在无有机导向剂条件下采用乙醇为助剂合成高硅沸石（英文）

高硅沸石具有优异的热稳定性、水热稳定性、大的微孔体积、高表面积和均匀的微孔孔道,因而广泛应用于催化领域.然而,高硅沸石的合成往往需要使用有机结构导向剂,不但增加了沸石合成成本,而且还产生了大量的三废排放.为了解决这个问题,我们发展了在无有机导向剂存在条件下采用沸石晶种诱导合成沸石的方法,但是该方法合成的沸石产物骨架富铝,不能合成高硅沸石,实现绿色方法合成工业上大量使用的高硅沸石问题仍然没有解决.最近,我们又报道了采用沸石晶种导向和醇填充相结合的方法合成纯硅沸石,但仍不能合成高硅沸石.本文首次在无有机结构导向剂存在条件下采用乙醇为助剂合成高硅沸石,并成功地合成了硅铝比(Si/Al)为38-240的ZSM-5沸石.此方法成功的关键是使用具有四配位铝物种的硅铝酸盐前驱体作为起始原料.因为乙醇的沸点低,溶液中的乙醇可以循环使用,大幅度地降低了传统高硅沸石合成有机模板的三废排放成本.通过固体核磁证明,在沸石的晶化过程中,硅物种发生重排与聚合,而铝物种一直保持着四配位的状态不变,这表明Si-O-Al类的连接在晶化过程中基本上保持稳定.另外,采用该方法合成了高硅TON, MTT,*MRE沸石,表明了此方法的普适性.此外,还可以将Fe和B等杂原子引入到沸石骨架中,成功地合成了铁硅和硼硅沸石.X射线粉末衍射测试与扫描电子显微镜表征结果表明,所合成的高硅ZSM-5沸石具有高纯度和结晶度,样品呈现出典型的块状ZSM-5晶体形貌.样品的BET表面积和微孔体积分别为382 m~2/g和0.16 cm~3/g,这与传统方法以TPAOH为有机结构导向剂合成的ZSM-5沸石的BET表面积和微孔体积是几乎一致的.更重要的是,所制备的ZSM-5沸石在甲醇制丙烯反应中,具有良好的催化性能,并与使用有机结构导向剂合成的ZSM-5沸石具有相似的活性、选择性和催化剂寿命.综上所述,在沸石晶种和乙醇存在的条件下,以硅铝酸盐前驱体为起始原料,在无有机结构导向剂存在条件下,成功地合成出了高硅MFI, TON, MTT和*MRE沸石.同时,也可利用硼硅酸盐和铁硅酸盐为起始原料来合成B-ZSM-5和Fe-ZSM-5沸石.与传统的合成高硅沸石路线相比,此方法避免了昂贵和有毒的有机结构导向剂的使用、减少了废水的排放、简化了合成过程和提高了产品收率;同时所合成沸石具有优异的催化性能,为高硅沸石的产业化生产和催化应用奠定基础.     

ZSM-5、ZSM-57分子筛和丝光沸石间的转晶规律

考察了硅铝比、碱度、有机胺模板剂、晶化时间及温度等合成条件对ZSM-5、ZSM-57 分子筛和丝光沸石之间相互转晶的影响. 发现较高的碱度、较长的晶化时间有利于合成丝光沸石；较低的碱度、较高的诱导晶化温度、较长的晶化时间有利于合成低硅铝比的ZSM-57 分子筛；合成低硅铝比的ZSM-5分子筛则需要在能合成丝光沸石和ZSM-57 分子筛的碱度区间内精确调节碱度, 缩短晶化时间、降低诱导晶化温度、加入适当晶种, 有利于合成低硅铝比的ZSM-5 分子筛. 合成条件稍微改变, 会导致各种沸石之间发生转晶, 晶化产物出现两种或两种以上的晶型.     

在含乙醇的硅铝凝胶中合成ZSM-5沸石

用含乙醇的硅铝凝胶水热晶化合成ZSM-5沸石.实验表明,乙醇能够促进ZSM-5沸石晶体的成核和生长,具有明显的模板剂作用.向含乙醇的凝胶中加入晶种可以进一步缩短晶化诱导期和晶化时间,并减小分子筛的晶粒度.晶种的粒度与分子筛产物的晶粒度有一定对应关系.采用搅拌晶化也能明显地减小ZSM-5沸石的晶粒度,同时影响晶体形貌.通过优化晶化条件和凝胶组成,成功合成出硅铝比在30～240范围内、结晶度较高的ZSM-5沸石分子筛,所得沸石孔道畅通,热稳定性、水热稳定性高,且具有较强酸性,具有良好的应用前景.     

系列硅铝比纳米薄层ZSM-5分子筛的合成和表征

以自制不对称双子季铵盐表面活性剂为模板, 在水热合成体系中控制合成系列硅铝比纳米薄层ZSM-5分子筛.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附-脱附、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、扫描电镜(SEM)和²⁷Al魔角旋转核磁共振(²⁷Al MAS-NMR)对合成的样品进行了表征. 详细研究了晶化温度、晶化时间、结构导向剂(SDA)用量、碱度等对合成的影响和纳米薄层ZSM-5分子筛的形成过程. 结果表明: 分子筛硅铝比越高, 结构导向剂用量越大, 所需的晶化时间越短; 晶化温度越高, 晶化时间越短; 且不同硅铝比纳米薄层ZSM-5分子筛的形貌规整度、比表面积和介孔/微孔孔容比例随着硅铝比而变化.     

无有机模板剂条件下合成沸石催化材料

工业上广泛应用的某些沸石催化材料,如ZSM-5和β沸石,通常是在有机模板剂存在条件下合成的,但合成过程常常会造成环境污染以及CO2和氮氧化物的排放.如果能在无有机模板剂条件下合成这些材料,则不仅在基础研究上具有重要意义,而且在工业应用方面也具有经济和环保价值.本文对最近有关无有机模板剂合成沸石材料的一些突破性进展进行了综述,并重点讨论了调节起始凝胶配比、使用导向剂溶液以及使用晶种导向合成等路线.     

无有机模板条件下晶种导向合成微孔分子筛晶体材料

沸石分子筛晶体材料(例如Beta, ZSM-34)由于具有独特的物理及化学性质, 被广泛应用于催化、吸附与分离、离子交换等领域. 一般来说, 大多数分子筛晶体材料需要在有机模板剂存在的条件下合成. 然而, 有机模板剂的使用会带来很多问题, 例如, 提高分子筛晶体材料的合成成本、在高温煅烧去除模板剂的过程中, 消耗大量的能量以及带来环境污染. 因此, 开发无有机模板剂合成沸石分子筛新路线具有十分重要的研究意义和实用价值. 近年来, 我们研究小组首先开发了无有机模板条件下晶种导向合成分子筛的新方法, 相继合成出了Beta, ZSM-34, FER和LEV等微孔分子筛晶体材料. 将对这几种沸石的合成进行简要的评论.     

无有机模板剂体系水热合成Beta沸石中晶种的导向机理(英文)

在无有机模板剂体系中研究了不同硅铝比和晶粒度Beta沸石晶种的结构导向行为,采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜、紫外-拉曼光谱、红外光谱和N2物理吸附等方法对不同晶化时间固相产物和Beta沸石产物进行了表征.结果表明,不同Beta沸石晶种,包括全硅晶种,均能够导向合成Beta沸石,而且晶种在晶化诱导期都发生溶解.但是,晶种的硅铝比、晶粒度、预处理(焙烧)以及晶种加入的时间对晶种的溶解行为、Beta沸石晶化过程和产物都有重要影响.形貌研究还发现,含铝晶种不仅溶解后的残体通过提供晶核聚集的"固载化"表面导向了新生Beta沸石小晶体的密集生长,而且溶解下来的结构片段也提供了分散的晶核导向形成相对分散的Beta沸石小晶体;全硅晶种则仅通过溶解下来的结构片段提供分散的晶核.在无模板体系中,使用适当高硅铝比、小晶粒和经过焙烧处理的Beta沸石作为晶种有利于合成得到高结晶度的Beta沸石纯相.     

无有机模板剂体系水热合成Beta沸石中晶种的导向机理(英文)

在无有机模板剂体系中研究了不同硅铝比和晶粒度Beta沸石晶种的结构导向行为,采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜、紫外-拉曼光谱、红外光谱和N2物理吸附等方法对不同晶化时间固相产物和Beta沸石产物进行了表征.结果表明,不同Beta沸石晶种,包括全硅晶种,均能够导向合成Beta沸石,而且晶种在晶化诱导期都发生溶解.但是,晶种的硅铝比、晶粒度、预处理(焙烧)以及晶种加入的时间对晶种的溶解行为、Beta沸石晶化过程和产物都有重要影响.形貌研究还发现,含铝晶种不仅溶解后的残体通过提供晶核聚集的"固载化"表面导向了新生Beta沸石小晶体的密集生长,而且溶解下来的结构片段也提供了分散的晶核导向形成相对分散的Beta沸石小晶体;全硅晶种则仅通过溶解下来的结构片段提供分散的晶核.在无模板体系中,使用适当高硅铝比、小晶粒和经过焙烧处理的Beta沸石作为晶种有利于合成得到高结晶度的Beta沸石纯相.     

乙醇法合成硼硅Pentasil型分子筛

七十年代,美国Mobil公司^[1]发表了ZSM-5型沸石分子筛的专利,该沸石具有独特的结构和良好的催化性能,在石油化工技术中业已展现出广阔的应用前景.1980年,M.Taramasso^[2]等人用四丙基胺、正硅酸乙酯等原料合成出了四种硼硅分子筛.1981年,作者^[3]在国内首次用有机胶合成出硼硅Pentasil型分子筛(ZSM-5型).本文以水玻璃、白炭黑为硅源,用乙醇取代有机胺,在微量导向剂存在下,合成了硼硅pentasil型分子筛;并用正交实验的方法探讨了合成中诸因素对分子筛结晶度的影响.     

MFI/MFI核壳分子筛的合成及催化性能研究

通过对核相ZSM-5的预处理步骤和在温和水热条件下的二次生长, 合成了壳层硅铝比高、核相硅铝比低、纳米晶壳层致密的MFI(核)/MFI(壳)型核壳分子筛材料. 考察了晶化温度和晶化时间对高硅壳层MFI/MFI核壳型沸石分子筛的合成的影响, 其适宜的合成条件为晶化温度高于130 ℃, 晶化时间19 h. 核相ZSM-5的预处理步骤对于成功合成此特殊核壳型分子筛材料十分关键. 与普通ZSM-5沸石分子筛相比, MFI/MFI核壳分子筛在催化甲苯甲基化反应时的失活效率显著降低.     

Co-hydrolysis and Seed-Induced Synthesis of Basic Mesoporous ZSM-5 Zeolites with Enhanced Catalytic Performance

For zeolite catalysts, the regulation of active site and pore structure plays an important role in the enhancement of their catalytic performance. In this work, a one-pot and organic template-free co-regulation route is proposed to straightforwardly synthesize basic mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites with adjustable alkaline-earth metal species. The synthesis pathway combines two decisive strategies: 1) the seed-induced interface assembly growth method and 2) the acidic co-hydrolysis/condensation of aluminosilicate species and alkaline-earth metal (e.g., Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba) sources. It is interesting that the mesoporous structure was self-evolved through particle-attached seed-interfacial crystallization without the assistance of any template. Meanwhile, the incorporation of alkaline-earth metals species is homogeneous and highly dispersed in the solid products during the whole crystallization process, and finally generate the superior basicity. Catalysis tests of the as-synthesized samples displayed their novel performance in the typical base reaction of Knoevenagel condensation, even for bulky substrates owing to the enhanced diffusion arising from the meso/microporous network. This finding opens new possibilities for facile, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly synthesis of mesoporous high-silica zeolites with tunable acid/base properties, and deepens our understanding of the particle-attached crystallization.     

Facile Synthesis,Characterization, and Catalytic Behavior of a Large‐Pore Zeolite with the IWV Framework

Large‐pore microporous materials are of great interest to process bulky hydrocarbon and biomass‐derived molecules. ITQ‐27 (IWV) has a two‐dimensional pore system bounded by 12‐membered rings (MRs) that lead to internal cross‐sections containing 14 MRs. Investigations into the catalytic behavior of aluminosilicate (zeolite) materials with this framework structure have been limited until now due to barriers in synthesis. The facile synthesis of aluminosilicate IWV in both hydroxide and fluoride media is reported herein using simple, diquaternary organic structure‐directing agents (OSDAs) that are based on tetramethylimidazole. In hydroxide media, a zeolite product with Si/Al=14.8–23.2 is obtained, while in fluoride media an aluminosilicate product with Si/Al up to 82 is synthesized. The material produced in hydroxide media is tested for the hydroisomerization of n‐hexane, and results from this test reaction suggest that the effective pore size of zeolites with the IWV framework structure is similar to but slightly larger than that of ZSM‐12 (MTW), in fairly good agreement with crystallographic data.     

Synthesis of high-silica EU-1 zeolite in the presence of hexamethonium ions: a seeded approach for inhibiting ZSM-48

A seeded approach was developed to synthesize high-silica EU-1 zeolite via inhibiting the co-crystallization of ZSM-48 in the presence of hexamethonium (HM) ions. A systematic study was carried out to determine factors such as seed content and SiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) ratio, which influenced the crystallization of high-silica EU-1 and transformation of EU-1 into ZSM-48. Using EU-1 seeds, not only well-crystallized pure EU-1 zeolites with SiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) ratios more than 500 were synthesized, but also the co-crystalline of ZSM-48/EU-1 or pure ZSM-48 was obtained in control from silica-rich mixture gels. Furthermore, the kinetic features of the seeded synthesis of EU-1 zeolites with SiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) ratios of 55, 190, and 500 were examined. It was found that seeds played crucial roles in the decrease of apparent activation energy of EU-1 nucleation and inhibiting the transformation of EU-1 into ZSM-48. The HM and Al species performed synergistic roles to inhibit the formation ZSM-48 during high-silica EU-1 nucleation and crystal growth.     

A working hypothesis for broadening framework types of zeolites in seed-assisted synthesis without organic structure-directing agent

Recent research has demonstrated a new synthesis route to useful zeolites such as beta, RUB-13, and ZSM-12 via seed-assisted, organic structure-directing agent (OSDA)-free synthesis, although it had been believed that these zeolites could be essentially synthesized with OSDAs. These zeolites are obtained by adding seeds to the gels that otherwise yield other zeolites; however, the underlying crystallization mechanism has not been fully understood yet. Without any strategy, it is unavoidable to employ a trial-and-error procedure for broadening zeolite types by using this synthesis method. In this study, the effect of zeolite seeds with different framework structures is investigated to understand the crystallization mechanism of zeolites obtained by the seed-assisted, OSDA-free synthesis method. It has been found that the key factor in the successful synthesis of zeolites in the absence of OSDA is the common composite building unit contained both in the seeds and in the zeolite obtained from the gel after heating without seeds. A new working hypothesis for broadening zeolite types by the seed-assisted synthesis without OSDA is proposed on the basis of the findings of the common composite building units in zeolites. This hypothesis enables us to design the synthesis condition of target zeolites. The validity of the hypothesis is experimentally tested and verified by synthesizing several zeolites including ECR-18 in K-aluminosilicate system.     

Targeted Synthesis of a Zeolite with Pre‐established Framework Topology

Given their great potential as new industrial catalysts and adsorbents, the search for new zeolite structures is of major importance in nanoporous materials chemistry. However, although innumerable theoretical frameworks have been proposed, none of them have been synthesized by a priori design yet. We generated a library of diazolium‐based cations inspired from the organic structure‐directing agents (OSDAs) recently reported to give two structurally related zeolites (PST‐21 and PST‐22) under highly concentrated, excess‐fluoride conditions and compared the stabilization energies of each OSDA cation in ten pre‐established hypothetical structures. A combination of the ability of the OSDA selected in this way with the excess‐fluoride approach has allowed us to crystallize PST‐30, the targeted aluminosilicate zeolite structure. We anticipate that our approach, which aims to rationally couple computational predictions of OSDAs with an experimental setup, will advance further development in the synthesis of zeolites with desired properties.     

Direct Synthesis of An Aluminosilicate POS Zeolite with Intersecting 12×11×11-Member-Ring Pore Channels by Using a Designed Organic Structure-Directing Agent

Large and extra-large pore zeolites have been widely applied in industrial areas as catalysts, adsorbents, etc. Among them, silica and/or aluminosilicate zeolites have been attracted great attention due to their excellent hydrothermal stability and strong acidity. However, a great deal of zeolite structures are still not available in the form of silica and/or aluminosilicate. Herein, we report the synthesis of pure silica and aluminosilicate large-pore zeolites, denoted as NUD-14 and Al-NUD-14, respectively, by using a designed cation 1-ethyl-4-phenylpyridinium as an organic structure-directing agent (OSDA). NUD-14 has an intersecting 12×11×11-member ring pore system, which is isostructural to the germanosilicate PUK-16 zeolite with a POS topology. The OSDAs can be completely removed from the framework by calcination. NUD-14 and Al-NUD-14 possess excellent acid and hydrothermal stabilities, superior to the germanosilicate POS zeolite. The incorporation of Al into the zeolite framework makes the Al-NUD-14 zeolite possess medium and strong acidities. The successful synthesis of NUD-14 consisting of a rare odd-member ring pore structure may provide a platform for interesting size- and shape-selective catalytic applications.     

Methane conversion into aromatic hydrocarbons over Ag-Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts

Nonoxidative methane conversion into aromatic hydrocarbons over ZSM-5-type high-silica zeolites modified with nanosized powders of molybdenum (4.0 wt %) and silver (0.1–0.5 wt %) is reported. The acidic properties of the catalysts have been investigated by temperature-programmed ammonia desorption. The microstructure and composition of the Ag-Mo/ZSM-5 catalytic systems have been studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The doping of the Mocontaining zeolite with silver enhances its activity and stability in nonoxidative methane conversion into aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Physicochemical and catalytic properties of Ga and In pentasils in the reaction of propane aromatization

Ga and In ZSM-5 zeolites are obtained via hydrothermal crystallization from alkali aluminosilicate gels. Their physicochemical and catalytic properties during conversion of propane into aromatic hydrocarbons are studied. These catalysts exhibit different activity and selectivity in propane aromatization process due to their specific physicochemical properties and the localization of promoter atoms in different sites of the zeolite structure. A zeolite containing 1.85 wt % of gallium oxide is the most effective catalyst for propane aromatization.     

Sustainable Synthesis of Pure Silica Zeolites from a Combined Strategy of Zeolite Seeding and Alcohol Filling

Currently, the synthesis of pure silica zeolites always requires the presence of organic structure‐directing agents (OSDAs), which direct the assembly pathway and ultimately fill the pore space. A sustainable route is now reported for synthesizing pure silica zeolites in the absence of OSDAs from a combined strategy of zeolite seeding and alcohol filling, where the zeolite seeds direct crystallization of zeolite crystals from amorphous silica, while the alcohol is served as pore filling in the zeolites. Very importantly, the alcohol could be fully washed out from zeolite pores by water at room temperature, which completely avoids calcination at high temperature for removal of OSDAs in the synthesis of pure silica zeolites.     

Ethanol, acetic acid, and water adsorption from binary and ternary liquid mixtures on high-silica zeolites

Adsorption isotherms were measured for ethanol, acetic acid, and water adsorbed on high-silica ZSM-5 zeolite powder from binary and ternary liquid mixtures at room temperature. Ethanol and water adsorption on two high-silica ZSM-5 zeolites with different aluminum contents and a high-silica beta zeolite were also compared. The amounts adsorbed were measured using a recently developed technique that accurately measures the changes in adsorbent/liquid mixture density and liquid concentration. This technique allows the adsorption of each compound in a liquid mixture to be measured. Adsorption data for binary mixtures were fit with the dual-site extended Langmuir model, and the parameters were used to predict ternary adsorption isotherms for each compound with reasonable accuracy. In ternary mixtures, acetic acid competed with ethanol and water for adsorption sites and reduced ethanol adsorption more than it reduced water adsorption.