CARSiPLS用于烟煤中水分与挥发分的近红外光谱测定北大核心CSCD

将竞争自适应重加权采样(CARS)与区间偏最小二乘回归(iPLS)相结合的变量筛选建模方法 CARSiPLS,用于烟煤中水分与挥发分的近红外光谱测定。以CARS逐步筛选出每个区间与待测量相关的变量,建立烟煤中水分与挥发分近红外光谱测定的偏最小二乘回归模型。结果表明:与PLS、iPLS相比,CARSiPLS可以显著减少变量数,同时提高模型预测性能;挥发分建模变量从1557个减少至15个,水分建模变量从1557个减少至317个;挥发分、水分的预测平均绝对百分误差分别从0.031 5降至0.018 4、从0.188 4降至0.094 6;挥发分、水分的预测均方差分别从0.010 8降至0.006 7、从0.005 0降至0.002 8。     

CARSiPLS用于烟煤中水分与挥发分的近红外光谱测定

将竞争自适应重加权采样(CARS)与区间偏最小二乘回归(iPLS)相结合的变量筛选建模方法 CARSiPLS,用于烟煤中水分与挥发分的近红外光谱测定。以CARS逐步筛选出每个区间与待测量相关的变量,建立烟煤中水分与挥发分近红外光谱测定的偏最小二乘回归模型。结果表明:与PLS、iPLS相比,CARSiPLS可以显著减少变量数,同时提高模型预测性能;挥发分建模变量从1557个减少至15个,水分建模变量从1557个减少至317个;挥发分、水分的预测平均绝对百分误差分别从0.031 5降至0.018 4、从0.188 4降至0.094 6;挥发分、水分的预测均方差分别从0.010 8降至0.006 7、从0.005 0降至0.002 8。     

蒙特卡洛-偏最小二乘回归系数法用于近红外光谱变量筛选

提出了一种蒙特卡洛-偏最小二乘回归系数法用于近红外光谱的变量筛选。方法主要包含如下几步:(1)采用蒙特卡洛采样方式,建立多个子集;(2)对每个子集建模,计算其回归系数,并按回归系数绝对值大小对各子模型中的变量进行排序;(3)按频数统计方法对波长排序;(4)对上步中排序后的波长以逐步累加进入最佳变量子集的方式进行交互验证,用以选择最佳变量集。将方法用于生物样品溶液和烟草样品近红外光谱的变量筛选,最终分别从原始的1234及1557个变量中选择了27和68个特征变量,对独立测试集进行预测的RMSEP分别从全谱变量的0.02716和0.06411降低为0.02372和0.03977。方法可有效地对近红外光谱进行变量筛选。     

苹果产地差异对可溶性固形物近红外光谱检测模型影响的研究

为更好地利用近红外光谱预测苹果可溶性固形物含量,减少产地差异对近红外光谱检测模型的影响,以4种不同产地的富士苹果为研究对象,采用基于x-y共生距离的样本划分方法分别对不同产地的苹果选取代表性样本作为校正集,利用偏最小二乘算法,建立和比较单一产地和混合产地下的苹果可溶性固形物近红外光谱检测模型,并结合竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)和连续投影算法(SPA)对苹果可溶性固形物的建模变量进行筛选。相比单一产地和其它混合产地模型,混合所有4种苹果产地的校正集样本建立的模型取得了最好的预测结果,另外,结合CARS-SPA筛选的16个特征波长,模型得到了进一步简化,其预测相关系数和预测均方根误差分别为0.978和0.441°Brix。结果表明,利用多个产地的苹果样本建立的混合模型,结合有效特征波长,可提高对苹果可溶性固形物含量的预测精度,减小产地差异对可溶性固形物近红外光谱检测的影响。     

近红外光谱技术结合教与学算法优化极限学习机实现烤烟等级判定

该研究基于近红外光谱（NIRs）技术,以2016～2018年来自13个省份的937个烟叶样本为研究对象,比较了竞争性自适应重加权采样方法（CARS）、蒙特卡洛无信息变量消除法（MC－UVE）以及随机青蛙算法（RF）3种变量筛选方法的极限学习机（ELM）模型效果,与常规判别方法偏最小二乘判别分析（PLS－DA）比较,验证了ELM模型的优势。并通过教与学优化（TLBO）算法对ELM模型进行优化,建立烤烟样本的等级判定模型。结果表明,验证集的分类正确率达到90.16%,测试集的外部验证表现良好,TLBO－ELM模型收敛速度快,泛化能力强,可应用于烤烟等级判定。近红外光谱技术结合教与学算法优化极限学习机为智能化实现烟叶等级判定提供了一种新方法。     

基于迭代缩减窗口自助软收缩算法的近红外光谱变量选择方法研究

该文针对近红外光谱因冗余变量导致的标定模型预测性能差的问题,提出了一种迭代缩减窗口自助软收缩（ISWBOSS）算法。该方法使用窗口对变量进行划分,随机抽取窗口并利用其中的变量建立子模型,计算窗口内变量回归系数的归一化并作为权重继续进行加权采样,从而逐步实现变量空间的软收缩。同时在迭代过程中不断缩减窗口大小对特征变量进行精确搜索。通过在玉米数据集上进行验证,并与全谱法、遗传算法、竞争自适应重加权采样法和自助软收缩法建立的偏最小二乘模型对比,结果表明,新方法不论在准确性还是稳定性上都具有显著优势。以玉米蛋白质含量预测为例,与自助软收缩算法相比,ISWBOSS的预测均方根误差从0.041 8降至0.010 3,且达到最优模型所需的迭代次数更少,运算效率更高。该方法对提高近红外光谱标定模型的性能具有一定的指导意义。     

近红外光谱与化学计量学方法用于镉污染稻米的定性鉴别

采用近红外光谱漫反射模式结合化学计量学方法对稻米镉含量是否超标进行可行性鉴别分析.本研究收集了120个样本,测定其镉含量值(合格49个,不合格71个).对光谱数据预处理方法优化,确定了平滑,一阶导数以及自归一化后的数据作为输入变量.采用竞争性自适应重加权算法筛选了45个关键变量,并对上述变量的光谱吸收带进行归属.比较了主成分分析-判别分析法、偏最小二乘识别分析、线性判别分析、K-最近邻法与簇类独立软模式法5种模式识别方法.确定采用偏最小二乘识别分析建模效果最好,模型训练集与预测集鉴别准确率分别达到98.8％与91.7％.结果表明,近红外光谱作为初筛方法可用于鉴别稻米中镉含量是否超标.     

基于近红外光谱的食用植物油中反式脂肪酸含量快速定量检测及模型优化研究

利用近红外光谱技术对食用植物油中反式脂肪酸(Trans fatty acids,TFA)含量进行快速定量检测,并通过波段选择、预处理方法、变量筛选及建模方法对TFA含量预测模型进行优化.采用AntarisⅡ傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪在4000~10000 cm-1光谱范围采集98个食用植物油样本的近红外透射光谱,然后采用气相色谱法测定TFA的真实含量.首先,对样本原始光谱进行波段、预处理方法优选;在此基础上,采用竞争自适应重加权法(Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)筛选TFA相关的重要变量,最后应用主成分回归、偏最小二乘和最小二乘支持向量机方法分别建立食用植物油中TFA含量的预测模型.研究结果表明,近红外光谱技术检测食用植物油中的TFA含量是可行的,优化后的最佳预测模型的校正集和预测集R2分别为0.992和0.989,RMSEC和RMSEP分别为0.071%和0.075%.最佳预测模型所用的变量仅26个,占全波段变量的0.854%.此外,与全波段偏最小二乘预测模型相比,其预测集R2由0.904上升为0.989,RMSEP由0.230%下降为0.075%.由此表明,模型优化非常必要,CARS能有效筛选TFA相关的重要变量,极大减少建模变量数,从而简化预测模型,并较大提高预测模型的精度和稳定性.     

基于随机森林结合博弈论的特征选择算法在近红外光谱分类中的应用研究

针对近红外光谱中的噪声和冗余信息导致分类模型识别率低的问题,提出了随机森林结合博弈论的特征选择算法。该算法首先根据随机森林对特征重要性进行度量,优选出对分类具有一定相关性的特征;然后利用改进的夏普利值结合互信息计算优选特征的权重,从加权后的特征集合中去掉冗余得到最优特征子集。为了验证算法的有效性,将其应用于烟叶产地识别模型,实验结果表明,该文所提出的特征选择算法对烟叶产地识别效果较好,分类识别率可达95.88%。     

ZIF-8吸附材料对雪菊中木犀草苷的富集及在微型近红外光谱分析中的应用EI北大核心CSCD

制备了SiO;@ZIF-8吸附剂并用于吸附雪菊中微量的木犀草苷,建立了基于特征变量筛选的微型近红外光谱分析方法。以木犀草苷为对象,研究了吸附剂的质量、pH、振荡时间对吸附效果的影响;在最佳条件下对富集了木犀草苷的吸附剂直接进行检测,探讨分别采用竞争自适应加权采样算法(CARS)、蒙特卡罗-无信息变量消除法(MC-UVE)和随机青蛙算法(RT)进行变量筛选,并用偏最小二乘法建立定量校正模型。研究发现,当吸附剂质量为0.20 g, pH 7时振荡20 min,木犀草苷吸附率可达到92%;经3种变量筛选后最优模型为CARS,CWT方法光谱预处理后,木犀草苷校正模型参考浓度和预测浓度两者之间的相关系数达到最佳的0.9700,预测回收率在85%~120%。SiO_(2)@ZIF-8吸附剂可以有效的富集雪菊中的木犀草苷,在CARS变量筛选下,通过微型近红外光谱可以实现雪菊中微量木犀草苷的测定。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.