Effects of doping La and Cu on photoinduced charge properties of TiO2 and its relationships with photocatalytic activity

The pure, 1 mol% only La or only Cu doped TiO₂ and La and Cu codoped TiO₂ were prepared by a sol-gel process. The effects of doping on photoinduced charge properties of nanosized TiO₂ were mainly investigated by means of Surface Photovoltage Spectrum (SPS) and Photoluminescence Spectrum (PL), together with their relationships with photocatalytic activity. The results show that La dopant can inhibit the phase transformation of TiO₂, meanwhile improve the separation rate of photoinduced charge carriers, and enrich the binding surface states. However, Cu dopant has a reverse effect compared to La dopant. This is responsible for the results that doping La is favorable for the increase in the photocatalytic activity for degrading the RhB solution, while doping Cu is bad to photocatalyitc reaction. In addition, codoping La and Cu cannot exhibit an obvious combination effect.     

掺Sn的纳米TiO2表面光致电荷分离及光催化活性

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同掺Sn量的TiO₂纳米粒子, 主要利用表面光电压谱(SPS)和光致发光光谱(PL)对样品进行了表征, 并通过光催化降解苯酚实验来评估样品活性. 重点考察了热处理温度和掺Sn量对样品表面光生载流子的分离及光催化活性的影响, 并探讨了Sn使TiO₂纳米粒子改性的机制. 结果表明, 在适当温度处理下, 适量Sn的掺入能够有效促进TiO₂纳米粒子表面光生载流子的分离, 以至于使其光催化活性得到显著提高.     

掺杂Cu的TiO2纳米粒子的制备、表征及其光催化活性

采用Sol-gel法制备了纯的和掺杂不同量Cu的TiO2纳米粒子,并用TG-DTA,XRD,XPS,UV-Vis和荧光光谱对样品进行了表征,考察焙烧温度和Cu含量对TiO2纳米粒子的性质及光催化活性的影响,初步探讨了Cu的掺杂对TiO2相变的作用机制及样品荧光光谱与光催化活性的关系.结果表明,Cu2+的掺杂对TiO2的相变有很大的促进作用,并使其光谱响应范围向可见光区拓展.Cu的掺杂未引起新的荧光现象,但适量Cu的掺杂能够降低TiO2纳米粒子的荧光强度.此外,在光催化降解苯酚的实验中,于500℃处理的掺杂Cu的TiO2纳米粒子的光催化活性较高,与表征结果一致.而掺杂不同量Cu的TiO2的光催化活性顺序与样品荧光光谱强度的顺序相反,即荧光光谱强度越低,其光催化活性越高.     

掺杂Ce的TiO_2纳米粒子的光致光及其光催化活性

采用sol-gel法制备了纯的和掺杂不同量Ce的TiO_2纳米粒子，并利用XRD， TEM，BET，XPS和PL光谱对样品进行表征，主要考察焙烧温度和含量对掺杂Ce的 TiO_2纳米粒子性质以及光催化降解苯酚活性的影响，并探讨了Ce的掺杂对TiO_2相 变的作用机制以及PL光谱与光催化活性的关系，结果表明，掺杂的Ce~(4+)没有进 入到TiO_2晶格中，而是以小团簇的CeO_2化学态均匀地弥散在TiO_2纳米粒子中， 这可能导致了Ce的掺杂对TiO_2的相变有很大的抑制作用；Ce的掺杂没有引起新的 光致发光现象，而适量Ce的掺杂能够降低TiO_2纳米粒子PL光谱的强度，这是因为 掺杂的Ce~(4+)易于捕获光生电子而生成Ce~(3+);600℃处理的掺杂Ce的TiO_2纳米 粒子表现出较高的光催化活性，这说明600℃是比较合适的焙烧温度，而掺杂不同 量的Ce的TiO_2样品的光催化活性顺序是：3 mol%＞4 mol%＞2 mol%＞5 mol%＞1 mol%＞0 mol%，这与它们的PL光谱强度的顺序是相反的，即PL光谱强度越低，其 光催化活性越高，这说明PL光谱与其光催化活性间有着必然的联系，这是因为掺杂 剂Ce~(4+)能够捕获光生电子，在光致发光过程中使PL光谱强度下降，而在光催化 反应过程中使有机污染物加快氧化。     

铂非均匀掺杂二氧化钛薄膜的光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了铂非均匀掺杂的二氧化钛薄膜, 并用UV-vis分光光度计及电化学工作站表征了薄膜的光吸收性能和光电化学行为, 通过对甲基橙的光催化降解动力学来表征催化剂的光催化活性. 结果表明 Pt非均匀掺杂可以明显增强二氧化钛的光催化活性, 而均匀掺杂的效果较差; Pt非均匀掺杂的最佳量为0.3 mol%. 催化剂薄膜的电化学行为显示: Pt非均匀掺杂二氧化钛薄膜的开路电压高, 交流阻抗小. 并从半导体的PN结原理探讨了Pt非均匀掺杂二氧化钛的催化活性机理.     

掺杂纳米TiO2光催化性能的研究

利用浸渍法分别制备了Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu六种过渡金属离子掺杂改性的二氧化钛光催化剂，以乙酸水溶液的光催化氧化反应和二氧化碳还原反应为探针,评价了掺杂催化剂的光催化性能.借助光电子能谱（XPS）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）等手段对掺杂催化剂进行了表征.研究结果表明，经过渡金属离子掺杂后，光催化性能均有不同程度的改善，改善程度按Cr、Co、Ni、Fe、Mn、Cu递增.掺杂后催化剂表面吸附氧的活泼性、金属离子的价态及得电子能力上的差异决定了不同离子掺杂纳米二氧化钛光催化性能的差异.     

Sm掺杂对TiO2薄膜光催化性能的影响

 采用溶胶-凝胶法、浸渍-提拉法制备了不同形式和不同含量Sm掺杂的锐钛矿晶型TiO2的光催化剂薄膜. 采用X射线衍射、UV-Vis光谱及电化学实验对所制得的TiO2光催化剂薄膜进行了表征,并通过甲基橙溶液的光催化降解实验评价了其光催化活性. 结果表明,与未掺杂的TiO2薄膜相比,Sm掺杂的TiO2薄膜的UV-Vis吸收光波长向长波方向移动,并且光照开路电压也相应提高; 适量Sm掺杂可以明显提高TiO2薄膜的光催化活性,最佳Sm掺杂量为x(Sm3+)=0.5%; 在各种掺杂形式中以表层Sm掺杂的Sm-TiO2(S)薄膜的光催化活性最好. 讨论了Sm掺杂提高TiO2薄膜光催化活性的机理.     

Effects of simultaneously doped and deposited Ag on the photocatalytic activity and surface states of TiO2

Ag-TiO2 catalysts with different Ag contents were prepared via a sol-gel method in the absence of light. Based on the characterizations of XRD, photoluminescence (PL), surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS), field-induced surface photovoltage spectroscopy (FISPS), and XPS as well as the evaluation of the photocatalytic activity for degrading rhodamine B(RhB) solutions, it was found that the Ag dopant promoted the phase transformation as well as had an inhibition effect on the growth of anatase crystallite. The PL and SPS intensities were decreased with increasing Ag content, indicating that the Ag dopant could effectively inhibit the recombination of the photoinduced electrons and holes. However, the active sites capturing the photoinduced electrons reduced, while the Ag content exceeded 5 mol %. At rather low Ag dopant concentrations, the migration and diffusion of Ag+ ions were predominant, while at rather high Ag dopant concentrations, the migration, diffusion, and reduction of Ag ions simultaneously occurred. The Ag-TiO2 photocatalysts with appropriate content of Ag (Ag species concentration is from about 3 to 5 mol %) possessed abundant electron traps so as to be favorable for the separation of the photoinduced electron-hole pairs, which could greatly enhance the activity of the photocatalysts. From the results of FISPS measurements, it could be found that the impurity bands and abundant surface states were introduced into the interfacial layer of TiO2 because of Ag simultaneously doping and depositing, which could improve the absorption capability for visible light of the photocatalysts.     

Characterizations of lanthanum trivalent ions/TiO2 nanopowders catalysis prepared by plasma spray

Lanthanum trivalent ions (La(3+)) doped titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanopowders in the range of 20-60 nm were prepared successfully by plasma spray in the self-developed plasma spray equipment. The photocatalytic activity of samples at different doping concentrations in photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange was discussed. The nanopowders prepared were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectra, photoluminescence (PL) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that La(3+) doping increased the photocatalytic activity of TiO(2) greatly, the optimal doping concentration was 0.5 at%. The La(3+) doping decreases the particle size and the distribution of particle sizes becomes more uniform. The doped powders were the mixture of anatase and rutile phase. The contents of anatase phase decreased firstly and then increased with an increase in the contents of La(3+). The intrinsic absorption band of La(3+) doped TiO(2) nanopowders appears red shift from that of pure TiO(2) nanopowders. The intensity of PL spectra increases and then decreases with increasing the content of La(3+). The PL spectral intensity reaches its peak when the ratio of La(3+)/TiO(2) is 0.2 at%. There are O, Ti, C and La elements in the prepared La(3+) doped TiO(2) nanopowders, La element still exists in trivalent and Ti element always exists in tetravalent.     

N掺杂TiO_2纳米粒子表面光生电荷特性与光催化活性

以尿素为氮源,采用水热法制备了不同N掺杂量的TiO2(N-TiO2)光催化剂.利用X射线衍射(XRD),紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS),X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及荧光(PL)光谱等技术对其进行了系统的表征.以罗丹明B(RhB)和甲基橙(MO)溶液的脱色降解为模型反应,分别考察了N-TiO2光催化剂在紫外和可见光区的光催化活性.利用表面光伏(SPV)和瞬态光伏(TPV)技术研究了N-TiO2纳米粒子表面光生电荷的产生和传输机制,并探讨了光生电荷与光催化活性之间的关系.结果显示,随着N含量的增大,TiO2表面光伏响应阈值红移,可见光部分光电压响应强度逐渐增强,瞬态光伏响应达到最大值的时间亦有着不同程度的延迟.这表明适量的N掺杂能够提高TiO2纳米粒子中光生载流子的分离效率,相应地延长载流子的传输时间,增加光生电荷的寿命,从而促进其光催化活性;而过量的N掺杂则增加了TiO2纳米粒子中光生载流子的复合中心,抑制其光催化活性.     

低量La3+掺杂S-TiO2光催化剂的制备、表征及其光催化活性

采用溶胶-凝胶-浸渍法制备了La³⁺/S-TiO₂纳米光催化剂,通过XRD、BET、XPS、UV-Vis等手段进行了表征.以甲基橙溶液为光催化降解反应的模型化合物,考察了光催化剂的活性,探讨了低量La³⁺掺杂对TiO₂纳米粒子光催化活性的影响机制.实验结果表明:S改性TiO₂后明显提高了TiO₂纳米粒子的光催化活性,而La³⁺掺杂S-TiO₂后,进一步提高了TiO₂纳米粒子的光催化活性,La³⁺的最佳掺杂量(相对于TiO₂的质量分数)为0.369%;La³⁺/S-TiO₂(ω(La³⁺)=0.369%)为纳米光催化剂时,甲基橙的脱色率达到92.4%(光照120min);XRD和BET分析表明,低量La³⁺掺杂抑制了TiO₂由锐钛矿向金红石的转变,阻碍了TiO₂晶粒的生长,提高了TiO₂的比表面积;XPS分析表明,S、La³⁺掺杂可以导致粉体的表面羟基含量增加,掺杂S以S⁶⁺形式置换TiO₂晶格中的Ti⁴⁺;UV-Vis分析表明,光催化剂La³⁺/S-TiO₂比纯TiO₂具有较强的紫外光吸收性能.与纯TiO₂相比,La³⁺掺杂TiO₂纳米粒子光催化氧化活性的提高应归因于La³⁺掺杂增加了表面羟基含量,增大了比表面积,增强了样品表面的紫外光吸收能力.     

钬掺杂提高TiO2纳米晶光催化活性的光谱性能机制研究

采用酸催化的溶胶-凝胶法制备了未掺杂和掺杂0.5%Ho(摩尔分数)的纳米TiO2光催化剂,以甲基橙的光催化降解为探针反应,评价了其光催化活性。运用XRD,TEM,EDS,FT-IR,UV-Vis DRS以及PL光谱表征技术考察了Ho掺杂对纳米TiO2的微晶尺寸、晶体结构、表面组成与光学性能的影响,并对改性机制作了探讨。结果表明,Ho掺杂可以抑制TiO2由锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变,阻碍TiO2晶粒增长,使TiO2的光吸收带边发生蓝移,增加表面羟基含量,促进光生载流子分离,从而使Ho掺杂TiO2样品光催化降解甲基橙的能力显著增强。     

Size control synthesis of sulfur doped titanium dioxide （anatase） nanoparticles, its optical property and its photo catalytic reactivity for CO2 ＋ H2O conversion and phenol degradation

Sulfur doped anatase TiO2 nanoparticles (3 nm−12 nm) were synthesized by the reaction of titanium tetrachloride, water and sulfuric acid with addition of 3M NaOH at room temperature. The electro-optical and photocatalytic properties of the synthesized sulfur doped TiO2 nanoparticles were studied along with Degussa commercial TiO2 particles (24 nm). The results show that band gap of TiO2 particles decreases from 3.31 to 3.25 eV and for that of commercial TiO2 to 3.2 eV when the particle sizes increased from 3 nm to 12 nm with increase in sulfur doping. The results of the photocatalytic activity under UV and sun radiation show maximum phenol conversion at the particle size of 4 nm at 4.80% S-doping. Similar results are obtained using UV energy for both phenol conversion and conversion of CO2+H2O in which formation of methanol, ethanol and proponal is observed. Production of methanol is also achieved on samples with a particle size of 8 and 12 nm and sulfur doping of 4.80% and 5.26%. For TiO2 particle of 4 nm without S doping, the production of methanol, ethanol and proponal was lower as compared to the S-doped particles. This is attributed to the combined electronic effect and band gap change, S dopant, specific surface area and the light source used.     

锰离子控制掺杂二氧化钛薄膜光催化活性增强的机理探讨

采用溶胶-凝胶法通过工艺控制制备了锰离子以不同形式掺杂TiO₂的光催化剂薄膜,并通过XPS和SEM对薄膜的结构进行表征.通过UV-Vis分光光度计及电化学工作站表征了薄膜的光吸收性能和光电化学性能,通过甲基橙溶液的光催化降解脱色率来表征催化剂薄膜的光催化活性.结果表明,以锰离子MT掺杂方式制备的TiO₂薄膜可明显增强TiO₂的光催化活性,而以MM掺杂方式制备的TiO₂薄膜反而降低了TiO₂的光催化活性;锰离子MT掺杂方式的最佳掺杂质量分数为0.8%.催化剂薄膜的电化学行为显示,薄膜具有p-n结的电容-电压特性,锰离子MT掺杂TiO₂薄膜的开路电位和瞬时光电流信号较强,说明其光生载流子易于生成并且分离效果较好.依据半导体的p-n结原理探讨了锰离子控制掺杂TiO₂的光催化活性机理.     

The preparation and characterization of La doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity

In this paper, pure and La doped TiO₂ nanoparticles with different La content were prepared by a sol-gel process using Ti (OC₄H₉)₄ as raw material, and also were characterized by XRD, TG-DTA, TEM, XPS, DRS and Photoluminescence (PL) spectra. We mainly investigated the effects of calcining temperature and La content on the properties and the photocatalytic activity for degrading phenol of as-prepared TiO₂ samples, and also discussed the relationships between PL spectra and photocatalytic activity as well as the mechanisms of La doping on TiO₂ phase transformation. The results showed that La³⁺ did not enter into the crystal lattices of TiO₂ and was uniformly dispersed onto TiO₂ as the form of La₂O₃ particles with small size, which possibly made La dopant have a great inhibition on TiO₂ phase transformation; La dopant did not give rise to a new PL signal, but it could improve the intensity of PL spectra with a appropriate La content, which was possibly attributed to the increase in the content of surface oxygen vacancies and defects after doping La; La doped TiO₂ nanoparticles calcined at 600°C exhibited higher photocatalytic activity, indicating that 600°C was an appropriate calcination temperature. The order of photocatalytic activity of La doped TiO₂ samples with different La content was as following: 1>1.5>3>0.5>5>0 mol%, which was the same as the order of their PL intensity, namely, the stronger the PL intensity, the higher the photocatalytic activity, demonstrating that there were certain relationships between PL spectra and photocatalytic activity. This could be explained by the points that PL spectra mainly resulted from surface oxygen vacancies and defects during the process of PL, while surface oxygen vacancies and defects could be favorable in capturing the photoinduced electrons during the process of photocatalytic reactions.     

Extending photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles to visible region of illumination by doping of cerium

Cerium-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles are prepared by sol-gel method. Doping shifts the UV absorption edge of TiO(2) to the visible region, making it efficient for visible light photocatalysis. Incorporation of cerium decreases the effective band gap of TiO(2) and increases the Urbach energy levels. At the dopant concentrations of 0.015 and 0.025 mol the luminescence intensity increases compared to undoped TiO(2); however, the luminescence is quenched at 0.035 mol. Quenching of luminescence indicates efficient separation of charge carriers. Undoped TiO(2) is showing poor performance in the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange under visible light. However, on cerium doping its photoactivity is increased, and is drastically enhanced at 0.035 mol of cerium. Further increase in Ce(3+) doping level to 0.045 mol results in the reduction of the photodegradation of the dye. On UV irradiation, entire samples show good photocatalytic activity up to 30 min, but their efficiency decreases when irradiation time is increased to 45 min. Irradiation for longer time results in negative charging of the TiO(2) surface with migrating electrons. The negatively charged surface repels the OH(-) ion and O(2) molecule from adsorbing on its surface thus decreasing the availability of hydroxyl and superoxide radical for dye degradation.     

Fabrication and photocatalytic characterizations of ordered nanoporous X-doped (X = N, C, S, Ru, Te, and Si) TiO2/Al2O3 films on ITO/glass

Transparent, ordered nanoporous TiO2/Al2O3 composite films doped with metal elements (Ru, Si, and Te) and nonmetal elements (N, C, and S) were fabricated by successive anodization and sol-gel process directly on glass substrates covered with a tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) film. The doping of ruthenium, nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur in TiO2 exhibited an enhanced effect on the absorbance, while the doping of silicon and tellurium showed little effect. Particularly, the N- and Ru-doped TiO2/Al2O3 films on ITO/glass developed an enhanced absorption red shift of 580 nm (-N) and 500 nm (-Ru). The nanoporous TiO2/Al2O3 composite film exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity in decomposing acetaldehyde under ultraviolet-light irradiation, with a value of 13 times in initial reaction rate or 7.8 times in quantum yield higher than a commercially available TiO2 material, Degussa P25. The ultraviolet-light photocatalytic activities of nanoporous TiO2/Al2O3 films were enhanced by the doping of nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur but slightly weakened by the doping of ruthenium, silicon, and tellurium. Particularly, the nanoporous N-doped TiO2/Al2O3 films exhibited effective photocatalytic activity on ultraviolet light decomposition of a highly toxic dioxin, HpCDD, and gave the highest decomposition rate of approximately 95% (via 7 h of irradiation) for the specimen with a dopant content of 1.7 wt % nitrogen.     

Selective photoreduction of nitric oxide to nitrogen by nanostructured TiO2 photocatalysts: role of oxygen vacancies and iron dopant

Conventional TiO(2)-based photocatalysts oxidize NO(x) to nitrate species, which do not spontaneously desorb and therefore deactivate the catalyst. We show that the selectivity of this reaction can be changed by creating a large concentration of oxygen vacancies in TiO(2) nanoparticles through thermal reduction in a reducing atmosphere. This results in the photoreduction of nitric oxide (NO) to N(2) and O(2), species which spontaneously desorb at room temperature. The activity of the photoreduction reaction can be greatly enhanced by doping the TiO(2) nanoparticles with Fe(3+), an acceptor-type dopant that stabilizes the oxygen vacancies. Moreover, the photoinduced reduction of Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) provides a recombination pathway that almost completely suppresses the formation of NO(2) and thus enhances the selectivity of the reaction for N(2) formation. Gas chromatography confirms that N(2) and O(2) are formed in a stoichiometric ratio, and the activity for NO decomposition is found to be limited by the concentration of oxygen vacancies. A series of internally consistent reaction equations are proposed that describe all experimentally observed features of the photocatalytic process. The observed influence of oxygen vacancies on the activity and selectivity of photoinduced reactions may lead to new routes toward the design of highly selective photocatalysts.     

TiO2晶型对Au/TiO2上光催化分解臭氧的影响

以不同晶型TiO2为载体,采用沉积-沉淀法制备了Au/TiO2光催化剂,并用紫外-可见漫反射光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和表面光电压谱(SPS)等手段进行了催化剂表征,详细考察了Ti O2晶型对Au/TiO2光催化分解臭氧活性的影响.结果表明,光催化分解臭氧的活性顺序为Au/P25>Au/Anatase>Au/Rutile,这与不同的单一Ti O2对光催化臭氧分解的活性顺序是一致的.但在TiO2上沉积金后,其对光催化臭氧的分解活性有了显著的提高.由催化剂的Au4fXPS分析发现,不同晶型Ti O2上的电荷向金簇迁移的能力有明显差异,加之载体本身对光催化臭氧分解活性不同,两者协同作用导致负载金催化剂光催化分解臭氧活性的不同.SPS信号强度与催化剂光催化活性有很好的对应关系,SPS信号越强,光生电子和空穴分离效率越高,光催化活性越好.     

镧系离子掺杂TiO2的制备及其对咪唑降解反应的光催化活性

 以TiCl4和镧系元素的氯化盐溶液为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同含量镧系离子掺杂的TiO2光催化剂,用X射线衍射(XRD)、 光致发光光谱(PLS)、 表面光电压谱(SPS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对催化剂进行了表征. XRD结果表明,样品为锐钛矿和金红石的混晶相,镧系离子未进入到TiO2晶格中. PLS和SPS测定结果表明,随着掺杂离子的不同和掺杂含量的不同,样品的谱强度呈现有规律的变化. 在紫外光照射下,以咪唑为目标降解物比较了催化剂的光催化活性. 结果表明,适当含量的镧系离子掺杂可有效促进TiO2表面光生载流子的分离,从而显著提高其光催化活性.