Rugulosin对N-Hsp90的抑制与结合作用

经Docking模拟发现Rugulosin能与Hsp90N端的ATPase活性结构域结合,体外实验表明,其抑制Hsp90的ATPase活性的IC50为22.77μM。应用荧光,圆二色,紫外－可见吸收等光谱法及SPR技术研究Rugulosin与Hsp90N端蛋白（N-Terminal of Hsp90,NHsp90）的相互作用机制．荧光光谱实验结果表明Rugulosin对Hsp90的内源荧光具有较强的猝灭作用,其猝灭方式为静态猝灭。热力学计算得知,Rugulosin通过静电引力与NHsp90结合, 解离常数为22.4±0.17μM。圆二色光谱检测发现, Rugulosin会影响NHsp90的α-螺旋数, Rugulosin浓度的增加,NHsp90蛋白的α-螺旋减少。本研究结果表明Rugulosin可以与Hsp90结合,进而抑制其ATPase活性。Ruglulosin可能是潜在的Hsp90的抑制剂。     

柠檬酸钆配合物对宫颈癌细胞作用的蛋白质组学研究

为研究稀土化合物抗癌作用及其机制,本文采用差异蛋白质组学方法研究钆对宫颈癌细胞(HeLa)的作用,以四噻唑蓝比色法(MTT法)检测柠檬酸钆配合物([Gd(Cit)2]3-)对HeLa细胞生长的影响,并用Hoechst 33258染色法观察细胞凋亡形态,利用双向凝胶电泳技术分离[Gd(Cit)2]3-作用HeLa细胞前后的蛋白,经图像分析后对蔗异点,进行MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定和数据检索.结果表明0.005～1 mmol·L-1浓度范围内的[Gd(Cit)2]3-对HeLa细胞生长的影响存在浓度依赖性.Hoechst 33258染色结果表明0.07 mmol·L-1[Gd(Cit)2]3-作用24 h对HeLa细胞的生长的抑制率为34%.质谱共鉴定出12个差异表达蛋白质点,包括延伸因子2、过氧化酶6、亲环蛋白A、烯醇酶1等在细胞中分别参与蛋白质转录与翻译、氧化应激、信号传导等过程的蛋白质.提示[Gd(Cit)2]3-可能通过调节胞内氧化应激水平,介导与调控信号转导与蛋白质表达等,从而诱导HeLa癌细胞凋亡.     

原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)阳离子化菊粉作为非病毒基因载体的研究

利用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)将聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯[P(DMAEMA)]偶联到菊粉多糖(Inulin)上,合成了新型基因载体PDIN.利用核磁共振仪、动态光散射分析仪、透射电子显微镜和凝胶电泳对PDIN及其与质粒pDNA的复合物进行了表征.凝胶阻滞实验结果表明,PDIN可以通过静电相互作用稳定结合pDNA.噻唑蓝(MTT)细胞毒性测试、溶血实验、绿色荧光蛋白表达质粒(pGFP)及β半乳糖苷酶表达质粒(pβgal)转染实验结果表明,PDIN对MCF-7,Hela,COS7和HepG2细胞的毒性较小;其溶血率低,具有良好的血液相容性;载体PDIN能有效将pGFP和pβgal带入COS7细胞并表达,在N/P为1时转染效率最高,其β半乳糖苷酶的酶活为(3.36±0.74)U/mg蛋白,比Lipo2000转染效率[(4.33±0.77)U/mg蛋白]略低.因此,所合成的载体PDIN是一种有潜在应用价值的非病毒基因载体.     

HeLa细胞端粒DNA与核骨架的特异性结合

本文首先应用电子能量损失谱成像技术通过对磷元素的分析,直观地显示核酸与HeLa细胞核骨架纤维的结合;再用~3H-Thymidine掺入实验说明有一部分DNA紧密结合在核骨架上;继而用Dot和Southern分子杂交分析证明染色体端粒DNA特异地与核骨架紧密结合;最后采用DNA与蛋白质的体外吸附杂交实验进一步说明端粒DNA序列与Lamin B,波形蛋白(Vimentin)以及某些核骨架蛋白质有较高的亲和性。从而逻辑地推测HeLa细胞核骨架,Lamina参与染色体的空间排布及其行为。     

应用蛋白质组学技术初步分析HeLa细胞饥饿诱导的自噬相关蛋白

应用双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)结合质谱技术研究饥饿诱导自噬的HeLa细胞(实验组)与正常培养的HeLa细胞(对照组)的差异表达蛋白质。结果显示对照组样本的2-DE图谱检测到1253±100个蛋白斑点,实验组样本检测到1216±125个蛋白斑点,二者主要斑点的位置与数量基本一致。对差异表达蛋白进行质谱分析,首次发现前折叠素2,转胶蛋白2,乳腺癌扩增序列2和Annexin A3在自噬细胞中表达上调,提示这4种蛋白可能参与饥饿诱导的细胞自噬。本研究为自噬的机制初步提供了线索。     

温度对线虫的砷胁迫应答的影响

应用免疫印迹法(Western blots)与酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测了不同强度砷胁迫和热影响下秀丽隐杆线虫热休克蛋白Hsp90表达。免疫印迹法通过PVDF膜对蛋白带显色,酶联免疫吸附法使用酶标仪测定蛋白光密度值;蛋白表达水平以相对值表示。冷冲击增强了线虫对砷胁迫的抗性,而高温显著降低了线虫对As的耐受性;砷胁迫下线虫Hsp90为分子量为90 kDa的应激蛋白,其具有应激响应。免疫印迹法和酶联免疫法对不同浓度砷胁迫下线虫Hsp90表达的分析结果存在差异,应用酶联免疫法检测中低等强度胁迫下Hsp90表达具有较高灵敏度。     

叶酸功能化介孔碳纳米球负载阿霉素的细胞靶向传递及可控释放

以粒径90 nm的介孔碳纳米球作为靶向传药载体, 采用酸化处理改进了材料表面的亲疏水性及在溶液中的分散性, 通过壳寡糖功能化, 并利用EDC-NHS将叶酸修饰到介孔碳纳米球表面. 通过共聚焦激光扫描显微镜及流式细胞仪对实验体系的系统研究, 结果表明基于叶酸功能化的介孔碳纳米球能够有效提高负载药物对于HeLa细胞的跨膜转运效率, 叶酸阳性表达的HeLa细胞对于叶酸修饰的介孔碳纳米小球的吞噬效率明显高于叶酸阴性表达的MCF-7细胞. 对HeLa细胞毒性的定量分析表明叶酸的靶向作用在提高介孔碳纳米球内吞效率的同时, 进一步提高了阿霉素对于HeLa细胞的毒性.     

新型咪唑-查尔酮衍生物的设计、合成及抗宫颈癌和顺铂耐药活性研究

摘要 目的 以甘草查尔酮母核为先导化合物骨架,设计、合成一系列新型咪唑-查尔酮衍生物并进行抗宫颈癌活性研究。方法 在查尔酮骨架的B环引入4种咪唑环,在A环分别引入甲氧基、氨基、羟基等活性基团;采用Claisen-Schmidt反应合成系列新型咪唑-查尔酮衍生物,其结构经1H-NMR、13C-NMR和HRMS进行表征。通过MTT、Transwell、流式细胞仪和分子对接实验方法,初步探索目标化合物的抗宫颈癌活性及作用机制。结果 大部分化合物具有一定的抗宫颈癌活性,其中2i较为显著,且对正常细胞的毒性较小。此外,化合物2i能够显著抑制HeLa和HeLa/DDP细胞的迁移和侵袭能力,能够诱导其凋亡,并阻滞HeLa和HeLa/DDP细胞于G2/M期;分子对接模拟显示2i与查尔酮母核和原配体秋水仙碱相比,2i与微管蛋白秋水仙碱结合位点具有较好的结合能力,并能够产生氢键相互作用力。结论 化合物2i具有较显著的抗宫颈癌和抗宫颈癌顺铂耐药活性作用,这可能与其抑制了微管蛋白靶点有关。     

HCV全基因组培养细胞的比较蛋白组学研究

利用比较蛋白质组技术研究了转染丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C virus, HCV)全基因组的人肝癌细胞系Huh7细胞模型中蛋白质表达谱的变化, 建立了Huh7-HCV的双向凝胶电泳蛋白质表达图谱和数据库. 通过双向凝胶电泳分离和图像分析, 对表达差异2倍以上蛋白质点进行了胶内酶解和MALDI-TOF MS鉴定. 得到包括与细胞骨架蛋白、细胞周期、凋亡和信号转导等相关的14个蛋白质, 并且用Western blot验证了热休克蛋白70的蛋白质组研究结果. 利用HCV全基因组培养系统, 采用蛋白质组学技术, 为研究HCV病毒和宿主细胞相互作用提供了新的实验数据, 为深入研究HCV病毒复制和分子致病机理奠定了基础.     

定点突变提高IL-4免疫毒素对淋巴瘤的选择性和杀伤活性

采用软件分析选择与IL-4分子结合与活性相关的重要位点13T,121R,通过定点突变得到IL-4突变基因cpIL4(13D121E),将其与绿脓杆菌外毒素突变基因PE38KDEL融合,成功地构建了编码免疫毒素cpIL4(13D121E)-PE38KDEL的融合基因.该基因在原核表达系统中得到了高效表达,表达量占细胞全蛋白的30%以上.表达产物经亲和色谱和阴离子交换色谱纯化后,进行细胞毒性实验,证明其对表达型IL-4受体的淋巴瘤细胞Daudi具有良好的细胞毒作用,活性是同类型IL-4免疫毒素的2倍,而对表达型IL-4受体的内皮细胞活性较低.     

Fluorine- and rhenium-containing geldanamycin derivatives as leads for the development of molecular probes for imaging Hsp90

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an ATP-dependent molecular chaperone responsible for protein quality control in cells. Hsp90 has been shown to be overexpressed in many human cancers. This has prompted extensive research on Hsp90 inhibitors as novel anticancer agents and, more recently, the development of molecular probes for imaging Hsp90 expression in vivo. This work describes the development of various fluorine-containing and rhenium-containing geldanamycin derivatives as leads for the development of corresponding (18)F-labeled and (99m)Tc-labeled PET and SPECT probes for molecular imaging of Hsp90 expression. All compounds were evaluated in an in vitro ATPase activity assay using Hsp90 isoform Hsp82p. Fluorobenzoylated geldanamycin derivative 5 displayed comparable inhibitory potency like parent compound geldanamycin.     

Reinventing Hsp90 Inhibitors: Blocking C‐Terminal Binding Events to Hsp90 by Using Dimerized Inhibitors

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone (90 kDa) that functions as a dimer. This protein facilitates the folding, assembly, and stabilization of more than 400 proteins that are responsible for cancer development and progression. Inhibiting Hsp90’s function will shut down multiple cancer‐driven pathways simultaneously because oncogenic clients rely heavily on Hsp90, which makes this chaperone a promising anticancer target. Classical inhibitors that block the binding of adenine triphosphate (ATP) to the N‐terminus of Hsp90 are highly toxic to cells and trigger a resistance mechanism within cells. This resistance mechanism comprises a large increase in prosurvival proteins, namely, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27), and heat shock factor 1 (HSF‐1). Molecules that modulate the C‐terminus of Hsp90 are effective at inducing cancer‐cell death without activating the resistance mechanism. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and biological binding affinity for a series of dimerized C‐terminal Hsp90 modulators. We show that dimers of these C‐terminal modulators synergistically inhibit Hsp90 relative to monomers.     

Structure-Based Design,Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Hsp90β-Selective Inhibitors

The 90 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp90) are molecular chaperones that are responsible for the folding and/or trafficking of ∼400 client proteins, many of which are directly associated with cancer progression. Consequently, inhibition of Hsp90 can exhibit similar activity as combination therapy as multiple signaling nodes can be targeted simultaneously. In fact, seventeen small-molecule inhibitors that bind the Hsp90 N-terminus entered clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, all of which exhibited pan-inhibitory activity against all four Hsp90 isoforms. Unfortunately, most demonstrated undesired effects alongside induction of the pro-survival heat shock response. As a result, isoform-selective inhibitors have been sought to overcome these detriments. Described herein is a structure-based approach to design Hsp90β-selective inhibitors along with preliminary SAR. In the end, compound 5 was shown to manifest ∼370-fold selectivity for Hsp90β versus Hsp90α, and induced the degradation of select Hsp90β-dependent clients. These data support the development of Hsp90β-selective inhibitors as a new paradigm to overcome the detriments associated with pan-inhibition of Hsp90.     

Biotinylated geldanamycin

Inhibition of the 90 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp90) represents a promising new chemotherapeutic approach for the treatment of several cancers. Hsp90 is essential to the survival of cancer cells and is inhibited by members of the ansamycin family of antibiotics. In particular, the quinone-containing antibiotics geldanamycin (GDA) and herbimycin A inhibit Hsp90 function in vitro at low micromolar concentrations via interaction with an ATP binding domain. Many proteins bind ATP, and the discovery of selective Hsp90 inhibitors requires the identification of other proteins that bind GDA and may cause undesired effects. Biotinylated analogues of GDA with varying tether lengths have been synthesized to elucidate other proteins that competitively bind GDA. Analogues containing a photolabile tether have also been prepared as a complementary method for the removal of GDA-bound proteins from neutravidin-containing resin. Preliminary studies indicate several proteins other than Hsp90 are isolated with biotinylated GDA.     

Design,Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Hsp90N-terminal Inhibitors Without Induction of Heat Shock Response

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a potential oncogenic target. However, Hsp90 inhibitors in clinical trial induce heat shock response, resulting in drug resistance and inefficiency. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of novel triazine derivatives ( A1 - 26 , B1 - 13 , C1 - 23 ) as Hsp90 inhibitors. Compound A14 directly bound to Hsp90 in a different manner from traditional Hsp90 inhibitors, and degraded client proteins, but did not induce the concomitant activation of Hsp72. Importantly, A14 exhibited the most potent anti-proliferation ability by inducing autophagy, with the IC₅₀ values of 0.1 μM and 0.4 μM in A549 and SK-BR-3 cell lines, respectively. The in vivo study demonstrated that A14 could induce autophagy and degrade Hsp90 client proteins in tumor tissues, and exhibit anti-tumor activity in A549 lung cancer xenografts. Therefore, the compound A14 with potent antitumor activity and unique pharmacological characteristics is a novel Hsp90 inhibitor for developing anticancer agent without heat shock response.     

Chemical Perturbation of Oncogenic Protein Folding: from the Prediction of Locally Unstable Structures to the Design of Disruptors of Hsp90–Client Interactions

Protein folding quality control in cells requires the activity of a class of proteins known as molecular chaperones. Heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90), a multidomain ATP driven molecular machine, is a prime representative of this family of proteins. Interactions between Hsp90, its co-chaperones, and client proteins have been shown to be important in facilitating the correct folding and activation of clients. Hsp90 levels and functions are elevated in tumor cells. Here, we computationally predict the regions on the native structures of clients c-Abl, c-Src, Cdk4, B-Raf and Glucocorticoid Receptor, that have the highest probability of undergoing local unfolding, despite being ordered in their native structures. Such regions represent potential ideal interaction points with the Hsp90-system. We synthesize mimics spanning these regions and confirm their interaction with partners of the Hsp90 complex (Hsp90, Cdc37 and Aha1) by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Designed mimics selectively disrupt the association of their respective clients with the Hsp90 machinery, leaving unrelated clients unperturbed and causing apoptosis in cancer cells. Overall, selective targeting of Hsp90 protein–protein interactions is achieved without causing indiscriminate degradation of all clients, setting the stage for the development of therapeutics based on specific chaperone:client perturbation.     

Hsp90 inhibitors identified from a library of novobiocin analogues

Novobiocin is a C-terminal inhibitor of the Hsp90 protein folding machinery, which is responsible for the conformational maturation of numerous proteins involved in cancer growth and survival. Due to novobiocin's poor inhibitory activity ( approximately 700 muM), very little attention has been paid toward the development of novobiocin analogues for Hsp90 inhibition. In this study, a parallel library of 20 novobiocin derivatives was prepared and the biological activity of each evaluated by Western blot analysis of Hsp90 client proteins. A4 was found to be a potent inhibitor of Hsp90 as determined by its ability to cause the degradation of several Hsp90 client proteins in both breast and prostate cancer cell lines. In the presence of 1 muM A4, several Hsp90 client proteins were degraded, including AKT, Her2, Hif-1alpha, and the androgen receptor.     

A small molecule designed to bind to the adenine nucleotide pocket of Hsp90 causes Her2 degradation and the growth arrest and differentiation of breast cancer cells

BACKGROUND: The Hsp90s contain a conserved pocket that binds ATP/ADP and plays an important role in the regulation of chaperone function. Occupancy of this pocket by several natural products (geldanamycin (GM) and radicicol) alters Hsp90 function and results in the degradation of a subset of proteins (i.e. steroid receptors, Her2, Raf). We have used the structural features of this pocket to design a small molecule inhibitor of Hsp90. RESULTS: The designed small molecule PU3 competes with GM for Hsp90 binding with a relative affinity of 15-20 microM. PU3 induces degradation of proteins, including Her2, in a manner similar to GM. Furthermore, PU3 inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells causing retinoblastoma protein hypophosphorylation, G1 arrest and differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: PU3 is representative of a novel class of synthetic compounds that binds to Hsp90 and inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells. These reagents could provide a new strategy for the treatment of cancers.     

Novobiocin: redesigning a DNA gyrase inhibitor for selective inhibition of hsp90

Novobiocin is a member of the coumermycin family of antibiotics and is a well-established inhibitor of DNA gyrase. Recent studies have shown that novobiocin binds to a previously unrecognized ATP-binding site at the C-terminus of Hsp90 and induces degradation of Hsp90-dependent client proteins at approximately 700 microM. In an effort to develop more efficacious inhibitors of the C-terminal binding site, a library of novobiocin analogues was prepared and initial structure-activity relationships revealed. These data suggested that the 4-hydroxy moiety of the coumarin ring and the 3'-carbamate of the noviose appendage were detrimental to Hsp90 inhibitory activity. In an effort to confirm these findings, 4-deshydroxy novobiocin (DHN1) and 3'-descarbamoyl-4-deshydroxynovobiocin (DHN2) were prepared and evaluated against Hsp90. Both compounds were significantly more potent than the natural product, and DHN2 proved to be more active than DHN1. In an effort to determine whether these moieties are important for DNA gyrase inhibition, these compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit DNA gyrase and found to exhibit significant reduction in gyrase activity. Thus, we have established the first set of compounds that clearly differentiate between the C-terminus of Hsp90 and DNA gyrase, converted a well-established gyrase inhibitor into a selective Hsp90 inhibitor, and confirmed essential structure-activity relationships for the coumermycin family of antibiotics.     

Development of a Grp94 inhibitor

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Unfortunately, results from clinical trials have been disappointing as off-target effects and toxicities have been observed. These detriments may be a consequence of pan-Hsp90 inhibition, as all clinically evaluated Hsp90 inhibitors simultaneously disrupt all four human Hsp90 isoforms. Using a structure-based approach, we designed an inhibitor of Grp94, the ER-resident Hsp90. The effect manifested by compound 2 on several Grp94 and Hsp90α/β (cytosolic isoforms) clients were investigated. Compound 2 prevented intracellular trafficking of the Toll receptor, inhibited the secretion of IGF-II, affected the conformation of Grp94, and suppressed Drosophila larval growth, all Grp94-dependent processes. In contrast, compound 2 had no effect on cell viability or cytosolic Hsp90α/β client proteins at similar concentrations. The design, synthesis, and evaluation of 2 are described herein.