近红外激光防护染料

以激光防护和隐身材料为需求背景，概述了菁类染料(含多次甲基菁染料、方酸菁和克酮酸菁染料、薁染料)、酞菁类染料(含普通酞菁和萘酞菁)、金属络合物染料、醌型染料、偶氮染料、游离基型染料、芳甲烷型染料、苝类染料等近红外吸? 杖玖系难芯孔纯黾敖埂? $601$ADuetotherequirementofnear-infraredlaserprotectivedyesandlaserstealthmaterials,thisreviewfocusedontheresearchprogressofnear-infraredabsorbingdyes,andsomesuggestionswereputforwardonthefutureresearch.Someofthemostimportanttechnicalrequiremnetsforlaser-protectivedyeswithintheplasticareasfollows:sharpabsorptionbandsatspecificwavelengthscorrespondingtolaseremission,excellentlightfastness,robustthermalandchemicalstability,stabilitytoambientconditions,highopticaldensityandscotopicluminoustransmission,goodsolubilityinplasticandlowtoxicity.Thisreviewpaidattentiontothepropertiessuchasthemaximumabsorptionwavelengthandtheabsorptionintense,attentionhadbeendirectedtowardseighttypesnear-infrareddyes:cyaninedyeswhichincludedpolymethinedyesandsquaryliumorcroconiumdyes,phthalocyaninesandnaphthalocyanines,metalcomplexdyes,quinonedyes,azodyes,radicaldyes,multiphenylmethanedyesandperylenedyes.Otherkindsofnear-infrareddyeswerealsomentioned,suchasaromaticannulenes,planescontainignso-callednonbenzenoidaromaticrings,cycliccross-conjugatedhydrocarbonshavinginsertedp-quiniodring,fluorenyliumdyeswithinorganicanions,donor-acceptorcyclophanes,tetrapyrazinoporphyrazinesandpentaazadentateexpandedporphyrinsetal.Allofthedyesmentionedabovehadsomegoodpropertiesforuseasthenear-infraredlaserprotectivedyesandlaserstealthmaterials,buttherealsoexisteddefectsineverykindofdyes.     

浅谈菁染料及其研究前景

主要介绍菁染料的结构、性质和光谱增感过程的机理,探求增感染料未来的发展方向。     

不对称感绿增感染料的研究进展

在卤化银乳剂中加人一种染料,能赋予乳剂对染料所吸收的光谱部分以感光性。这种染料称为光谱增感染料。光谱增感剂尤如卤化银乳剂的眼睛,使它能看到五彩七色。即能使卤化银乳剂的感光范围从蓝紫光区扩展到绿、红、甚至红外光区。可制得感应蓝紫光、绿光的正色片,感应全部可见光的全色片,以及能感应红外光的红外片。     

染料敏化太阳能电池用敏化剂

染料敏化太阳能电池是太阳能电池的重要发展方向之一,染料敏化剂是影响电池光电转换效率的重要组分,也一直是太阳能电池材料的研究热点.经过20多年的研究,现已开发的光敏染料主要有金属配合物染料和纯有机染料两大类.本文依据染料结构特征,将金属配合物染料分为钌的多吡啶配合物、其它金属(如Os、Pt)的多吡啶配合物、卟啉及酞菁类配...     

染料云的形态结构表征—染料的径向分布与投影密度分布

彩色影像的最小像元-染料云的形态结构的表征有两种方法:一种是染料云的染料浓度的径向分布;另一种是染料云的投影密度分布。前者一般是从染料云形成过程的模拟计算得到;后者是从微密度计对染料云的扫描测得。本文提出了将染料的径向分布转换成相对投影密度的一种近似计算方法,从而使两种形式的表征方法相互联系起来,这为进一步优化染料云形态的研究打下基础。     

阻光染料对氯化银乳剂光谱增感的影响

增感染料在卤化银微晶上吸附并形成J-聚集体是染料光谱增感和超增感的关键步骤.本文利用紫外-可见吸收光谱研究了增感染料和阻光染料在氯化银微晶上的吸附,并考察了阻光染料对增感染料J-聚集体的形成及乳剂感光性能的影响.结果表明:不同阻光染料在氯化银微晶表面的吸附程度不同,对增感染料J-聚集体形成的影响也有差异.其中,吸附较小的不影响增感染料J-聚集体的形成,而吸附较大的阻碍增感染料J-聚集形成,特别是阻光染料在增感染料之前加入乳剂中时.在氯化银微晶上吸附很小的阻光染料基本不影响增感染料对乳剂的光谱增感,而吸附较强的阻光染料不仅吸收入射光,还抑制或破坏增感染料的光谱增感.因此,在氯化银微晶表面没有吸附的阻光染料才是优良的阻光染料.     

高分子染料的进展

高分子染料是一类本身固有颜色的高分子化合物，它兼有染料和高聚物的双重性质。因此既可作为色料也可作为高聚物而应用于许多领域。本文较详细阐述了聚合染料的种类，合成方法及应用情况。     

高分子染料的合成研究2．乙烯砜型染料与丙烯腈的溶液共聚合

对乙烯机型染料在较高浓度下与丙烯腈溶液共聚合反应合成高分子染料进行了研究．考察了单体组成对聚合转化率、共聚组成和共聚物分子量的影响，合成了共聚组成中染料单体含量为３７％的高分子染料．     

乙烯砜型染料与丙烯腈的水相沉淀聚合

乙烯砜型染料与丙烯腈的水相沉淀聚合吴致宁，张雪松，杨锦宗大连理工大学精细化工系，大连，１１６０１２）关键词高分子染料、沉淀共聚合、乙烯砜型染料、丙烯腈近年来，随着人们对功能材料具有高附加值的认识的不断深人，特别是伴随各类功能性染料结构的开发，高分子染...     

染料聚集态中空穴传递的顺磁共振研究

本文应用了顺磁共振波谱技术,研究了染料J-聚集体对染料正空穴俘获电子的影响。实验所用乳剂是未经化学增感的溴化银(AgBr),染料用量2.5×10^-4摩尔染料/摩尔银。涂片厚度为3微米左右。     

Dye‐Sensitized TiO2 Nanotube Solar Cells: Rational Structural and Surface Engineering on TiO2 Nanotubes

Owing to well‐defined structural parameters and enhanced electronic properties, highly ordered TiO₂ nanotube arrays have been employed to substitute TiO₂ nanoparticles for use in dye‐sensitized solar cells. To further improve the performance of dye‐sensitized TiO₂ nanotube solar cells, efforts have been directed toward the optimization of TiO₂ photoanodes, dyes, electrolytes, and counter electrodes. Herein, we highlight recent progress in rational structural and surface engineering on anodic TiO₂ nanotube arrays and their effects on improving the power conversion efficiency of dye‐sensitized TiO₂ nanotube solar cells.     

Convergent Synthesis of Near‐Infrared Absorbing, “Push–Pull”, Bisthiophene‐Substituted,Zinc(II) Phthalocyanines and their Application in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Zinc(II) phthalocyanine dyes that contain triarylamine‐terminated bisthiophene and hexylbisthiophene groups have been synthesized by a convergent approach by using carboxytriiodo–ZnPc as a precursor. Further transformation of the iodo groups by a Pd‐catalyzed reaction allowed easy preparation of further extended π‐conjugated carboxy–ZnPcs. These dyes have been used as sensitizers in dye‐sensitized solar cells, which exhibit a panchromatic response and moderate overall efficiencies.     

Molecular Design Principle of All‐organic Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

All‐organic dyes have shown promising potential as an effective sensitizer in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The design concept of all‐organic dyes to improve light‐to‐electric‐energy conversion is discussed based on the absorption, electron injection, dye regeneration, and recombination. How the electron‐donor–acceptor‐type framework can provide better light harvesting through bandgap‐tuning and why proper arrangement of acceptor/anchoring groups within a conjugated dye frame is important in suppressing improper charge recombination in DSSCs are discussed. Separating the electron acceptor from the anchoring unit in the donor–acceptor‐type organic dye would be a promising strategy to reduce recombination and improve photocurrent generation.     

Synthesis and Modeling of Acridine Dyes as Potential Photosensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Photovoltaic Applications †

We have synthesized novel aromatic amine‐substituted acridine dyes as potential candidates for the photosensitizers in dye sensitized nanocrystalline semiconductor based solar cells (DSSC) cells. The protonation and quaternization of the acridine nitrogen led to acridine dyes with extended absorption from 400–800 nm. Computational modeling was used to evaluate a variety of structures to achieve insights for correlating these types of molecular structures with predicted absorption spectra. Pertinent dihedral angles as well as bond lengths were evaluated to assess and compare planarity and conjugation for these dyes. Other predictions include plots of the HOMO and LUMO levels to qualitatively examine electron distributions and the potential for electron injection. The results from modeling along with the experimental data consisting of synthesis, characterization and UV‐visible absorption properties of the selected dyes are presented.     

Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties,and Molecular Structures of Organic Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on organic dyes adsorbed on oxide semiconductor electrodes, such as TiO₂, ZnO, or NiO, which have emerged as a new generation of sustainable photovoltaic devices, have attracted much attention from chemists, physicists, and engineers because of enormous scientific interest in not only their construction and operational principles, but also in their high incident‐solar‐light‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency and low cost of production. To develop high‐performance DSSCs, it is important to create efficient organic dye sensitizers, which should be optimized for the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the dyes themselves, with molecular structures that provide good light‐harvesting features, good electron communication between the dye and semiconductor electrode and between the dye and electrolyte, and to control the molecular orientation and arrangement of the dyes on a semiconductor surface. The aim of this Review is not to make a list of a number of organic dye sensitizers developed so far, but to provide a new direction in the epoch‐making molecular design of organic dyes for high photovoltaic performance and long‐term stability of DSSCs, based on the accumulated knowledge of their photophysical and electrochemical properties, and molecular structures of the organic dye sensitizers developed so far.     

Ethoxy‐substituted Oligo‐phenylenevinylene‐Bridged Organic Dyes for Efficient Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Organic dyes with ethoxy‐substituted oligo‐phenylenevinylene as chromophores were synthesized for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), and the detailed relationships between the dye structures, photophysical properties, electrochemical properties, and performances of DSSCs were described. The dye S3O showed broad IPCE spectra in the spectral range of 350–750 nm, and the dye S1P showed solar energy‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency (() of up to 4.23% under AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW/cm²) in comparison with the reference Ru‐complex (N719 dye) with an η value of 5.90% under similar experimental conditions.     

Laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of dye‐sensitized solar cells: identification of the dye‐electrolyte interaction

Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have great potential to provide sustainable electricity from sunlight. The photoanode in DSCs consists of a dye‐sensitized metal oxide film deposited on a conductive substrate. This configuration makes the photoanode a perfect sample for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI‐MS). We applied LDI‐MS for the study of molecular interactions between a dye and electrolyte on the surface of a TiO₂ photoanode. We found that a dye containing polyoxyethylene groups forms complexes with alkali metal cations from the electrolyte, while a dye substituted with alkoxy groups does not. Guanidinium ion forms adducts with neither of the two dyes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High‐Performance Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Phenothiazine Dyes Containing Double Anchors and Thiophene Spacers

A series of new push–pull phenothiazine‐based dyes ( HL1 , HL2 , HL3 , HL4 ) featuring various π spacers (thiophene, 3‐hexylthiophene, 4‐hexyl‐2,2′‐bithiophene) and double acceptors/anchors have been synthesized, characterized, and used as sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Among them, the best conversion efficiency (7.31 %) reaches approximately 99 % of the N719‐based (7.38 %) DSSCs fabricated and measured under similar conditions. The dyes with two anchors have more efficient interfacial charge generation and transport compared with their congeners with only single anchor. Incorporation of hexyl chains into the π‐conjugated spacer of these double‐anchoring dyes can efficiently suppress dye aggregation and reduce charge recombination.     

A Computational and Experimental Study of Thieno[3,4‐b]thiophene as a Proaromatic π‐Bridge in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Four D ‐π‐A dyes (D=donor, A=accpetor) based on a 3,4‐thienothiophene π‐bridge were synthesized for use in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The proaromatic building block 3,4‐thienothiophene is incorporated to stabilize dye excited‐state oxidation potentials. This lowering of the excited‐state energy levels allows for deeper absorption into the NIR region with relatively low molecular weight dyes. The influence of proaromatic functionality is probed through a computational analysis of optimized bond lengths and nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) for both the ground‐ and excited‐ states. To avoid a necessary lowering of the TiO₂ semiconductor conduction band (CB) to promote efficient dye–TiO₂ electron injection, strong donor functionalities based on triaryl‐ and diarylamines are employed in the dye designs to raise both the ground‐ and excited‐state oxidation potentials of the dyes. Solubility, aggregation, and TiO₂ surface protection are addressed by examining an ethylhexyl alkyl chain in comparison to a simple ethyl chain on the 3,4‐thienothiophene bridge. Power conversion efficiencies of up to 7.8 % are observed.     

Molecular design of organic dyes with diketopyrrolopyrrole for dye‐sensitized solar cell: A theoretical approach

Three designed metal‐free dyes based on 3‐(10‐butyl‐8‐(methylthio)‐10H‐phenothiazin‐3‐yl)‐2‐cyanoacrylic acid (V5) are investigated by density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT to improve the efficiency of V5‐based solar cell devices. We have studied the geometrical structures, excitations, electronic structures, and conduction band shift caused by dye adsorption. The results indicate that the designed dyes have several merits compared with V5 including: (i) smaller energy band gaps and the LUMO closer to conduction band of TiO₂; (ii) wider absorption spectra and higher oscillator strength; (iii) larger dipole moment that lead to higher V_oc value. Our work suggests that the modification of π‐bridge with diketopyrrolopyrrole unit is very effective for designing novel metal‐free dyes with improved performance for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These findings are expected to provide a bright way to design new efficient metal‐free organic DSSCs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.