为1.0%,180℃时,NO的氧化率高于55%(此时最适宜吸收处理);260℃时,氧化率可达到78%。     

氧化铈促进的高效Au/Al_2O_3催化剂制备及其催化CO选择氧化反应性能（英文）

近年来,伴随全球能源危机的加剧,以及温室效应和细颗粒物等一系列环境问题出现,各国研究者正努力寻求和开发可持续利用的新能源来代替传统的化石能源.燃料电池具有能量转化效率高、对环境排放低和污染小等优点,作为一种新的环境友好型技术而广受关注.在众多的燃料电池中,质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)因具有能量效率高和工作窗口温度低等优势而备受关注.但是,PEMFC燃料以H_2为主,主要来源是烃类的重整气,但其中痕量的CO(10 ppm)将会引起Pt电极中毒,导致PEMFC性能迅速下降,因此如何有效地祛除富氢气体中的CO并尽可能减少H_2的消耗具有重要研究价值.目前,CO选择氧化法(CO-PROX)是公认的最简单、廉价和有效的办法之一.CO的消除通常选用霍加拉特催化剂,虽然Cu基催化剂具有低廉的成本和较好的CO催化氧化性能,但是当反应中有H_2O和CO_2存在时,其活性会迅速下降.Au催化剂具有优异的低温CO催化氧化性能,但在PEMFC的工作温度窗口为80–120 oC时,随着反应温度提高,H_2与CO之间的竞争吸附变强,采用单组分Au催化剂难于在80–120 oC内使CO完全氧化.因此,设计并制备高效的Au催化剂来提高其在PEMFC工作温度(80–120 oC)条件下CO-PROX反应活性和选择性仍然是目前该方向的难点.氧化铈(Ce O2)是一种重要的稀土化合物,由于Ce具有独特的4f电子层结构,Ce~(3+)/Ce~(4+)在一定条件下可以相互转化,具有较高的储放氧能力,即能够在富氧条件下储存氧,在贫氧条件下释放氧.CeO_2是一种重要的氧化反应催化剂载体,是三效催化剂的主要组成部分,在净化汽车尾气方面稀土元素具有独特的优势,广泛应用于CO氧化和NO_x消除等领域中.最近,本课题组以自制的氧化铝为载体,制备了K掺杂的Au-Cu/Al_2O_3催化剂,其在CO-PROX反应中具有较好的催化活性和稳定性.本文在此基础上,利用Au与CeO_2之间的相互作用,制备了Ce O_2掺杂的Au/CeO_2/Al_2O_3催化剂和K掺杂的Au-Cu/Ce O_2/Al_2O_3催化剂.表征结果发现,催化剂中Au和Au-Cu纳米粒子的尺寸均一,平均粒径分别为2.4±0.4和2.8±0.4nm.与Au/Al_2O_3催化剂相比,Ce掺杂的Au催化剂具有更高的金属分散度,拓宽了其CO完全转化时的反应温度窗口(30–70oC).对所制备的Au催化剂进一步通过拉曼光谱、H_2程序升温还原和CO-红外光谱等手段分析和CO-PROX催化性能测试,可以证实Au-Cu/Ce O_2/Al_2O_3催化剂中各组分在CO-PROX反应中所起的作用.结果表明,CeO_2的掺杂能增强活性组分与载体之间的相互作用,有助于提高Au-Cu纳米粒子的分散度,此外还能提高Au催化剂的还原性能,其表面形成的氧空位提高了CO-PROX反应的催化性能.Cu物种的引入显著增强了CO在Au催化剂上吸附能力.综上所述,CeO_2组分对Au/Al_2O_3催化剂的促进作用体现在:(1)有效锚定Au和Au-Cu纳米粒子;(2)提供CO-PROX反应中的活性氧物种.     

磷改性Cr2O3/Al2O3催化4-乙基酚转化制轻质芳烃

以烷基酚转化为轻质芳烃(苯和甲苯)为目标,制备了Cr_2O_3/Al_2O_3催化剂,并以4-乙基酚为模型化合物研究了其加氢反应性能。体积空速、氢油比、反应压力和温度升高时,脱烷基率、芳烃总选择性、轻质芳烃选择性呈先增大后减小的趋势,反应温度对转化率影响较大。以不同浓度磷酸对Cr_2O_3/Al_2O_3进行改性,随着磷酸用量的增大,催化剂酸量总体增大,主要是弱酸和中强酸,酸强度先增加后降低,磷酸用量较高时,弱酸增加幅度较大。与未改性相比,质量分数8%磷酸改性Cr_2O_3/Al_2O_3上4-乙基酚转化率99.5%,脱烷基率提升9.4%,达74.4%,轻质芳烃选择性提高4.0%,达到57.0%,以较高选择性实现了转化制轻质芳烃,同时,芳烃总选择性高达80.4%,较高程度保持了芳环不被破坏。提出了Cr_2O_3/Al_2O_3上4-乙基酚加氢反应的路径并对反应机理进行了研究。     

氧化铜修饰羟基磷灰石负载金对醇类需氧氧化的双金属协同催化（英文）

采用均匀沉积-沉淀法制备了氧化铜修饰羟基磷灰石负载金催化剂(Au/CuO-HAP),并用原子吸收光谱、N2吸附脱附、X射线粉末衍射、透射电镜和X射线光电子能谱等方法对催化剂结构和形貌进行了表征.考察了催化剂对醇类液相需氧氧化的催化性能.与单金属Au/HAP或CuO-HAP相比较,双金属Au/CuO-HAP对苯甲醇氧化的催化活性和苯甲醛的选择性有显著提高,120℃反应1.5h,苯甲醇的转化率和苯甲醛的选择性分别达到99.7%和98.4%.在Au/CuO-HAP的催化下,其它类型的芳香醇均可高选择性转化为相应的醛或酮.Au/CuO-HAP催化剂有很好的稳定性和可回收性,4次回收后,其催化活性没有明显变化.     

温和条件下Au/HY催化剂催化氧化丙三醇制丙醇二酸

研究了不同载体负载的Au催化剂催化丙三醇水相选择性氧化制丙醇二酸.与Au/CeO2,Au/AC,Au/REY和Au/NaY催化剂相比,Au/HY上获得了高收率的丙醇二酸.在60°C和0.3 MPa氧气压力下,丙三醇转化率达98%,丙醇二酸收率为80%.表征结果表明,小尺寸的Au纳米颗粒对生成丙醇二酸有明显促进作用;反应过程中丙三醇先被催化氧化生成甘油酸,再被进一步氧化生成丙醇二酸.     

高选择性和稳定性的CsPW/Nb2O5催化剂用于甘油脱水制备丙烯醛（英文）

以磷钨酸铯盐Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40(CsPW)为活性组分,负载到Nb2O5载体上,并用于甘油脱水制备丙烯醛的反应中.通过调节焙烧温度(400–700°C)以及活性组分负载量(5儃60 wt%),对催化剂酸性进行调节.CsPW负载量为20 wt%,500°C焙烧的CsPW/Nb2O5催化剂性能最佳,甘油转化率为96%,丙烯醛选择性为80%,反应10 h内没有失活现象,并且该催化剂具有良好的热稳定性,可通过烧炭进行再生.     

Preparation of Li4Ti5O12 Microspheres with a Pure Cr2O3 Coating Layer and its Effect for Lithium Storage

The pure Cr₂O₃ coated Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ microspheres were prepared by a facile and cheap solutionbased method with basic chromium(III) nitrate solution (pH=11.9). And their Li-storage properties were investigated as anode materials for lithium rechargeable batteries. The pure Cr₂O₃ works as an adhesive interface to strengthen the connections between Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ particles, providing more electric conduction channels, and reduce the inter-particle resistance. Moreover, LixCr₂O₃, formed by the lithiation of Cr₂O₃, can further stabilize Li₇Ti₅O₁₂ with high electric conductivity on the surface of particles. While in the acid chromium solution (pH=3.2) modification, besides Cr₂O₃, Li₂CrO₄ and TiO₂ phases were also found in the final product. Li₂CrO₄ is toxic and the presence of TiO₂ is not welcome to improve the electrochemical performance of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ microspheres. The reversible capacity of 1% Cr₂O₃-coated sample with the basic chromium solution modification was 180 mAh/g at 0.1 C, and 134 mAh/g at 10 C. Moreover, it was even as high as 127 mAh/g at 5 C after 600 cycles. At-20℃, its reversible specific capacity was still as high as 118 mAh/g.     

Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with Propene over Au/Fe2O3/Al2O3 Catalysts

A series of Au/Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by the homogeneous deposition-precipitation method. The catalytic activity of the catalyst samples for selective catalytic reduction of NO by propene under oxygen-rich atmosphere was evaluated. The results showed that 2%Au/10%Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ exhibited good low-temperature activity. The maximum of NO conversion reached 43% at 300 °C, while it was only 21% over the 2%Au/Al₂O₃ catalyst at the same temperature. The addition of 2% steam to the feed gas had little effect on the catalytic activity. X-ray diffraction results indicated that both Au and Fe₂O₃ particles were highly dispersed over Al₂O₃. H₂-temperature-programmed reduction results indicated that there was strong interaction between Au and Fe₂O₃, which made the reduction of Fe₂O₃ easy. The synergistic effect between Au and Fe₂O₃ was probably responsible for the good catalytic performance of the Au/Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst at low temperature.     

纳米结构Au/Fe2O3的制备、表征及催化氧化性能

分别以纳米和块状氧化铁为载体,通过沉积沉淀法制备了Au/Nano-Fe₂O₃和Au/Bulk-Fe₂O₃,并对其进行了表征和催化氧化性能测试。结果表明：对于Au/Nano-Fe₂O₃,5nmAu颗粒被尺寸相当的Nano-Fe₂O₃所包覆,形成新颖的类似核壳结构;对于Au/Bulk-Fe₂O₃,3nmAu颗粒高度分散于Bulk-Fe₂O₃的表面。在1-苯乙醇的氧化反应中,Au/Nano-Fe₂O₃显示出比Au/Bulk-Fe₂O₃更好的催化活性。活性的增强主要与小尺寸的Nano-Fe₂O₃以及Au和Nano-Fe₂O₃更大的接触界面有关。相比于广泛受到重视的Au的尺寸效应来说,对于Au/Nano-Fe₂O₃而言,Fe₂O₃尺寸的影响更大。     

纳米结构Au/Fe_2O_3的制备、表征及催化氧化性能

分别以纳米和块状氧化铁为载体,通过沉积沉淀法制备了Au/Nano-Fe2O3和Au/Bulk-Fe2O3,并对其进行了表征和催化氧化性能测试。结果表明:对于Au/Nano-Fe2O3,5 nm Au颗粒被尺寸相当的Nano-Fe2O3所包覆,形成新颖的类似核壳结构;对于Au/Bulk-Fe2O3,3 nm Au颗粒高度分散于Bulk-Fe2O3的表面。在1-苯乙醇的氧化反应中,Au/Nano-Fe2O3显示出比Au/Bulk-Fe2O3更好的催化活性。活性的增强主要与小尺寸的Nano-Fe2O3以及Au和Nano-Fe2O3更大的接触界面有关。相比于广泛受到重视的Au的尺寸效应来说,对于Au/Nano-Fe2O3而言,Fe2O3尺寸的影响更大。     

Formation of Ferrite-Chromites BaFe10Cr2O19 and SrFe10Cr2O19 in the Solid-Phase Reaction of Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 with Barium or Strontium Carbonate

X-ray phase analysis and the thermomagnetic method were applied to study solid-phase reactions in mixtures of powders 5Fe₂O₃ + Cr₂O₃ + BaCO₃ and 5Fe₂O₃ + Cr₂O₃ + SrCO₃, yielding, respectively, barium and strontium ferrite-chromite solid solutions BaFe₁₀Cr₂O₁₉ and SrFe₁₀Cr₂O₁₉.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 78, No. 3, 2005, pp. 357–361.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Bashkirov, Kostyushko.     

Calorimetric determination of the thermodynamic properties of the alkali metal salts NaNO3, KNO3, Na2Cr2O7, K2Cr2O7 and their binary eutectic solutions

This work is part of more general project in thermal energy storage by means of the solid—liquid phase transformation. The phase diagrams were checked and slightly modified. A drop calorimeter was used to measure the enthalpies over a small temperature range near the melting points, so enabling the determination of the heats of fusion and the specific heats of the solid and liquid phases over these ranges.For NaNO₃, KNO₃, Na₂Cr₂O₇, K₂Cr₂O₇, NaNO₃KNO₃, NaNO₃Na₂Cr₂O₇, NaNO₃, K₂Cr₂O₇, KNO₃K₂Cr₂O₇ and Na₂Cr₂O₇K₂Cr₂O₇, the enthalpies in the solid and liquid states and the heats of fusion were found to be, respectively, in cal mole^?1; 9300, 12800, 3500 at 581 K; 10300, 12500, 2200 at 611 K; 23600, 29600, 6000 at 625 K; 25000, 34400, 9400 at 666 K; 5700, 8200, 2500 at 495 K; 10300, 13800, 3500 at 535 K; 8700, 11300, 2600 at 495 K; 11100, 13500, 2400 at 537 K; 20300, 23600, 3300 at 573 K. The results for the heats of fusion of the solutions are compared with values obtained by means of simple methods of estimation.     

CO oxidation over Au/Al2O3catalysts modified by MgO

Summary Au/Al₂O₃catalysts modified by MgO were tested in CO oxidation using temperature programmed technique. Contrary to Au/Al₂O₃the modified Au/MgO-Al₂O₃catalysts showed high activity in the sub-ambient and ambient temperature ranges.     

An 57Fe Mössbauer effect study of magnetic ordering in the Fe2O3Cr2O3 system

⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer effect spectra have been obtained as a function of temperature for a series of Fe₂O₃Cr₂O₃ compositions in the range 0.2–75% Fe₂O₃. From 30% of Fe₂O₃ upwards, the dependence of the reduced internal magnetic field $\text{H}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>eff</mtext>}}\text{(T)}\text{H}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>eff</mtext>}}\text{(T = 0)}$ on reduced temperature, $\text{T}\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{N}}$, was found to be identical with that for α-Fe₂O₃, indicating the persistence of Fe₂O₃-type ordering over this composition range. For 0.2% of ⁵⁷Fe₂O₃ in Cr₂O₃, the reduced field values fall far below those for α-Fe₂O₃ or Cr₂O₃, and weak coupling of Fe₃⁺ with Cr³⁺ has been inferred.A Morin transition similar to that for α-Fe₂O₃ was not present for samples containing 75% of Fe₂O₃. Quadrupole shifts ? were found to be negative and diminishing between 75 and 30% Fe₂O₃, and positive between 20 and 0.2%. The limiting value at lowest dilution of 0.113 ± 0.010 mm/sec corresponds to a nuclear quadrupole coupling constant e²qQ of 0.45 ± 0.04, approximately half that for α-Fe₂O₃. Cone angles for Fe³⁺ spin vectors in the spin-spiral arrangements for intermediate compositions have been derived, and are similar to, but less extreme than those deduced from neutron diffraction data.