茂型稀土金属有机配合物的合成与表征研究进展

本文综述了茂型稀土金属有机配合物的研究现状和最新进展。系统地介绍了茂型稀土金属有机配合物的特征、合成、以及结构表征方法,并着重介绍了典型三茂型、二茂型、含茚基、含芴基稀土金属有机配合物的晶体结构。最后,展望其发展趋势和研究方向。     

茂型稀土金属有机配合物合成与表征研究进展

本文综述了茂型稀土金属有机配合物的研究现状和最新进展，系统地介绍了茂型稀土金属有机配合物的特征，合成，以及结构表征方法，并着重介绍了典型三茂型，二茂型，含茚基，含芴基稀土金属有机配合物的晶体结构。最后，展望其发展趋势和研究方向。     

有机催化基团转移聚合的研究进展

基团转移聚合是20世纪80年代继活性阴离子聚合之后由杜邦公司所开发的一种针对丙烯酸衍生类单体的活性聚合方法.其中,丙烯酸衍生类单体主要包括丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺及丙烯腈四大类.基团转移聚合中的链引发与链增长基元反应均为向山-迈克尔加成反应.因此,反应原理上而言碱和酸均可成为该聚合反应的催化剂.在有机小分子催化剂被应用于该聚合方法之前,所用的碱为含立体位阻阳离子的可溶性离子化合物,其中亲核性的阴离子起到催化剂的作用;所用的酸为具有路易斯酸性的金属或过渡金属化合物.2007年以来,有机小分子碱和酸逐渐被应用于基团转移聚合的催化剂,并把该类聚合称为有机催化基团转移聚合.相较于以往的基团转移聚合,有机催化基团转移聚合在聚合物分子量及分子量分布控制、可聚单体的范围、聚合物拓扑结构的控制等方面都有了全新的拓展.本综述主要围绕我们近年来在该领域的工作,从有机强碱催化的基团转移聚合、有机强酸催化的基团转移聚合、基于氢硅烷的新型有机催化基团转移聚合以及聚合机理4个方面对有机催化基团转移聚合领域的最新进展进行论述.     

不同配体的稀土金属配合物在烯烃聚合领域的研究进展

催化剂在推动聚烯烃工业发展中有着举足轻重的作用,其中金属催化剂的设计与合成更是金属有机催化化学的关键.稀土金属具有独特的轨道结构、反应活性和配位准则,因此稀土金属配合物通过在金属中心周围引入空间位阻,在聚烯烃材料制备中表现出独特优势.其中配体是决定稀土金属配合物的结构、化学活性及稳定性等方面的关键因素.本综述介绍了茂基配体(烷基取代、芳基取代、茚和芴配体)和非茂基配体(大环四齿配体、三齿配体、双齿配体和单齿配体)的稀土金属配合物的发展及其在聚烯烃制备中的应用.这项工作旨在促进稀土金属催化剂在聚烯烃催化和金属有机催化领域的研究,为高端化、差异化聚烯烃聚合催化剂的制备提供新的设计思路和研究方法.     

我国高分子合成化学的发展（三）

一、烯烃聚合及络合催化聚合聚烯烃是石油化工的重要内容,因而其合成化学也随着我国石油化工的发展而开展了许多工作,特别是在传统的络合催化体系中加入稀土金属的研究更具有我国研究工作的特色,阮埃乃、魏金柱、单成基、金鹰泰等着重对稀土金属钕的络合催化     

稀土金属催化极性乙烯基单体聚合的研究进展

极性乙烯基单体所形成的聚合物侧链上带有极性基团,可以提高聚合物的黏性、表面性能、韧性以及与其他聚合物的相容性等。金属介导的极性乙烯基单体的聚合是合成极性乙烯基聚合物最直接、原子效率最高的方法之一。近年来,一系列结构明确的稀土金属催化剂被开发应用于该领域,取到了许多具有重要意义的研究成果。本文综述了近10年来稀土金属催化极性乙烯基单体聚合的研究进展,按聚合模式分为传统单位点聚合和路易斯酸碱对聚合两类。     

硫氰基/有机铜锂体系引发MMA阴离子聚合研究

采用有机锂为引发剂,以甲基丙烯酸酯（MMA）类为单体进行阴离子聚合,其副反应较严重,因为在此类单体分子中存在卢碳和羰基碳两个亲核点,引发剂进攻羰基碳则会使链终止,在聚合过程中发生各种副反应,以碱金属（Li,Na,K）为反离子的有机碳负离子化合物,其亲核性较强,倾向于进攻羰基碳,因此甲基丙烯酸酯类单体的阴离子聚合除了采用较大立体阻碍引发剂外。     

稀土金属有机配合物化学60年

60年来稀土金属有机配合物化学取得重要发展. 辅助配体从环戊二烯基,五甲基环戊二烯基,茚基发展到各种非茂配体,如双酚,β-二亚胺,胍基,脒基等. 配合物的种类从简单的三茂稀土配合物发展到各种形式的二茂稀土配合物和单茂稀土配合物. 非茂配体的应用不仅拓展了稀土金属有机配合物的结构种类,还极大推动稀土金属有机配合物在高分子和有机合成中的应用. 稀土金属有机配合物可有效催化烯烃均聚与共聚,共轭双烯烃以及极性单体的选择性聚合. 稀土金属有机配合物还能催化氢化,氢胺化和膦氢化等重要有机反应. 本文对稀土金属有机配合物化学过去60年的发展进行综述.     

稀土金属有机配合物催化共轭双烯烃高选择性聚合

实现共轭双烯烃的高选择性聚合向来是配位聚合领域重要的研究课题.近十五年来,含茂基配体或多齿非茂配体的稀土金属有机配合物作为一种新兴的均相催化剂逐渐引起了人们的关注.根据1999~2014年间的文献报道,以催化剂的顺-1,4,反-1,4和3,4-选择性为分类标志,介绍了多种可高选择性催化共轭双烯烃聚合的稀土金属有机配合物以及人们对聚合活性种的探索,着重阐述中心金属的电子效应和离子半径、配体的几何构型、助催化剂的种类及溶剂、温度等聚合条件对催化剂活性和选择性的影响.通过归纳这些影响因素与聚合机理之间的联系,期望能为科研工作者在研究配位聚合与设计催化剂方面有所帮助.     

微尺度铜管催化三臂星形聚合物的制备

利用微尺度Cu(0)催化可逆失活自由基聚合的方法设计并合成了具有三臂星形结构的聚甲基丙烯酸酯类嵌段共聚物，并通过核磁共振、凝胶渗透色谱、流变等方法对聚合物的结构和性能进行了研究.首先，设计并搭建了微尺度铜管催化的聚合反应平台，以1,1,1-三(2-溴异丁酰氧甲基)乙烷为引发剂，高效合成了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)和聚甲基丙烯酸十二烷基酯(PLMA)均聚物，研究表明微尺度铜管催化的可逆失活自由基聚合反应速率快，聚合过程可控，制备的聚合物分子量调节范围宽，分子量分布窄.通过铜管微反应单元的串联，制备了PMMA-b-PLMA共聚物.实验结果表明微尺度下铜管催化制备的聚甲基丙烯酸酯类嵌段共聚物具有结构可控，分子量可调节，分子量分布窄，分子链为三臂星形结构等特点.以制备的PMMA-b-PLMA和PMMA-b-聚甲基丙烯酸十六烷基酯(PMMA-b-PHMA)为润滑油添加剂，实现了对烷烃类润滑油缠结性能的响应性调节，提高了润滑油在不同温度下的黏度保持率.本研究为高效合成和应用三臂星形结构的聚甲基丙烯酸酯类聚合物提供了新的方法.     

Some Rare Earth Metallic Organohydrides with Biindenyl as the Ligand

Introduction It is well known that organometallic hydrides of rare earth metals are the catalysts and reducing reagents for the catalysis polymerization of alkenes and the catalysis hydrogenation of alkenoalkynes. There are four methods for the syntheses of organometallic hydrides of rare earth metals:(1) the thermal atomization of metals, i.e., the interaction of a rare earth metal with alkenes with a terminal alkyne;(2) the Ln—Cσ bond is broken with H_2;(3) metal-     

Ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide with rare earth aryloxides substituted by various alkyl groups

<正>Rare earth aryloxides substituted by various alkyl groups[Ln(OAr)_3]such as methyl,isopropyl and tertbutyl,were used as single component catalysts to affect ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide(LLA).The catalytic activity, polymerization characteristics,polymerization kinetics and the mechanism were studied.It was found that the catalytic activity of rare earth aryloxides is influenced by both the structure and the number of alkyl groups on the phenyl ring.The stronger the electron-donation ability of the alkyl group,the higher the catalytic activity will be.An increase in the number of the substitute group will result in a higher catalytic activity.Lanthanum tris(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenolate)[La(OTTBP)_3] exhibits the highest activity among all lanthanum aryloxides.According to the ~1H-NMR data,it was proposed that the LLA polymerization proceeded via a coordination-insertion mechanism involving cleavage of acyl-oxygen bond of the lactide.     

How to synthesize a constrained geometry catalyst (CGC) - A survey

Since the discovery of titanium- and zirconium complexes with linked cyclopentadienyl amido ligands, this new polymerization catalyst class (constrained geometry catalysts “CGCs”) has attracted the interest of many research groups in industry and academia. In order to improve or modify the catalytic and polymer properties, numerous changes in the environment of the catalyst have produced a huge family of CGCs. The aim of this contribution is to provide a concise overview on synthetic entries to these structurally highly diverse catalysts - an organometallic guide to CGCs.     

New Phenomena in Organometallic‐Mediated Radical Polymerization (OMRP) and Perspectives for Control of Less Active Monomers

The impact of reversible bond formation between a growing radical chain and a metal complex (organometallic‐mediated radical polymerization (OMRP) equilibrium) to generate an organometallic intermediate/dormant species is analyzed with emphasis on the interplay between this and other one‐electron processes involving the metal complex, which include halogen transfer in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), hydrogen‐atom transfer in catalytic chain transfer (CCT), and catalytic radical termination (CRT). The challenges facing the controlled polymerization of “less active monomers” (LAMs) are outlined and, after reviewing the recent achievements of OMRP in this area, the perspectives of this technique are analyzed.     

Ring-opening polymerization of 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate using rare earth aryl oxides substituted by alkyl groups

Single component rare earth aryl oxides substituted by various alkyl groups [Ln(OAr)3] such as methyl,isopropyl,and tertbutyl have been developed to initiate the ring-opening polymerization of 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate(DTC).The catalytic activity of rare earth aryl oxides,characteristics of the ring-opening polymerization as well as the polymerization kinetics and mechanism were intensively examined.The experimental results turn out that the catalytic activity of Ln(OAr)3 changes in good concordanc...     

A comparison of polymerization characteristics and mechanisms of ε-caprolactone and trimethylene-carbonate with rare earth halides

Characteristics and mechanisms of the ring opening-polymerizations of ε-caprolactone (CL) and trimethylene carbonate (TMC) with rare earth halides have been compared for the first time. It has been found that rare earth halides show high catalytic activities for the polymerization of TMC, but very low activities for that of CL polymerization. The copolymerization of CL and TMC can proceed only in the presence of high contents of TMC in the comonomer feed. The copolymerization rate decreases rapidly with increasing molar fraction of CL in the feed. The mechanism study by IR, ¹H-, ¹³C-, and ³¹P-NMR spectra shows that the first step reaction of the polymerization of TMC or CL with rare earth halide is the complexation of monomer to the rare earth ion. The strong coordination of TMC to rare earth ion induces the ring-cleavage of TMC and generation of the cationic species, which initiate the polymerization of TMC via a cationic process. However, the polymerization of CL with rare earth halide is an “activated-hydrolysis” process, in which rare earth catalyst does not initiate the polymerization but serves as an activator of CL. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35 : 1339–1352, 1997     

Catalytic addition of terminal alkynes to carbodiimides by half-sandwich rare earth metal complexes

The catalytic addition of terminal alkynes to carbodiimides has been achieved for the first time by use of half-sandwich rare earth metal complexes, such as {Me2Si(C5Me4)(NPh)}Y(CH2SiMe3)(THF)2, which offers a straightforward, atom-economic route to the N,N'-disubstituted propiolamidines which contain a conjugated C-C triple bond, a new family of amidines which were difficult to prepare by other means. A rare earth metal amidinate species was confirmed to be a true catalytic species in this process, thus demonstrating for the first time that an amidinate unit, though being often used as an ancillary ligand for various organometallic complexes, can itself participate in a catalytic reaction under appropriate conditions.     

Bulky Amido Ligands in Rare Earth Chemistry — Syntheses,Structures, and Catalysis

The amido metal chemistry of the rare earth elements is a rapid developing area in coordination chemistry. Especially bulky mono and bidentate amido and amidinates have been introduced as ligands in rare earth chemistry. Due to these sterically demanding ligands, the coordination numbers of the rare earth elements are significantly reduced. This article focuses on two of these bulky ligand systems: bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and aminotroponiminates. The homoleptic bis(trimethylsilyl)amides of rare earth elements, [Ln{N(SiMe₃)₂}₃], are well established compounds in synthetic chemistry. Therefore, this article reviews recent progress in the catalytic application of these compounds. In the second part of this research report, it is shown that N, N′‐disubstituted aminotroponiminates and mono bridged bisaminotroponiminates can be used as cyclopentadienyl alternatives. Achiral and chiral aminotroponiminates have been used. The structural properties, reactivities as well as the catalytic and synthetic applications of the aminotroponiminates complexes will be outlined in this article.     

Manganese(II): the black sheep of the organometallic family

The organometallic chemistry of manganese in the +2 oxidation state is distinct from the organometallic chemistry of a 'typical' transition metal due to a significant ionic contribution to the manganese(II)-carbon bonds. The reduced influence of covalency and the 18-electron rule result in organomanganese(II) cyclopentadienyl, alkyl and aryl complexes possessing reactivity and structural diversity that is unique in organotransition metal chemistry. Recently, this unusual reactivity has resulted in a range of novel applications in selective organometallic and organic synthesis, and polymerization catalysis. This tutorial review summarizes key milestones in the development of manganese(II) organometallics and discusses how some of their current synthetic applications have evolved from many fascinating fundamental studies in the area.