计算机模拟原子簇的稳定构型和能量性质

用密度泛函(DFT)方法研究了铜原子簇Cu~n(n=2,3,4,6)的稳定几何构型和电子结构。通过拟合从头算势能面构造铜原子簇势能函数的双体、三体及四体项，并利用该函数和全局优化“Basin-Hopping”算法得到较大铜原子簇(n=13～56)能量极小的结构，计算结果与实验及其它计算结果相一致。     

计算机模拟原子簇的稳定构型和能量性质

用密度泛函(DFT)方法研究了铜原子簇Cu~n(n=2,3,4,6)的稳定几何构型和电子结构。通过拟合从头算势能面构造铜原子簇势能函数的双体、三体及四体项,并利用该函数和全局优化“Basin-Hopping”算法得到较大铜原子簇(n=13～56)能量极小的结构,计算结果与实验及其它计算结果相一致。     

长链分子超极化率的单元平均值和差分值的不同渐近性质

由于电子离域, 长链体系的轴向超极化率随链长增长而增加, 直到达到饱和. 由于不能计算无限长体系的超极化率, 需要对有限的数据用函数拟合, 再根据拟合函数外推求得饱和值. 每单元超极化率有两种表示方法, 于是有两个拟合函数γ(n)/n＝a＋b/n＋c/n²和γ(n)－γ(n－1)＝a＋b/n＋c/n². 用聚乙烯、氢分子链、聚乙炔和长链硅烷为例, 表明后者在链增长时没有正确的渐近行为. 其原因是后者与γ(n)的一个含有对数项的拟合函数等价, 而这个对数项是不需要的.     

给、吸电子基团封端对低聚9,9 -螺双芴光电性质的改进

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)-B3LYP/6-31G(d)方法研究了给、吸电子基团对称和不对称封端对9,9 -螺双芴光电性质的影响. 全优化得到了9,9 -螺双芴封端前后各分子的稳定构型, 分析了各种封端系列的HOMO-LUMO能隙. 结果表明, 以给电子基团噻吩和吸电子基团噁二唑不对称封端作用于9,9 -螺双芴, 能使LUMO能量大幅降低, HOMO能量略有升高, 能隙明显变窄. 不对称封端低聚9,9 -螺双芴分子[T(SBF)_nO, n＝1～4]在相同计算水平下的全优化结果表明吸、给电子基团的电荷比随n的增大而递增, 揭示了给、吸电子基团间存在分子内电荷转移(ICT), 且这种电荷转移在低聚物中得到加强. 计算得到的电离势、电子亲和势、空穴抽取能、电子抽取能和重组能等相关能量, 证明了在主链上形成的载流子传输通道提高了空穴和电子传输的能力. 用TD-DFT和ZINDO方法计算了T(SBF)_nO (n＝1～4)的吸收光谱, 随着n的增大而激发光所需的能量减小, 光谱红移, 吸收强度增大|用CIS/6-31G(d)方法优化得到了不对称封端9,9 -螺双芴S₁激发态构型, 结果表明, 激发态的平面化程度比基态高.     

双帽Keggin型杂多阴离子[PM12O40(VO)2]n-(M=Mo,n=5;M=V,n=9)的离散变分方法研究

使用密度泛函理论的离散变分方法(DFT-DVM)研究了双帽Keggin型杂多阴离子[PM₁₂O₄₀(VO)₂]^n--(M=Mo,n=5; M=V,n=9),即[PMo₁₂O₄₀(VO)₂]^5- (a)和[PV₁₂O₄₀(VO)₂]^9- (b)的电子结构,讨论了双帽的形成对Keggin型杂多阴离子的电子结构和催化性质的影响,并与其Keggin型杂多阴离子(PM₁₂O₄₀)_n-(M=Mo,n=3; M=V,n=15)的计算结果进行了对比分析,计算结果表明,双帽的形成对Keggin型杂多阴离子的电子结构产生了很大的影响,因而它们在催化活性上可能会表现出较大的差异.     

小金刚烃分子结构和拉曼光谱的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT),在B3LYP/6-31G^*水平上,对金刚烃分子(C_4n+6H_4n+12,n=1～4)的全部七种分子结构进行构型优化,筛选出最低能量构型.并在此基础上,对其拉曼光谱进行计算,根据振动模式对其特征峰进行了指认.     

Al+与乙硫醇团簇的气相化学反应的实验和理论研究

利用激光溅射-分子束的方法研究了Al⁺和乙硫醇的气相化学反应,结果观察到了Al⁺与1～6个乙硫醇分子形成的团簇离子. 对团簇离子进行了密度泛函理论计算,找到了两种类型的异构体Al⁺(C₂H₅SH)_n和HAl⁺SC₂H₅(C₂H₅SH)_n-1,计算得到了相应的稳定结构和能量.分析质谱信号强度,结合理论计算结果,可推测出实验得到的n=1的产物离子是Al⁺(C₂H₅SH). n=2和3时产物离子开始转变为HAl⁺SC₂H₅(C₂H₅SH)_n-1, n=4时,HAl⁺SC₂H₅(C₂H₅SH)₃和Al⁺(C₂H₅SH)₄两种产物离子都存在,n≥5以后,团簇离子Al⁺(C₂H₅SH)_n开始成为主要的产物离子.     

柱芳烃与烷烃间C―H…π和C―H…O的作用本质及协同性

以CCSD(T)/CBS方法的结合能计算结果为标准, 选择CAM-B3LYP-D3BJ/def2-SVPD密度泛函理论方法计算了甲氧基柱[5]芳烃(MeP5)与C_nH_2n+2(n=1~10, 12, 14, 16) 复合物的结合能, 结果表明, 它们之间存在强烈的相互作用, 且随着烷烃分子碳链的增长而增大; 热力学函数计算结果表明, 在298.15 K, 101325 Pa下, MeP5与C_nH_2n+2(n=3~10, 12, 14, 16)形成复合物的过程中, ΔG和ΔH均小于零, 是焓驱动的自发过程. 烷烃与MeP5之间C―H…π和C―H…O的协同作用是主客体复合物稳定化的起因, 用二代绝对局域分子轨道能量分解(ALMO-EDA)方法分析此协同作用, 发现其中静电作用和色散作用的贡献相近, 二者加和约占总吸引的94%, 极化能和电荷转移能仅占6%.     

含水Mg3Al-LDH-Cl的电子结构与成键特征

建立了Mg₃Al-LDH-Cl-nH₂O (n＝0～2)双层周期性计算模型. 选用密度泛函理论-赝势平面波法CASTEP, 从原子轨道布居、Mulliken电荷布居、态密度(DOS)等方面, 计算研究了含层间水情况下体系的电子结构及成键特征, 并探求了层间水分子含量及水分子的电子屏蔽效应对Mg₃Al-LDH-Cl-nH₂O材料电子结构的影响. 结果表明体系层板上 M—O同时具有共价键与离子键两种特征, 主客体之间以静电作用为主, 而层间客体之间的相互作用以氢键作用为主. 层间H₂O的电子屏蔽作用主要表现为对层间阴离子的影响以及对层板上二价金属阳离子的影响. 主体层板的电价成分和层间域的共价成分均随着水分子数目的增加而增加.     

萤火虫氧化荧光素及其衍生物的电子结构和光物理性质

通过密度泛函理论(DFT)的MPW3PBE泛函, 对萤火虫生物发光底物氧化荧光素及其衍生物进行了结构全优化. 计算了其电离能、 电子亲和势、 空穴抽取能、 电子抽取能、 空穴和电子重组能, 并评估了其空穴和电子传输能力. 采用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)//MPW3PBE/6-31+G(d)方法计算了吸收光谱, 优化了最低单重态S₁, 研究了其荧光光谱, 进而考察了具有较高发光效率的氧化荧光素作为有机发光二极管(OLED)材料的可能性. 计算结果表明, 氧化荧光素及其衍生物可以同时作为电子传输层和发光层材料.     

Structural,spectroscopic aspects,and electronic properties of (TiO2)n clusters: A study based on the use of natural algorithms in association with quantum chemical methods

In this article, we propose a stochastic search‐based method, namely genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA) in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) to evaluate global and local minimum structures of (TiO₂)_n clusters with n = 1–12. Once the structures are established, we evaluate the infrared spectroscopic modes, cluster formation energy, vertical excitation energy, vertical ionization potential, vertical electron affinity, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)‐lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gaps, and so forth. We show that an initial determination of structure using stochastic techniques (GA/SA), also popularly known as natural algorithms as their working principle mimics certain natural processes, and following it up with density functional calculations lead to high‐quality structures for these systems. We have shown that the clusters tend to form three‐dimensional networks. We compare our results with the available experimental and theoretical results. The results obtained from SA/GA‐DFT technique agree well with available theoretical and experimental data of literature. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Generation of ground-state structures and electronic properties of ternary AlxTiyNiz clusters (x + y + z = 6) with a two-stage density functional theory global search approach

The structural and electronic properties of ternary Al_xTi_yNi_z clusters, where x, y, and z are integers and x + y + z = 6 , are investigated. Both Slater, Vosko, Wilks, and Nusair and B3LYP exchange-correlation (XC) functionals are employed in a two-stage density functional theory (DFT) calculations to generate these clusters. In the first stage, a minimum energy cluster structure is generated by an unbiased global search algorithm coupled with a DFT code using a light XC functional and small basis sets. In the second stage, the obtained cluster structure is further optimized by another round of global minimization search coupled with a DFT calculator using a heavier XC functional and more costly basis set. Electronic properties of the structures are illustrated in the form of a ternary diagram. Our DFT calculations find that the thermodynamic stability of the clusters increases with the increment in the number of constituent nickel atoms. These results provide a new insight to the structure, stability, chemical order, and electronic properties for the ternary alloy nanoclusters.     

Observable Structures of Small Neutral and Anionic Gold Clusters

Since gold clusters have mostly been studied theoretically by using DFT calculations, more accurate studies are of importance. Thus, small neutral and anionic gold clusters (Au_n and Au_n^?, n=4–7) were investigated by means of coupled cluster with singles, doubles, and perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] calculations with large basis sets, and some differences between DFT and CCSD(T) results are discussed. Interesting isomeric structures that have dangling atoms were obtained. Structures having dangling atoms appear to be stable up to n=4 for neutral gold clusters and up to n=7 for anionic clusters. The relative stabilities and electronic properties of some isomers and major structures are discussed on the basis of the CCSD(T) calculations. This accurate structure prediction of small gold clusters corresponding to experimental photoelectron spectral peaks is valuable in the field of atom‐scale materials science including nanocatalysts.     

Geometry and electronic properties of alkali metal (rubidium) doped boron clusters

Alkali metal-doped boron clusters have captured much attention because of their novel electronic properties and structural evolution. In the study of RbB_n^0/− (n = 2–12) clusters, the minimum global search of the potential energy surface and structure optimization at the level of PBE1PBE by using the CALYPSO method and Gaussian package coupled with DFT calculation; the geometrical structures and electronic properties are systematically investigated. At n = 8, the ground-state structures are composed of an Rb atom above B atoms, forming a structurally stable pagoda cone. By stability analysis and charge transfer calculation, the RbB₈⁻ cluster shows more stability. It found that s-p hybridization between Rb atom and B atoms as well as s-p hybridization between B atoms is one of the reasons for the outstanding stability exhibited in the RbB₈^0/− clusters by using DOS and HOMO–LUMO orbital contour maps. The chemical bonding of the RbB₈^0/− groups was analyzed by using the AdNDP method, and B atoms with larger numbers readily form multi-center chemical bonds with the Rb atom. From the results of the bonding analysis, the interaction between the Rb atom and B atoms strengthens the stability of the RbB₈^0/− clusters. It is hoped that this work provides a direction for experimental manipulation.     

Search for the global minimum structures of AlB3H2n (n = 0 − 6) clusters

The global minimum structures of AlB₃H_2n (n = 0–6) clusters are determined using the stochastic search method at the B3LYP/6–31G level of theory. These initially specified geometries are recalculated using B3LYP and CCSD(T) methods using the 6–311++G^** basis set. The structural and electronic properties of the two lowest‐lying isomers are presented. The structural parameters obtained for aluminum borohydride are compared with the experimental and theoretical results. The H₂ fragmentation energies of the most stable isomers are investigated. Chemical bonding analyses for the global minimum of AlB₃H_2n (n = 0–6) clusters are performed using the adaptive natural density partitioning method. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Theoretical studies of structural and electronic properties of AlnAsn clusters

We present theoretical results of size dependent structural, electronic, and optical properties of ligand‐free stoichiometric Al_nAs_n clusters of zinc‐blende modification. The investigation is done using a simplified parametrized linear combination of atomic orbital–density functional theory‐local density approximation–tight‐binding (LCAO–DFT–LDA–TB) method and consider clusters with n up to around 100. Initial structures have assumed as spherical parts of infinite zinc‐blende structure and then allowed to relax to the closest local‐energy‐minimum structure. We analyze the radial distributions of atoms, Mulliken populations, electronic energy levels (in particular, HOMO and LUMO), bandgap, and stability as a function of size and composition. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006     

Theoretical prediction for the structures of gas phase lithium oxide clusters: (Li2O)n (n = 1–8)

We apply genetic algorithm combining directly with density functional method to search the potential energy surface of lithium‐oxide clusters (Li₂O)_n up to n = 8. In (Li₂O)_n (n = 1–8) clusters, the planar structures are found to be global minimum up to n = 2, and the global minimum structures are all three‐dimensional at n ≥ 3. At n ≥ 4, the tetrahedral unit (TU) is found in most of the stable structures. In the TU, the central Li is bonded with four O atoms in sp³ interactions, which leads to unusual charge transformation, and the probability of the central Li participating in the bonding is higher by adaptive natural density partitioning analysis, so the central Li is in particularly low positive charge. At large cluster size, distortion of structures is viewed, which breaks the symmetry and may make energy higher. The global minimum structures of (Li₂O)₂, (Li₂O)₆, and (Li₂O)₇ clusters are the most stable magic numbers, where the first one is planar and the later both have stable structural units of tetrahedral and C_4v. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.