氮氧自由基研究 ⅩⅪ.水溶液中哌啶氮氧自由基单电子还原反应机理的极谱研究

氮氧自由基在电极上可得到电子而被还原,但关于哌啶氮氧自由基在水溶液中的电极还原反应,仅Neiman等用经典极谱法考察过其半波还原电位与介质pH的关系,认为自由基被还原为相应羟胺,质子参与电极反应,但未能确定质子化过程是先于还是后于电子转移过程。氮氧自由基在水溶液中可氧化谷胱甘肽、半胱氨酸,反应产物分布强烈受介质pH影响。氮氧自由基氧化维生素C的速率随介质pH改变而变化。已经证明,这些反应均经过单电子转移氧化还原反应机理,氮氧自由基均被还原为羟胺。因此,用电化学方法研究质子在氮氧自由基单电子还原过程中的作用,对于进一步阐明氮氧自由基与上述生物分子的电子转移反应机理无疑有一定实际意义。     

活性嫩黄K-4G在碳糊电极上的电化学研究

研究活性染料常用的嫩黄基础谱带——活性嫩黄K-4G，在具有较小表面积（约为0．07cm^2）的碳糊电极上的电化学响应行为。在-1．0～1．3V的扫描电位窗内，活性嫩黄K-4G显示良好的电氧化还原性质，电极反应速率为吸附控制，电极反应机理为先质子化后电氧化还原。     

氮氧自由基研究——ⅩⅪ.水溶液中哌啶氮氧自由基单电子还原反应机理的极谱

氮氧自由基在电极上可得到电子而被还原，但关于哌啶氮氧自由基在水溶液中的电极还原反应，仅Neiman等用经曲极谱法考察过其半波还原电位与介质pH的关系，认为自由基被还原为相应的羟胺，质子参与电极反 ，但未能确定质子化过程是先于还是后于电子转移过程。     

聚{吡咯-2,5-二[(对二甲氨基)苯甲烯]}的电化学和原位拉曼光谱

采用电化学循环伏安法（CV）和原位拉曼光谱（in situ Raman）对窄能隙共轭高分子聚{吡咯 2,5 二[(对二甲氨基)苯甲烯]}（PPDMABE）的电化学行为进行了研究.结果表明,在不同pH值NaNO3溶液中, PPDMABE的电化学氧化还原过程中存在吡咯环的氧化态结构与芳式和醌式结构之间的转变.聚合物在氧化态时吡咯环主要以氧化态存在,而还原态以芳式和醌式结构吡咯环为主.PPDMABE在酸性和中性介质中氧化态吡咯环以质子化的状态存在,而在碱性溶液中氧化态吡咯环既有质子化态,又有去质子化态的.在酸性条件下,PPDMABE较易发生氧化还原反应,而在碱性条件还原反应则较难发生.     

核黄素在玻碳电极上的电化学行为

用电位扫描、旋转环盘电极和微分电容等方法研究了核黄素在玻碳电极上的电化学行为。在ｐＨ〈６的介质中，观察到一个典型的氧化还原波，它是可逆的二电子反应，其还原产物ＲＦＨ２在电极上的吸附为弱吸附，溶出性能良好，在６〈ｐＨ〈１０的介质中，出现两个分离但仍有部分重叠的氧化还原波，相应于两步单电子反应，还原所生成的ＲＦＨ和ＲＦＨ２发生吸附，很难溶出。在ｐＨ〉１０的介质中，仍然出现两个分离但有部分重叠的氧化还原     

(C_(70))_2-对叔丁基杯[8]芳烃化学修饰电极对卤代酸的电催化行为

(C_(70))_2-对叔丁基杯[8]芳烃化学修饰电极在V（乙腈）：V（水）＝2：3混 合溶剂中,发生两步还原／再氧化反应,分别对应于两电子和四电子转移。用扫描 电子显微镜和光电子能谱对修饰电极进行了表征。循环伏安实验表明,(C_(70)) _2-对叔丁基杯[8]芳烃的两步还原过程均匀卤代酸的还原具有电催化作用。     

酮洛芬的伏安行为及吸附缔合平行极谱催化波研究

采用线性扫描极谱法、循环伏安法及恒电位电解法在NH4Cl-NH3.H2O(pH9.5)缓冲液中研究了酮洛芬(KPF)的伏安行为和极谱催化波的产生机理。结果表明,KPF的羰基首先发生1e-和1H 还原,产生中间体质子化羰基自由基,该自由基再以同样方式进一步还原生成相应的羟基化合物,并伴随有化学反应;引入K2S2O8后,S2O82-作为配位体与吸附在电极表面质子化的KPF形成缔合物,引起峰电位负移,S2O82-及其还原中间产物SO4.-氧化经1e-和1H 还原的KPF羰基自由基,使峰电流显著增加,从而产生了KPF的吸附缔合平行极谱催化波。测得S2O82-氧化KPF质子化羰基自由基的表观速率常数Kf=1.2×104/s。     

双硫腙水溶液的极谱研究

用单扫描极谱法和循环伏安法研究了双硫腙在酸性和碱性水溶液中的极谱行为.在碱性介质中,有三个还原波-0.63,-0.52和-0.45V,分别对应于双硫腙阴离子,它的氧化产物四氮化合物和二硫化合物的还原过程,在酸性介质中,只有一个-0.18V的双硫腙还原波.上述波的电极反应和特征也讨论了.     

有机化合物的新型极谱催化波--KIO3存在下醋酸甲羟孕酮的极谱催化波研究

在水和DMF两种介质中 ,研究了醋酸甲羟孕酮 (MPA)的极谱行为和极谱催化波机理 .结果表明 ,在 0 .2mol/LHAc_NaAc (pH =5 .0 )缓冲水溶液中 ,MPA的CC双键首先经单电子单质子还原产生质子化的中间体自由基HMPA·;HMPA·继续以单电子单质子方式进一步还原 ,同时伴随有HMPA·与中性MPA分子生成二聚体自由基HMPA·MPA·的化学反应 .在 0 .1mol/LTBA·BF4的DMF溶液中 ,MPA的CC双键还原是连续的 2步单电子还原 ,2步分别为MPA和中间体自由基MPA· -的还原 ,没有二聚化反应发生 .上述过程产生的均是MPA的还原波 .在氧化剂KIO3 存在下 ,MPA还原的中间体自由基HMPA·或MPA· -被KIO3 及其中间氧化态质点化学氧化再生MPA ,产生了极谱催化波 .这种由有机化合物在电极上自身还原、通过化学反应氧化有机中间体自由基再生原有机化合物的催化波是一种新型极谱催化波 .在上述条件下 ,MPA催化波的灵敏度比其还原波高一个数量级 ,可用于分析目的 .求得催化反应的表观速率常数Kf=1 .7× 1 0 3 mol·L-1·s-1.     

光透薄层光谱电化学法研究灿烂甲酚兰的电极过程

在铂网光透电极上,采用紫外-可见和电子顺磁共振(ESR)技术研究了灿烂甲酚兰(BCB)的电极过程。测定了BCB的标准式电极电位和电子转移数。结果表明,BCB在铂电极上进行可逆的单电子转移反应,并且氧化态和还原态均较强烈地吸附在铂电极上。ESR波谱的现场监测直接确证了单电子转移过程,并首次发现BCB的氧化态在正电位激发下呈三线态,还原态具有单电子自由基。另外对BCB的电极过程机理进行了初步探讨。     

Proton coupled electron transfer and redox active tyrosines in Photosystem II

In this article, progress in understanding proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) in Photosystem II is reviewed. Changes in acidity/basicity may accompany oxidation/reduction reactions in biological catalysis. Alterations in the proton transfer pathway can then be used to alter the rates of the electron transfer reactions. Studies of the bioenergetic complexes have played a central role in advancing our understanding of PCET. Because oxidation of the tyrosine results in deprotonation of the phenolic oxygen, redox active tyrosines are involved in PCET reactions in several enzymes. This review focuses on PCET involving the redox active tyrosines in Photosystem II. Photosystem II catalyzes the light-driven oxidation of water and reduction of plastoquinone. Photosystem II provides a paradigm for the study of redox active tyrosines, because this photosynthetic reaction center contains two tyrosines with different roles in catalysis. The tyrosines, YZ and YD, exhibit differences in kinetics and midpoint potentials, and these differences may be due to noncovalent interactions with the protein environment. Here, studies of YD and YZ and relevant model compounds are described.     

Photoactivated h/d exchange in tyrosine: involvement of a radical anion intermediate

The aromatic hydrogen nuclei of tyrosine are photochemically labile and exchange with deuterons in neutral D(2)O solution. The site meta to the ring hydroxyl substituent is preferentially deuterated, exhibiting a meta/ortho deuteration rate of approximately 4:1. In contrast with acid-catalyzed H/D exchange and with nearly all of the reported photoactivated H/D exchange studies, the UV-induced H/D exchange of tyrosine is optimal at pH 9 and is effectively quenched at acid pH. Photochemical H/D exchange is strongly stimulated by the alpha-amino group (the aromatic hydrogens of p-cresol are far less subject to exchange) and by imidazole or phosphate buffers. On the basis of the results obtained here and on the previously identified cyclohexadienyl radical (Bussandri, A.; van Willigen, H. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 1524-1532), we conclude that the exchange reaction involves a radical intermediate and results from two distinct roles of tyrosine: (1) as a phototransducer of light energy into solvated electrons (e(aq)(-)), and (2) as an acceptor of an electron to create a radical anion intermediate which is rapidly protonated, yielding a neutral cyclohexadienyl radical. Regeneration of the tyrosine can occur via a bimolecular redox reaction of the cyclohexadienyl and phenoxyl radicals to yield a carbocation/phenoxide pair, followed by deprotonation of the carbocation. The oxidation step is pH dependent, requiring the deprotonated form of the cyclohexadienyl radical. The H/D exchange thus results from a cyclic one-electron (Birch) reduction/protonation/reoxidation (by phenoxyl radical)/deprotonation cycle. Consistent with these mechanistic conclusions, the aromatic hydrogens of tyrosine O-methyl ether are photochemically inert, but become labile in the presence of tyrosine at high pH. The deuteration rate of O-methyl tyrosine is lower than that of tyrosine and shows a preference for the ortho positions. This difference is proposed to result from a variation in the oxidation step, characterized by a preferential oxidation of a cyclohexadienyl resonance structure with the unpaired electron localized on the oxygen substituent.     

Comparison of Electrochemical Oxidation of Flavonols and Calculated Proton Affinity and Electron Transfer Enthalpy in Water

Flavonols, a class of flavonoids, are present in flowers, fruits and vegetables. They are jointly responsible for antioxidant activity as free radical acceptors. The redox behaviour of myricetin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, fisetin, morin and kaempferol is investigated using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. Quantum chemical calculations of proton affinities and electron transfer enthalpies were performed to identify possible reactive sites and radical species to compare them with measured oxidation potentials of the flavonols. Regarding to their chemical structure, these flavonols showed an oxidation order: myricetin > quercetin > isorhamnetin > fisetin > morin > kaempferol.     

Antioxidative properties of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and a phenylpropanoid glycoside. A pulse radiolysis study

Spectral and redox properties of the phenoxyl radicals from hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and one selected component of phenylpropanoid glycosides, verbascoside, were studied using pulse radiolysis techniques. On the basis of the pH dependence of phenoxyl radical absorptions, the pK_a values for deprotonation of sinapic acid radical and ferulic acid radical are 4.9 and 5.2. The rate constants of one electron oxidation of those antioxidants by azide radical and bromide radical ion were determined at pH 7. The redox potentials of those antioxidants were determined as 0.59–0.71 V vs NHE at pH 7 with reference standard 4-methoxyphenol and resorcinol.     

中位-硝基八乙基卟啉钴的合成和性质研究

本文报导了四种中位-硝基八乙基卟啉钴的合成以及电子吸收光谱、氧化还原半波电位和与某些配体的轴向配位平衡常数.并讨论了中位-硝基对这些性质的影响.     

Electrochemical Redox Behaviour of Temozolomide Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode

The electrochemical behaviour of temozolomide on a glassy carbon electrode has been investigated. The reduction of temozolomide is an irreversible process, pH dependent, and the mechanism involves the addition of one electron and one proton to C5 to form an anion radical, causing the irreversible breakdown of the tetrazinone ring. The oxidation mechanism of temozolomide is an irreversible, adsorption‐controlled process, pH dependent up to value close to the pK_a and occurs in two consecutive charge transfer reactions, with the formation of the hydroxylated product. The electroanalytical determination of TMZ led to a detection limit of 1.1 µM.     

524—NAD/NADH as a model redox system: Mechanism,mediation, modification by the environment

The biologically important redox couple, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/1,4,β-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, provides a grossly reversible prototype system for an overall electrode reaction consisting of two successive one-electron (1 e^?) transfer steps coupled with (a) dimerization of an intermediate free radical product, (b) protonation—deprotonation of an intermediate product, (c) other chemical reactions, (d) adsorption of reactant, intermediate and product species, and (e) mediation by electrode surface species. Cathodic reduction of NAD⁺ proceeds through two 1 e^? steps well separated in potential; protonation of the free radical produced on the first step occurs prior to the second electron-transfer; a first-order chemical reaction coupled to the latter may involve rearrangement of an initial dihydro product to 1,4-NADH (and some 1,6-NADH). In the apparently single stage 2 e^? anodic oxidation of NADH, the initial step is an irreversible heterogeneous electron transfer, which proceeds to at least some extent through mediator redox systems located close to the electrode surface; the resulting cation radical, NADH^+?, loses a proton (first order reaction) to form a neutral radical, NAD^?, which may participate in a second heterogeneous electron transfer (ECE mechanism) or may react with NAD^+? (disproportionation mechanism DISP 1 or half-regeneration mechanism) to yield NAD⁺.     

Oxidation of Flavonols in an Electrochemical Flow Cell Coupled Online with ESI‐MS

Flavonols, a class of flavonoids, are jointly responsible for antioxidant activities as free radical acceptors in flowers, fruits and vegetables. Due to their electroactive behaviour, the oxidation of chrysin, flavonol, kaempferol, morin, quercetin and myricetin in methanol was performed in an electrochemical flow cell with glassy carbon as the working electrode. This flow cell was coupled online with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry to identify the possible oxidation products. Based on these experiments, it was concluded that when certain structural requirement are present, the initial electrode reaction of flavonols involves an electron delivery electrochemical step followed by a chemical step via methanol addition. The redox activity of the selected species explains the number of observed multiple methoxylation. Moreover, we identified a second two‐electron, two‐proton oxidation of the formed oxidation products of quercetin and myricetin for the first time.     

含多个氧化还原中心的卟啉化合物的电化学及光谱电化学行为(Ⅰ)

在DMF及DMSO中用循环伏安法、现场紫外可见光谱电化学方法及现场FT-IR光谱电化学方法研究了含多个氧化还原中心的卟啉化合物[四(对-硝基苯基)卟啉合钴(Ⅱ)]的氧化还原性质。指出该化合物的第一步氧化或第一步还原为中心金属钴失去或得到1个电子；第二步还原为卟啉环meso位的4个对硝基苯基上的硝基在同一电位下各得1个电子,形成相应的阴离子自由基；第三步还原为卟啉环得到1个电子,但该步反应不可逆。同时发现硝基与卟啉环及中心金属钴之间存在分子内电子相互作用,而4个硝基取代基之间未发现分子内电子相互作用。     

Proton-coupled electron transfer in a biomimetic peptide as a model of enzyme regulatory mechanisms

Proton-coupled electron-transfer reactions are central to enzymatic mechanism in many proteins. In several enzymes, essential electron-transfer reactions involve oxidation and reduction of tyrosine side chains. For these redox-active tyrosines, proton transfer couples with electron transfer, because the phenolic pKA of the tyrosine is altered by changes in the tyrosine redox state. To develop an experimentally tractable peptide system in which the effect of proton and electron coupling can be investigated, we have designed a novel amino acid sequence that contains one tyrosine residue. The tyrosine can be oxidized by ultraviolet photolysis or electrochemical methods and has a potential cross-strand interaction with a histidine residue. NMR spectroscopy shows that the peptide forms a beta-hairpin with several interstrand dipolar contacts between the histidine and tyrosine side chains. The effect of the cross-strand interaction was probed by electron paramagnetic resonance and electrochemistry. The data are consistent with an increase in histidine pKA when the tyrosine is oxidized; the effect of this thermodynamic coupling is to increase tyrosyl radical yield at low pH. The coupling mechanism is attributed to an interstrand pi-cation interaction, which stabilizes the tyrosyl radical. A similar interaction between histidine and tyrosine in enzymes provides a regulatory mechanism for enzymatic electron-transfer reactions.