纳米MnO2的制备与表征

ＭｎＯ2 作为一种多功能精细无机材料 ,其制备方法、聚集状态、催化活性及反应机理等方面的研究受到人们的关注[1～ 8] 。本文采用两种氧化还原法合成出纳米ＭｎＯ2 粉体 ,并对其进行了ＸＲＤ、ＳＥＭ、ＦＴＩＲ及比表面测定等表征 ,考察了其催化分解Ｈ2 Ｏ2 的活性。1　实验部分1 .1　粉体的制备在 75℃及一定速度电动搅拌下 (ＪＪ -1型定时电动搅拌器 )将适量的 1ｍｏｌ·ｄｍ- 3ＨＣｌ溶液加入到一定体积的 0 1 2ｍｏｌ·ｄｍ- 3ＫＭｎＯ4 (Ａ·Ｒ)溶液中 ,反应 1 2 0ｍｉｎ后产物经水洗、醇洗、抽滤 ,滤饼经真空干燥、研磨得编号为Ｍ1…     

用碘离子选择性电极测定砷(Ⅲ)

砷是自然界中普遍存在而且对人体有毒的化学元素之一 ,目前分析砷的方法很多[1,2 ] ,本文用碘离子选择性电极间接测定砷 (Ⅲ )的含量 ,方法操作简单 ,结果可靠 ,检出限可达到 6.2 5× 1 0 -7ｍｏｌ·Ｌ-1。1　试验部分1 .1　主要仪器与试剂ｐＸＳ 2 1 5离子活度计(上海精科雷磁公司 )79 1型磁力加热搅拌器碘离子选择性电极 (江苏电分析仪器厂 )离子强度调节剂 :0 .5ｍｏｌ·Ｌ-1ＫＮＯ3 +0 1ｍｏｌ·Ｌ-1氯乙酸水为二次蒸馏水1 .2　试验方法取 5 0ｍｌ容量瓶若干个 ,分别加入 0 .5ｍｏｌ·Ｌ-1ＫＮＯ3 溶液 5ｍｌ,0 .1ｍｏｌ·Ｌ-1氯乙酸 2…     

关于配位滴定测定水的总硬度终点返红问题的讨论

ＥＤＴＡ滴定法测定水的总硬度时 ,常以 0 .1ｍｏｌ·Ｌ-1氨 氯化铵缓冲液调节溶液ｐＨ为 1 0 ,以络黑Ｔ为指示剂 ,用 0 .0 1ｍｏｌ·Ｌ-1ＥＤＴＡ滴定。此方法使用过程中经常出现终点返红问题。本文对此进行了试验。1　试验部分1 .1　主要仪器与试剂ＣＯ2 发生器 (自制 )氨 氯化铵缓冲溶液 :0 .1ｍｏｌ·Ｌ-1所用试剂均为分析纯以上1 .2　试验方法取自来水样 1 0 0 .0ｍｌ,以 0 .1ｍｏｌ·Ｌ-1氨 氯化铵缓冲液调节其 ｐＨ为 1 0 ,加络黑Ｔ指示剂 (与ＮａＣｌ配比为 1∶1 0 0 )少许 ,以 0 .0 1 0 0 0ｍｏｌ·Ｌ-1ＥＤＴＡ标准溶液滴定至终点…     

吸光光度法测定空气中一甲胺的改进

车间空气中一甲胺的测定 ,目前推荐的方法仅为对硝基苯胺重氮盐比色法[1] ,作者在工作中发现 ,该法中对硝基苯胺重氮盐溶液的加入量对其影响很大 ,为此 ,进行了一系列探讨并加以改进。1　试验部分1.1　仪器与试剂72 1型分光光度计吸收液 :0 .0 1ｍｏｌ·Ｌ- 1盐酸溶液缓冲液 :80ｍｌ蒸馏水内溶解 4 .0 8ｇ磷酸二氢钾、1.6ｇ硼砂 ,再加入 5 .0ｍｏｌ·Ｌ- 1氢氧化钠溶液 6.35ｍｌ,用水稀释至 10 0ｍｌ亚硝酸钠溶液 :5 .0 ｇ·Ｌ- 1对硝基苯胺盐酸溶液 :1.0 ｇ·Ｌ- 1,将 0 .1ｇ对硝基苯胺溶于 1.0ｍｏｌ·Ｌ- 1盐酸 10 0ｍｌ中。对硝基苯胺重…     

新试剂1-(2,6-二溴-4-硝基苯)-3-(4-硝基苯)-三氮烯与汞的显色反应及应用

三氮烯试剂与第ＩＢ、ＩＩＢ族金属元素有高灵敏的显色反应 1 [1] ,可用来测定样品中微量的Ｃｄ2 + 、Ｈｇ2 + 、Ｚｎ2 + 、Ｎｉ2 + 。随着表面活性剂引入该显色体系 ,使该试剂与金属离子显色反应的灵敏度有了很大的提高。目前报道的三氮烯显色剂与Ｈｇ2 + 显色反应的灵敏度一般在ε =1 .0× 1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1左右 ,但也有部分试剂的灵敏度较高 ,如ＯＣ Ｃａｄｉｏｎ[2 ] 的ε =1 .77× 1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1,ＤＮＡＡＢ[3 ] ε=1 .74× 1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1,ＭＤＡＡ[4]的ε=1 .8× 1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1,ＡＰＤ…     

硅钼蓝光度法测定五氧化二钒中微量硅

采用氢氧化钠对试样进行前处理 ,在硝酸 0 .0 8～ 0 .4 0ｍｏｌ·Ｌ- 1酸度下 ,硅与钼酸铵形成硅钼酸络离子 ,在硫酸 0 .8～ 1.6ｍｏｌ·Ｌ- 1酸度下 ,被还原生成硅钼蓝 ,借此进行光度测定[1] ,硅量在 10～ 10 0 μｇ/5 0ｍｌ范围内遵守比耳定律。1　试验部分1.1　仪器与试剂72 2光栅分光光度计硅标准溶液 :10 μｇ·ｍｌ- 1五氧化二钒标准溶液 :2 .5ｍｇ·ｍｌ- 1,称取五氧化二钒 (99.99%) 0 .2 5 0 0 ｇ置于 30 0ｍｌ聚四氟乙烯烧杯中 ,加入 10 0ｇ·Ｌ- 1ＮａＯＨ溶液 10ｍｌ,低温加热溶解 ,取下 ,加入数滴酚酞 ,用ＨＮＯ3 (1+ 1)调至无…     

EDTA滴定法测定钼铁及其合金中钼

关于钼铁中主量元素钼的分析[1] ,现有的 8 羟基喹啉重量法[2 ] ,准确度虽高 ,但操作周期冗长 ;而比色法的灵敏度远达不到分析要求 ,且相对误差很大 ,因此 ,两者均不能适应厂矿快速、准确的分析要求。ＥＤＴＡ滴定法测定钼铁及其合金中的钼 ,对于10 %～ 60 %的钼含量的分析 ,做到了快速、准确 ,相对误差小于 1%。1　试验部分1.1　主要试剂ＥＤＴＡ溶液 :0 .0 1ｍｏｌ·Ｌ- 1,称取ＥＤＴＡ3 72 2 4 ｇ ,溶解于水中 ,移入 1Ｌ容量瓶中 ,以水稀释至刻度 ,摇匀。硝酸铋溶液 :0 .0 1ｍｏｌ·Ｌ- 1,称取Ｂｉ(ＮＯ3) 3·5Ｈ2 Ｏ 4 .85 0 7ｇ于 2 5 …     

铜-铬天青S-十二烷基苯磺酸钠褪色光度法测定痕量钡

1　引　　言测定痕量钡有Ｂａ 偶氮氯膦 Ｃｕ 邻菲咯啉 (ｐｈｅｎ) (ε≈ 1.0× 10 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ- 1 ·ｃｍ- 1 )、Ｂａ 偶氮氯膦 Ｚｎ Ｐｈｅｎ(1.8×10 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ- 1 ·ｃｍ- 1 和Ｂａ 联吡啶 间溴偶氮酸 (1.5× 10 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ- 1 ·ｃｍ- 1 )等多元离子缔合光度法 ,邻氨基苯磺酸Ｓ、偶氮胂ＩＩＩ、金属钛和二苯卡巴腙 (检出限 :均约为 10 - 6ｇ ｍＬ)等光度分析法 ,以及催化褪色光度法 (4 .0× 10 - 1 1 ｇ ｍＬ)等。实验观察到 ,在ｐＨ =5 .40弱酸性介质中和加热条件下 ,钡能使 [Ｃｕ(Ｒ) 4]2 +·[(ＤＢＳ) 2 ]2 - (Ｒ为铬天…     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第三讲钢铁中钼的测定(续)

2 .5　对抗坏血酸还原 硫氰酸盐直接光度法的讨论(1)　抗坏血酸与钼 (Ⅵ )的还原反应据报道抗坏血酸在微酸性条件下的标准氧化还原电位值Ｅ°为 + 0 .32 6Ｖ(ｖｓ.ＳＣＥ)。其还原能力低于氯化亚锡 ,只能将钼 (Ⅵ )还原至五价状态。因此 ,使钼 (Ⅴ )与硫氰酸盐所形成的络合物在稳定性和灵敏度方面均有所改善。抗坏血酸与钼 (Ⅵ )的还原反应可用下式表示 :(2 )　显色反应的酸度条件在单纯钼 (Ⅵ )、硫氰酸盐与抗坏血酸反应体系的情况下 ,当溶液的硫酸浓度 [ｃ(1/ 2Ｈ2 ＳＯ4 ) ]大于2 .5ｍｏｌ·Ｌ- 1到 7.0ｍｏｌ·Ｌ- 1,显色反应可立即完…     

动力学光度法测定食品中的碘

催化动力学光度法测定痕量碘 ,大多使用Ｃｅ(ＩＶ) -Ａｓ(ＩＩＩ)体系[1 3] 。我们的实验发现在硫酸介质中 ,Ｉ- 能强烈催化高碘酸钾氧化苋菜红的褪色反应 ,在波长 5 2 5ｎｍ处 ,其反应速度与碘离子的浓度之间符合动力学一级反应关系式 ,并且此法灵敏度、选择性均较高。1　实验部分取两支 2 5ｍｌ比色管 ,各加入 2 0ｍｌ浓度为8 0× 1 0 - 3ｍｏｌ/Ｌ苋菜红溶液 ,3 5ｍｌ( 1 0ｍｏｌ/Ｌ)Ｈ2 ＳＯ4,2 0ｍｌＫＩＯ4( 0 2 0ｍｏｌ/Ｌ)溶液。向其中一支加入适量碘标准溶液 ( 1 μｇ/ｍｌ) (吸光度为Ａ) ,另一支不加碘 (吸光度为Ａ0 ) ,用水…     

原生态聚丙烯等离子体处理接枝甲基丙烯酸甲酯

将等离子体接枝技术，用于原生态聚丙烯接枝甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物的合成。ＦＴ－ＩＲ证明所得产物为接枝共聚物，研究了不同等离子体处理功率、时间，不同接枝聚合反应时间、温度对接枝的影响，以及稀释剂、聚丙烯粒度对接枝的影响。结果表明，接枝过程中有自动加速现象，稀释剂亦使接枝有加速效应。接枝过程为扩散控制过程。     

Preparation of Nano‐bismuth with Different Particle Sizes and the Size Dependent Electrochemical Thermodynamics

Nano‐bismuth has excellent electrochemical properties. However, it is still unclear how the particle size of nano‐bismuth influences its electrochemical thermodynamic properties. In this paper, spherical bismuth nanoparticles with different particle sizes were prepared by solvothermal method; the electrode potentials, the temperature coefficients of the electrode potentials and the thermodynamic functions of reaction for nano‐bismuth electrodes with different particle sizes at different temperatures were determined; and the effects of particle size on the electrode potential, the temperature coefficient and the thermodynamic functions were discussed. The experimental results show that particle size of bismuth nanoparticles has a significant influences on the electrochemical thermodynamic properties. The standard electrode potential of the nano‐bismuth electrode with a diameter of 39.9 nm was 0.009 V lower than that of the ordinary standard electrode (0.308 V); the temperature coefficient of the electrode potential with a diameter of 39.9 nm was nearly double that of 85.9 nm. With the particle sizes decrease, the standard molar Gibbs energy of reaction, the standard molar enthalpy of reaction, the standard molar entropy of reaction, the molar reversible reaction heat and the temperature coefficient increase; and these quantities are linearly related to the reciprocal of the particle diameter.     

Characterization and Artificial Neural Networks Modelling of methylene blue adsorption of biochar derived from agricultural residues: Effect of biomass type,pyrolysis temperature,particle size

Biochar has been explored as a sorbent for contaminants, soil amendment and climate change mitigation tool through carbon sequestration. Through the optimization of the pyrolysis process, biochar can be designed with qualities to suit the intended uses. Biochar samples were prepared from four particle sizes (100–2000 µm) of three different feedstocks (oak acorn shells, jift and deseeded carob pods) at different pyrolysis temperatures (300–600 °C). The effect of these combinations on the properties of the produced biochar was studied. Biochar yield decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature for all particle sizes of the three feedstocks. Ash content, fixed carbon, thermal stability, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), specific surface area (SSA) of biochar increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Volatile matter and pH value at the point of zero charge (pH_pzc) of biochar decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated that the surface of the biochar was rich with hydroxyl, phenolic, carbonyl and aliphatic groups. Methylene blue (MB) adsorption capacity was used as an indicator of the quality of the biochar. Artificial neural networks (ANN) model was developed to predict the quality of the biochar based on operational conditions of biochar production (parent biomass type, particle size, pyrolysis temperature). The model successfully predicted the MB adsorption capacity of the biochar. The model is a very useful tool to predict the performance of biochar for water treatment purposes or assessing the general quality of a design biochar for specific application.     

Flash pyrolysis of Silopi asphaltite in a free-fall reactor under vacuum

Flash pyrolysis experiments on asphaltite samples were performed in a free-fall reactor under vacuum to determine the effects of pyrolysis temperature, feed rate and particle size. Maximum liquid yield of 13 wt.% was obtained in free-fall reactor under vacuum when the pyrolysis temperature was 700 °C, feed rate was 0.4 g min⁻¹ and particle sizes were between 0.075 and 0.250 mm. The liquid products obtained at various pyrolysis conditions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) and liquid products were classified as following: C5–C10, C11–C15, C16–C20 and C20+. The amount of saturated hydrocarbons decreased while the amount of unsaturated hydrocarbons increased with increase of temperature. While percent of C5–C10 unsaturated hydrocarbons continuously increased with increase of temperature, the percent of C11–C15 unsaturated hydrocarbons increased up to 750 °C and then started to diminish. Functional group analysis of solid residue was carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). The proximate analysis of solid residue indicated that percent of fixed carbon and ash increased with temperature.     

Experimental investigation of the effect of initial fuel particle shape, size and bed temperature on devolatilization of single wood particle in a hot fluidized bed

Considerable amount of investigation on the subject of devolatilization of wood is found in the open literature. However, a systematic study of the effect of initial particle size and shape, and bed temperature on devolatilization time and char yield of wood in a hot fluidized bed is still missing. This paper attempts to fill this gap through a systematic experimental investigation to determine the devolatilization time and char yield of a typical woody biomass, “Casuarina equisetifolia” particles of different initial sizes and shapes at various fluidized bed temperatures. Experiments are conducted using 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm Casuarina wood particles of three shapes, namely, cube, cylinder, and sphere at bed temperatures of 1023, 1123, and 1223 K.It is found that the initial wood particle size has the strongest influence on devolatilization time followed by the shape of initial wood particle and the bed temperature. Correlation for devolatilization time (τ_d) as a function of initial wood particle size (d_eq), sphericity (?), and bed temperature (T_b), is developed using 573 experimental data points exhibiting a correlation coefficient of 0.96 and predictions falling well within a deviation band of ±20%. The predictions of the present correlation are compared with the predictions of the existing correlations in literature for conditions also out of the present study and the deviation is found to be ±30%.Char yield, defined as the ratio of the residual mass at the end of devolatilization process to the initial mass of the wood particle is found to be in the range of 9-14% for all sizes, shapes, and bed temperatures. Char yield does not depict any definite trend with the variation of initial particle size, shape and bed temperature.     

颗粒粒径对油页岩热解产油率的影响

以桦甸油页岩为原料研究了颗粒粒径对油页岩热解产油率的影响。将油页岩破碎、筛分得到<0.074、0.074~0.125、0.125~0.25、0.25~0.5、0.5~1和1~3 mm不同粒级样品,再将0.25~0.5、0.5~1和1~3 mm大粒级样品粉碎制得对应的细粉样品,采用低温干馏法和热重分析分别测定表征样品的油产率和有机质含量。结果表明,油产率随着粒径减小逐渐降低,从1~3 mm下的11.92%降到<0.074 mm下的6.14%。热重分析表明,有机质含量随着粒径降低而降低,且油产率与有机质含量有明显的线性关系。0.25~0.5、0.5~1和1~3 mm样品经粉碎后油产率降低、气产率升高,但变化值均小于1%。在破碎过程中有机质选择性地富集在大粒级样品中,且页岩油二次反应程度随着粒径的减小而增大,使得页岩油产率随着粒径的降低而降低,且有机质选择性富集是主导因素。     

Thermal fluctuation and magnetization of Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles by particle size

Summary Ni_1-xZn_xFe₂O₄ (0≤x≤1) mixed ferrite nanoparticles encapsulated with amorphous-SiO₂ were prepared by a wet chemical method. Particle sizes were controlled to range from 2.6 to 33.7 nm by heat treatment, and the particle size dependence of saturation magnetization M_s was investigated for the x=0.5 region. The M_s value decreased abruptly for particle sizes below about 6 nm. From the temperature dependence of the magnetization under field-cooled and zero-field-cooled conditions, blocking temperatures T_b were observed to be between 28 and 245 K depending on the particle size. At the blocking temperature, the superparamagnetic spins in the particle are supposed to be blocked against the thermal fluctuation energy. A smaller particle volume causes a lower blocking temperature; so an extremely small particle would be strongly affected by thermal fluctuation.     

Extruder‐made TPO nanocomposites. I. Effect of maleated polypropylene and organoclay ratio on the morphology and mechanical properties

PP/PP‐g‐MA/MMT/EOR blend nanocomposites were prepared in a twin‐screw extruder at fixed 30 wt % elastomer and 0 to 7 wt % MMT content. Elastomer particle size and shape in the presence of MMT were evaluated at various PP‐g‐MA/organoclay masterbatch ratios of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. The organoclay dispersion facilitated by maleated polypropylene serves to reduce the size of the elastomer dispersed phase particles and facilitates toughening of these blend nanocomposites. The rheological data analysis using modified Carreau‐Yasuda model showed maximum yield stress in extruder‐made nanocomposites compared with nanocomposites of reactor‐made TPO. Increasing either MMT content or the PP‐g‐MA/organoclay ratio can drive the elastomer particle size below the critical particle size below which toughness is dramatically increased. The ductile‐brittle transition shift toward lower MMT content as the PP‐g‐MA/organoclay ratio is increased. The D‐B transition temperature also decreased with increased MMT content and masterbatch ratio. Elastomer particle sizes below ～1.0 μm did not lead to further decrease in the D‐B transition temperature. The tensile modulus, yield strength, and elongation at yield improved with increasing MMT content and masterbatch ratio while elongation at break was reduced. The modified Mori‐Tanaka model showed better fit to experimental modulus when the effect of MMT and elastomer are considered individually. Overall, extruder‐made nanocomposites showed balanced properties of PP/PP‐g‐MA/MMT/EOR blend nanocomposites compared with nanocomposites of reactor‐made TPO. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012     

Thermal decomposition of lignocellulosic materials: comparison of the results obtained in different experimental systems

An experimental system that allows the use of large particle sizes and the simulation of different operating conditions was built to study the thermal decomposition of lignocellulosic materials. The values of solid conversion and of temperature obtained at different points using spherical particles of pine wood 2 cm in diameter are shown. The conversion values are compared with those calculated from the equations obtained in a thermobalance for small particle sizes.     

水热合成法对纳米氧化锡粉体粒径和形貌的控制研究

利用氯化锡和氨水作为反应试剂,通过水热合成技术制备了近球形,棒状,椭球形,六角形等粉体形貌和粒径范围从4 nm至120 nm的纳米氧化锡粉体,并对水热合成条件对粉体的粒径和形貌的影响进行了研究。所制备的粉体的XRD分析结果显示,合成温度在160 ℃以上并且合成时间在3 h以上,粉体全部具有氧化锡晶体结构。利用透射电镜对粉体的粒径和形貌观察发现,二氧化锡粉体的形貌和粒径可通过改变溶液的浓度,合成温度与合成时间进行有效的控制,其中合成温度与溶液浓度不仅可以控制合成粉体的粒径,而且可以控制粉体的形貌。