用可再生原料合成聚氨酯脲水分散液——成膜后的结构与性能研究

以不同组成的蓖麻油和二官能度聚醚多元醇 (GE 2 10 )等原料合成了聚氨酯脲 (PUU)水分散液 ,研究了蓖麻油 GE 2 10的组成对PUU膜结构与性能的影响 .结果表明 ,由GE 2 10合成的PUU虽软硬段间存在一定的相容性 ,但其中脲羰基的氢键化程度高 ,硬段形成较好的有序结构 ,导致PUU膜具有较高的拉伸强度及断裂伸长率 ,但弹性模量和硬度下降 .在蓖麻油合成的PUU中脲羰基的氢键化程度及硬段有序结构均受到化学交联结构的抑制 ,故PUU膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率降低 ,但弹性模量及硬度较高 .由蓖麻油与GE 2 10在一定的组成范围内合成的PUU膜 ,具有优良的综合平衡的力学性能 ,后者与材料的结构形态相符     

活化温度对单组分水性聚氨酯膜结构和性能的影响

用FTIR,DSC,SEM等方法研究了不同热活化温度对水性聚氨酯(APU)结构和性能的影响.结果表明,较高温度的热处理有利于APU膜分子中的氢键重新排列,导致APU膜中无序化氢键有较大幅度地增加和有序化氢键小幅增加,从而形成大量非完善的远程有序结构和少量完善的远程有序结构.这种有序结构在APU中成为有效的物理交联点,使APU膜表现出较好的力学性能.     

含氮杂冠醚双亲聚合物纳米球的制备及性能

设计、合成了含氮杂冠醚和腺嘌呤的双亲聚合物,聚[N,N-二乙氧基-1,10-二氮杂-18冠-6-5-甲基-腺嘌呤-异酞酸酯](PCASE).SEM观测到在水溶液中该聚合物与5-氟尿嘧啶(5-flu)小分子识别后自发聚集成直径约140～210nm的纳米球,用动态光散射测得水溶液中PCASE/5-flu纳米球的粒径主要集中在120～230nm范围内,FTIR研究了PCASE/5-flu纳米球内聚合物PCASE中腺嘌呤与底物5-氟尿嘧啶的分子识别,结果表明,识别后5-氟尿嘧啶环上C(2)=O伸缩振动峰从1724cm-1位移至1718cm-1,且聚合物中腺嘌呤NH2峰3324cm-1消失,出现了一个新的NH2峰3432cm-1,说明5-氟尿嘧啶环上C(2)=O与聚合物PCASE中腺嘌呤上NH2间形成了氢键.变温红外谱显示,识别后的羰基峰1718cm-1随温度的升高逐渐向高波数回移,并最终稳定在5-氟尿嘧啶环上C(2)=O识别前的1724cm-1处,且识别后产生的新NH2峰3432cm-1随温度的升高逐渐减弱至消失,表明所形成的氢键断裂.     

用红外光谱技术研究氢键的键合方式

氢键的形成能够使参与形成氢键的原化学键力常数降低,吸收频率移向低波数方向,同时吸收强度增加。为了介绍怎样利用红外光谱技术研究氢键的键合方式,本文以联酰胺衍生物为例,主要运用变温红外光谱技术分析NH伸缩振动波数、强度以及形成氢键的键长随温度的变化来研究羰基(C O)与氨基(H—N)之间的氢键形式。结果表明,本文举例中联酰胺基团中的C O与H—N以分子间氢键形式存在。     

硫脲甲醛聚合反应中的半结晶沉淀现象

首次报道了硫脲甲醛聚合反应中的半结晶沉淀现象.定量分析结果显示硫脲甲醛之间的聚合反应接近一种线性交替共聚反应过程.红外光谱的结果证明不同硫脲甲醛物质的量比反应条件下产物中始终存在较强的N—H特征振动吸收峰(v=3311cm-1,δ=1541cm-1).当甲醛用量较高和硫脲用量增加时分别在1008和1137cm-1处检测到较强的C—O—C和C=S伸缩振动吸收峰.结合XRD和核磁共振分析结果推测:硫脲甲醛聚合产物中存在着一种氢键导向型结晶结构;分子中含有醚键的聚合产物因具有复杂的氢键作用没有结晶性.扫描电镜分析显示较高硫脲用量反应条件下生成了层状半结晶碎片产物,而高甲醛比例条件得到的产物为细小的层状碎片交联聚集成的球形粒子.     

共聚焦拉曼光谱研究过饱和硝酸铵液滴中NH4+, NO3- 和H2O之间的相互作用

将硝酸铵液滴沉积在石英基底上,通过降低该液滴周围环境的相对湿度,测定了该液滴由低浓度直至过饱和状态下高信噪比的拉曼光谱.其中,相对湿度的变化可以精确控制液滴浓度的改变.在相对湿度(RH)由72.1%降低至37.9%的过程中,硝酸铵液滴v1-NO-3峰位保持在1048cm-1,半峰宽为10cm-1.该现象表明NO-3周围的水分子被NH4+取代后不会对v1-NO-3造成影响,说明水分子和NH4+所形成的氢键具有相同的强度.对2500-4000cm-1范围内的拉曼光谱进行成分分析,2890、3090、3140、3220、3402及3507cm-1分别被指认为NH+4伞状弯曲振动的泛频、NH+4伞状弯曲振动与摇摆振动的组合谱带、NH+4的对称伸缩振动、NH+4的反对称伸缩振动、水峰中强氢键成分和弱氢键成分.从拟合结果得出:强氢键在氢键结构中所占百分含量随液滴相对湿度的降低而减少,弱氢键所占百分含量随液滴相对湿度的降低而增加.该变化趋势是NO-3和NH+4之间复杂相互作用的结果.     

氨基甲酸酯基/脲键对混合TDI聚酯-聚氨酯树脂羰基氢键作用的影响

以聚己二酸-2-甲基-2,4戊二醇酯二醇(XCP-2000PM)为软段，以2,4-2,6混合甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI,T-80)、异佛尔酮二胺(IPDA)和乙二醇(EG)、1,2-丙二醇(PG)、1,4-丁二醇(BDO)、新戊二醇(NPG)为硬段，制备了系列具有不同氨基甲酸酯基/脲键的聚酯型聚氨酯树脂，采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)研究在总硬段含量不变的情况下，酯羰基、氨基甲酸酯基/脲键、混合甲苯二异氰酸酯结构对羰基氢键的影响。结果表明，在聚酯多元醇酯羰基的作用下，聚酯型聚氨酯树脂的氨酯羰基与酯羰基区红外光谱存在6个吸收峰，聚酯多元醇结构中的内部酯羰基不形成氢键，外部酯羰基部分形成氢键，氢键化程度随着小分子二元醇扩链比例的提高由5%升至9%。在硬段含量为20%时，聚酯型聚氨酯树脂以游离氨酯羰基与酯羰基为主，二者之和在60%左右。在2,4-2,6混合甲苯二异氰酸酯不对称结构的影响下，随着氨基甲酸酯基/脲键的增大，氨酯羰基与脲羰基的氢键化程度降低，游离氨酯羰基、酯羰基与脲羰基增多，微相分离程度减弱，软硬段混合程度增强；总体上脲羰基的氢键化程度所占比例较小，一般在6%左右；而P-PU在扩链...     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯在纳米氧化铝表面的吸附和氢键作用

研究了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)在纳米氧化铝表面的吸附行为, 采用透射红外光谱研究了吸附的PMMA中的羰基和纳米氧化铝表面羟基之间的氢键作用. 结果表明, PMMA在纳米氧化铝表面的吸附曲线为典型的Langmuir曲线, 饱和吸附值为1.2 mg/m2, 受氢键作用影响, 键合羰基在红外光谱中的吸收峰向低波数方向移动. 根据计算, 羰基的最大键合值(即含键合羰基的甲基丙烯酸甲酯单元的总质量)为0.36 mg/m2, 其余为自由羰基. 随着吸附量的增加, 羰基的键合比例逐渐降低. 吸附达到饱和时, 羰基键合比例为0.30, 说明PMMA主要以平铺的方式覆盖在纳米氧化铝的表面.     

具有超支化结构的聚醚型脂肪族聚氨酯弹性体的合成与表征及力学性能研究

用聚四氢呋喃醚二醇、端羟基超支化聚酯(HB-20)、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和1,4-丁二醇,合成了含有超支化结构的聚醚型脂肪族聚氨酯(PU)弹性体.通过Flory-Rehner公式计算了体系的交联密度;用FT-IR、WAXD和DSC表征了超支化PU的氢键化程度和形态.实验结果表明,在PU弹性体中引入少量的HB-20,能提高氨基甲酸酯羰基的氢键化程度和软硬段间的微相分离程度,从而显著提高材料的拉伸强度.由于氢键化程度和交联密度双重效应的影响,含6 wt%HB-20的聚醚型PU与不含HB-20的PU相比拉伸强度提高了2倍多,达到37.9 MPa,断裂伸长率仍高达414%.     

硅质固体废物蒸压反应活性的红外光谱研究

通过红外光谱法研究了粉煤灰、陶瓷抛光废渣和煤粉炉渣等硅质固体废物-石灰体系的蒸压反应特性。6种硅质固体废物的红外光谱强吸收区Si—O伸缩振动频率分别为1103、1098、1094、1091、1078、1033 cm-1,硅质固体废物-石灰体系在160℃和1.2 MPa饱和蒸汽压下蒸压养护。结果表明,Si—O伸缩振动频率越低,其蒸压样品的结合水量越大,Ca(OH)2参与反应的比例越高,蒸压反应活性越高。单独硅质固体废物经蒸压处理,其傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)显示,强吸收区的Si—O吸收谱带向低频率方向移动,表明其硅氧四面体聚合程度下降,反应活性增加。     

Effect of the crosslink density on the morphology and properties of reaction‐injection‐molding poly(urethane urea) elastomers

The effect of the crosslink density on the morphology and properties of reaction‐injection‐molding poly(urethane urea) (PUU) elastomers was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data showed that the linear and crosslinked PUU had entirely different hard‐domain sizes and hard‐segment ordering. A study of the morphology indicated that an increase in the crosslink density increased microphase mixing. Differential scanning calorimetry studies indicated that the hard‐segment initial glass‐transition temperature was independent of the crosslink density. The glass‐transition temperature of the soft segment was highest when the network was perfect. The tensile‐strength behavior showed that the mechanical properties of PUU reached a maximum when the network was perfect. The increase in the resilience of the crosslinked PUU elastomer was higher than that of the linear PUU elastomer with an increase in temperature, and the reduction of the hardness of the former was also higher than that of the latter. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1126–1131, 2004     

交联密度对脂肪族聚氨酯弹性体结构与性能的影响

采用异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)与聚醚二元醇、三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)和1,4-丁二醇反应制备了具有不同交联密度的脂肪族聚氨酯弹性体.研究结果表明,当聚氨酯弹性体的硬段含量为40 wt%时,随着TMP含量的增加,聚氨酯弹性体的交联密度线性增加.随着聚氨酯弹性体交联密度的提高,聚氨酯中硬段相的玻璃化转变温度由32℃降为2...     

Molecular miscible blend of poly(2-cyano-1,4-phenyleneterephthalamide) and polyvinylpyrrolidone characterized by two-dimensional correlation FTIR and solid state C NMR spectroscopy

Miscibility of blends of poly(2-cyano-1,4-phenyleneterephthalamide/polyvinylpyrrolidone) (CN-PPTA/PVP) was investigated by dilute solution viscometry, two-dimensional (2D) correlation Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and solid state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that a large proportion of the PVP, the water-soluble component, could not be removed from CN-PPTA by extraction with water, and even with boiling water for blend films, suggesting that the flexible aliphatic PVP chain forms a blend with the rigid aromatic CN-PPTA chain through strong intermolecular interaction making it too difficult to dissolve even in boiling water. Viscometry on a polymer mixture of dilute solution showed that [η]_exp exhibited larger value than [η]_theo in all mixtures used in this experiment, suggesting occurrence of a strong attractive interaction between the two polymers. 2D correlation FTIR spectroscopy revealed that the carbonyl absorption band of PVP at 1675 cm⁻¹ shifted to a new low frequency absorption band at 1640 cm⁻¹ with a change of 35 cm⁻¹, suggesting strong hydrogen bonding with NH (amide II) proton of CN-PPTA. Another new absorption band at 1685 cm⁻¹ was due to the carbonyl absorption band of CN-PPTA shifting to a higher frequency than that at 1662 cm⁻¹, indicating that some of the carbonyl groups in the CN-PPTA components of the blends were in a free state or in a non-hydrogen bonded state as a consequence of the participation of NH proton of CN-PPTA in hydrogen bonding, resulting in the absorption bands of NH bend deformation of CN-PPTA at 1542 and 1313 cm⁻¹ being shifted to higher wavenumber of 1556 and 1324 cm⁻¹, respectively. Solid state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy revealed a chemical shift for CO of the PVP component in the blend fiber changing down-field (shift to left) at 177.346 ppm with a difference of 1.812 ppm; this was due to a lower electron density around the carbon atom of CO of lactam via hydrogen bonding with NH proton of amide in the CN-PPTA component, suggesting that a homogeneous blend of the CN-PPTA and PVP was produced on a molecular scale via hydrogen bonding.     

Hydrogen Bonding in Polyurethane-Silica Nanocomposites

Thin films of polyester-based polyurethane-silica nanocomposites with 34% hard segments and different concentrations of nano SiO₂ filler (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 3 vol.%) have been prepared. The hydrogen bonding and orientational behaviour of hard and soft segments were analysed using infrared linear dichroic measurements. The number of hydrogen bonded NH and CO groups and orientation function were calculated from polarized FTIR spectra. The presence of nanosilica slightly increased the number of hydrogen bonded carbonyls. The soft segments in nanocomposite films display increased orientation in comparison to the neat polymer film. The addition of 3% nanosilica significantly reduced elongation at break. The results were compared with hydrogen bonding and orientational behaviour of thin film of polyether-based silica nanocomposites.     

Conclusive chemical deciphering of the consistently occurring double‐peak carbonyl‐stretching FTIR absorbance in polyurethanes

Polyurethanes include an extremely vast and varied family of polymers, exhibiting a vast range of properties and applications. Although the urethane chemical structure consists of a single carbonyl group, the vast majority of polyurethane Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra exhibit two distinct adjacent carbonyl‐stretching absorbances. It was the purpose of the present research to investigate and determine the reason of occurrence of this consistently observed phenomenon. A polyurethane, designed and synthesized here as linear and containing only urethane and methylene groups, strongly exhibited two very distinct carbonyl‐stretching FTIR absorbances. A new polyurethane, exhibiting an extremely high degree of trifunctional crosslinking, was hereby designed and synthesized to sterically inhibit diisocyanate access to already established urethanes and thus inhibit the allophanate and further tertiary oligo‐uret forming side‐reactions. The resulting polymer dramatically exhibited only a single, strong and sharp, carbonyl‐stretching FTIR absorbance belonging only to the urethane group. Synthesis of a polymer exhibiting a lower degree of crosslinking led to the reappearance of the split double carbonyl‐stretching FTIR absorbance. Solid‐state ¹³C NMR measurement results of the same polymers were highly consistent with the FTIR spectroscopy results. The experimental results of the present research conclusively prove and determine the exclusive side‐reaction‐related double carbonyl‐stretching absorbance in the FTIR analysis of polyurethanes. These research results conclusively reveal that, in fact, the so‐called linear polyurethanes synthesized from diisocyanates and diols are branched or even loosely crosslinked.     

Infrared spectroscopic investigation of CO adsorption on SBA-15- and KIT-6-supported nickel phosphide hydrotreating catalysts

The infrared (IR) spectra of CO adsorbed on 10, 20, and 30 wt % nickel phosphide-containing reduced SBA-15 and KIT-6 mesoporous silica-supported catalysts have been studied at 300-473 K. On the catalysts containing a stoichiometric amount of phosphorus with 20 wt % loading, the most intense IR absorption band was observed at 2097-2099 cm(-1), which was assigned to CO terminally bonded to coordinatively unsaturated Ni(delta+) (0 < delta < 1) sites. The frequency of this band was 15 cm(-1), higher than that in the spectrum of a reduced Ni2P/SiO2 catalyst, indicating a modified Ni-P charge distribution. This band shifted to lower wavenumbers, and its intensity decreased, while the relative intensity of another band at 2191-2194 cm(-1) assigned to CO terminally bonded to P increased going to catalytically less active, excess-P-containing SBA-15-supported catalysts. CO also adsorbed as a bridged carbonyl (1910 cm(-1)) and as Ni(CO)4 (2050 cm(-1)) species, and the formation of surface carbonates was also identified. The nature of the surface acidity was studied by temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD). Weak and strong acid sites were revealed, and the high excess-P-containing catalyst released the highest amount of ammonia, indicating that a high concentration of strong acidity can be disadvantageous for reaching high hydrotreating catalytic activity. The modified Ni-P charge distribution, the mode of CO adsorption on surface nickel phosphide sites, as well as the acidity can be directly connected to the catalytic activity of these mesoporous silica-supported catalysts.     

Synthesis, characterization and hydrolytic degradation of linear and crosslinked poly[(glycino ethyl ester)(allyl amino)phosphazene]

Polyorganophosphazenes substituted by glycino ethyl ester and allylamine with different ratios were synthesized and their structures were characterized by ¹H NMR, ³¹P NMR and FTIR. Via the crosslink reaction, a novel biodegradable crosslinked polyorganophosphazene material was obtained. DSC and FTIR spectra indicated the occurrence of crosslink. Hydrolysis studies were also performed to compare the crosslinked polymers with linear ones. The co-substituted polyorganophosphazenes with more allylamine at pendant groups exhibited a lower degradation rate than poly[bis(glycino ethyl ester)phosphazene] and crosslinked polyphosphazenes had an even lower degradation rate. SEM photographs characterized the surface of polyphosphazenes films after hydrolytic degradation, confirming that uncrosslinked ones had outstanding hydrolytic evidences at the surface while the crosslinked ones only had sporadic small erosion holes, remaining much smoother.     

Preparation and characterization of waterborne poly(urethane urea) with well‐defined hard segments

A series of polyester‐based poly(urethane urea) (PUU) aqueous dispersions with well‐defined hard segments were prepared from polyester polyol, 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, dimethylolpropionic acid, 1,4‐butanediol, isophorone diisocyanate, and ethylenediamine. These anionic‐type aqueous dispersions had good dispersity in water and were stable at the ambient temperature for more than 1 year. For these aqueous dispersions, the particle size decreased as the hard‐segment content increased, and the polydispersity index was very narrow (<1.10). Films prepared with the PUU aqueous dispersions exhibited excellent waterproof performance: the amount of water absorption was as low as 5.0 wt %, and the contact angle of water on the surface of this kind of film was as high as 103° (this led to a hydrophobic surface). The water‐resistant property of these waterborne PUU films could be well correlated with some crystallites and ordered structures of the well‐defined hard segments formed by hydrogen bonding between the urethane/urethane groups and urethane/ester groups, as well as the degree of microphase separation between the hard and soft segments in the PUU systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2606–2614, 2005     

FTIR spectroscopic characterization of polyurethane-urea model hard segments (PUUMHS) based on three diamine chain extenders

Six polyurethane-urea model hard segments (PUUMHS) were prepared by a solution method based, respectively, on two isocyanates: 4,4'-methylene-diphenyl-diisocyanate (MDI), 4,4'-methylene-dicyclohexyl diisocyanate (HMDI) and three amine chain extenders: ethylene diamine (EDA), methylene-bis-ortho-chloroaniline (MOCA), 2,4-diamino-3,5-dimethylsuphylchlorobenzene (DDSCB). FTIR was used to study their spectroscopic characterization. The main FTIR bands of the six samples were assigned and compared. It was found that most of N-H and C=O are H-bonded in these PUUMHS. However, the N-H in three MDI based PUUMHS is all in the stronger H-bond state than that in their corresponding HMDI based while the C=O in three HMDI based PUUMHS is all in the stronger H-bond state than that in their corresponding MDI based, respectively. In addition, the order of the H-bond strength in HMDI based PUUMHS is MOCA, DDSCB and EDA whether according to nuN-H or nuC=O band wavenumbers, which is, however, different from that in MDI based PUUMHS. Moreover, the HMDI based PUUMHS shows obvious double amide III bands while the MDI based has only prominent one. The results are discussed according mainly to the different characteristics of the three chain extenders as well as the structure difference between MDI and HMDI.