无镨钕AB5型Mm（Ni,Co,Mn,Al）5合金储氢及电化学性能研究

镍氢电池是目前国内外混合动力汽车的首选电池,但随着稀土价格的不断上涨,稀土元素占其成本的比例约由14%逐步提升到55%,开发无镨、钕的高丰度镧铈稀土元素AB5型储氢材料,有助降低混合动力车用镍氢电池负极材料的成本。采用中频感应熔炼配合快淬甩带工艺制备了LaxCe1-x(NiCoMnAl)5(x=0.8,0.6,0.4)合金,并研究了合金A,B侧各元素的比例以及制备工艺对合金储氢性能及电化学性能的影响。结果表明,随着x的降低,合金的储氢量和放电容量逐渐降低。当x=0.6时,合金电极具有较好的综合电化学性能,最大放电容量达到332.81 mAh.g-1,充放电循环寿命达(715 mA.g-1,80%容量保持率,下同)215次。对该合金B侧Mn,Al含量进行优化后,原材料中的Co含量减少,合金的最高电化学容量可达319.01 mAh.g-1。合金在氩气氛保护下进行退火处理后,结晶度和均匀性上升,电化学容量有所降低,但循环稳定性得到明显改善。其中,经950℃/2 h退火处理的LaxCe1-x(NiCoMnAl)5(x=0.8)合金的最大放电容量达328.07 mAh.g-1,充放电循环寿命达364次。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_2的制备及研究

采用水热法合成了LiNi_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_2作为锂离子电池的正极材料,采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、X-射线能谱仪(EDX)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其进行了表征,通过循环伏安(CV)测试、阻抗测试(EIS)和充放电测试探究了其作为正极材料的电化学性能。结果表明:该材料表现出了良好的循环性能和倍率性能,在0.2C(1C=170 mA/g)的电流密度下,其容量为160 mAh/g以上,在0.5C下,首次放电容量为143 mAh/g以上,200个循环后容量仍然有121.5 mAh/g,容量保持率在84%以上。     

锂硫二次电池硫-碳纳米管正极的合成和性能

由单质硫与碳纳米管合成一种新型含碳复合材料.XRD、SEM、BET比表面和孔径分布表征观察硫-碳纳米管复合材料,循环伏安法和电池充放电测试材料的电化学性能.结果表明:以硫-碳纳米管作正极组装的2016型扣式电池有较好的电化学性能,其初始放电比容量达680mAh/g(室温),30次循环放电比容量仍稳定在500mAh/g.     

WO_3纳米棒/石墨烯复合材料的制备及电化学储锂性能

以氯化钨和氧化石墨烯(GO)为原料,乙醇为溶剂,一步合成了WO3纳米棒/石墨烯纳米复合材料(WO3/RGO).将WO3/RGO纳米复合材料用于锂离子电池负极,并通过充放电测试、循环伏安(CV)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)技术综合考察了该材料的储锂性能.结果显示,在0.1C(1C=638 mA?g-1)倍率下,复合物的首次放电比容量达到761.4 mAh?g-1,100次循环后可逆容量仍保持在635 mAh?g-1,保持率为83.4%.即使在5C倍率下容量仍高达460 mAh?g-1.由此说明,WO3/RGO纳米复合物具有优异的循环稳定性及倍率性能,可望用于高性能锂离子电池.     

一种新的流变相法制备锂离子电池纳米-LiVOPO_4正极材料(英文)

采用新型流变相法制备锂离子电池正极材料纳米-LiVOPO4.采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜以及电化学测试等手段对LiVOPO4的微观结构、表面形貌和电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明,采用流变相法制备的LiVOPO4由粒径大约在10-60nm的小颗粒组成.首次放电容量,首次充电容量以及库仑效率分别为135.7mAh·g-1,145.8mAh·g-1和93.0%.0.1C(1C=160mA·g-1)放电时,60次循环后,放电容量保持在134.2mAh·g-1,为首次放电容量的98.9%,平均每次循环的容量损失仅为0.018%.而1.0C和2.0C放电时的放电容量达到0.1C放电容量的96.5%和91.6%.随着放电次数的增加,电荷转移阻抗增加,而锂离子在电极中的扩散系数达到10-11cm2·s-1数量级.实验结果显示采用流变相法制备的LiVOPO4是一种容量高、循环性能好、倍率性能好的锂离子电池正极材料.     

NMAP夹层抑制锂硫电池穿梭效应

利用水热合成法制备纳米NiO与多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)以及芳纶纸(AP)制备出一种新型复合夹层(NMAP)。NMAP夹层具有三维多孔结构,不但减小了活性物质的损失,还可以捕获可溶性多硫化物;NMAP夹层具有较强的化学吸附聚硫化物的能力。利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等对复合夹层进行结构和性能的表征。电化学测试结果表明,NMAP夹层高性能锂硫电池在0.05C倍率下首次放电比容量达到1437 mAh·g^-1,活性物质的利用率高达85.8%;在4C大倍率下放电比容量仍然达到668 mAh·g^-1,且库伦效率仍然保持在99.1%;显示出良好的倍率和循环性能。     

SiO_2/C复合负极材料的制备及其性能

采用在纳米SiO2表面包覆聚苯胺,并经过热处理后,制备了SiO2/C纳米复合材料.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TGA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对材料的晶体结构和表观形貌进行了表征.同时也对材料的电化学性能进行了测试,结果表明,50 mA/g电流密度下,SiO2/C纳米复合材料首次放电比容量达到830.5 mAh/g,100次循环后,放电比容量仍然保持在510 mA/g以上.电化学交流阻抗测试表明,SiO2表面包覆的碳层能显著减小电极的界面阻抗,提高电池的电化学性能.     

铁基普鲁士蓝正极材料的宏量制备及电化学储钠性能

以柠檬酸钠作为配位剂,采用共沉淀法,在室温下制备了铁基普鲁士蓝材料(FePB)。当使用20 L容积的反应釜,并将前驱体亚铁氰化钠(Na_4[Fe(CN)_6])的浓度提高至0.5 mol·L~(-1)时,制备一次可实现高达500 g的产量。电化学测试显示,所得FePB材料具有较高的容量、优异的倍率性能和良好的循环寿命。在0.1C时,该材料首次放电比容量可达到117 mAh·g~(-1),在10C的大电流密度下,比容量仍可保持在92 mAh·g~(-1)。在1C电流密度下,经过500次循环,比容量仍保持在87 mAh·g~(-1),容量保持率达到89%。以商业硬碳为负极,以FePB为正极,制作了软包钠离子全电池。该软包电池在50 mA的电流下,经过400次循环可实现75%的容量保持率。FePB材料优异的电化学性能与其较高的钠含量、低的缺陷、多边界的微观结构以及普鲁士蓝类材料独特的开放框架结构有关。     

基于共价有机框架复合材料的锂硒电池应用

本文利用溶剂热反应方法,在多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)管壁上生长了共价有机框架(TpPa-COF)材料,并将这种核壳多壁碳纳米管/共价有机框架纳米复合材料(MWCNTs@TpPa-COF)成功应用在锂硒电池上。利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等手段对材料结构进行表征,结果表明多壁碳纳米管和共价有机框架材料成功复合。电化学测试结果表明,该材料在电流密度3C(1C=675mA·g~(-1))下的质量比容量为463.5 mAh·g~(-1),500次循环后能保持99%的库仑效率,表明锂硒电池具有优异的循环稳定性和较长的循环寿命。     

锂离子电池片状四氧化三钴负极的合成及改性

采用液相沉淀法结合低温固相热解法合成了锂离子电池片状Co3O4负极.通过X射线粉体衍射(XRD)、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)比表面积分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及恒电流充放电等表征手段,发现该Co3O4为立方相,结晶完整且无杂质,由直径为1.5-3.0μm、厚度约为100-300 nm的不规则片状颗粒组成,比表面积约为30.5 m2·g-1;其比容量高且容量保持率好,在0.1C倍率下,首次放电容量高达1444.5 mAh·g-1,50次循环后充电容量仍大于1100.0 mAh·g-1;但在高倍率(1C)下,50次循环后充电容量保持率仅为75.3%,倍率性能一般.故采用碳纳米管(CNTs)掺杂改性,结果表明:在1C倍率下,70次循环后复合材料充电容量保持率为96.3%;在2C倍率下,50次循环后充电容量保持率仍高达97.0%,倍率性能显著提升.     

Effect of conducting additives on the properties of composite cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

In an attempt to achieve lithium-ion batteries with high rate capability, the effect of conducting additives with various shapes and contents on the physical and electrochemical performances was evaluated. Although the density of the cathode decreased upon the addition of the additives, the electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance were greatly improved. The composite cathodes with well-dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) exhibited excellent high rate capabilities and cyclabilities. In the case of cathode with 8 wt.% of MWCNTs (low density—LD), the highest discharge capacity of 136 mAh/g was obtained at 5 C-rate and capacity retention of 97% for 50 cycles was observed at 1 C-rate of discharge. The cathode with a mixture of 2 wt.% of Super P and 4 wt.% of MWCNTs (LD) also exhibits improved cycle performances. The volume changes in the charge and discharge processes were successfully controlled by the bundles distributed between the host particles.     

Nanostructured Carbon/Antimony Composites as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries with Long Life

A series of nanostructured carbon/antimony composites have been successfully synthesized by a simple sol–gel, high‐temperature carbon thermal reduction process. In the carbon/antimony composites, antimony nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed in the pyrolyzed nanoporous carbon matrix. As an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, the C/Sb10 composite displays a high initial discharge capacity of 1214.6 mAh g^?1 and a reversible charge capacity of 595.5 mAh g^?1 with a corresponding coulombic efficiency of 49 % in the first cycle. In addition, it exhibits a high reversible discharge capacity of 466.2 mAh g^?1 at a current density of 100 mA g^?1 after 200 cycles and a high rate discharge capacity of 354.4 mAh g^?1 at a current density of 1000 mA g^?1. The excellent cycling stability and rate discharge performance of the C/Sb10 composite could be due to the uniform dispersion of antimony nanoparticles in the porous carbon matrix, which can buffer the volume expansion and maintain the integrity of the electrode during the charge–discharge cycles.     

巴基管嵌锂电极性能的研究

用化学气相沉积法制备的巴基管作为锂离子电池的负极活性物质可以达到７００ｍＡｈ／ｇ的容量，远超过了石墨嵌锂化合物理论容量。ＣＶＤ巴基管电极经２０次充放电循环后，放电容量保持率为６５．３％，尽管ＣＶＤ巴基管电极初次充放电效率低，但经表面镀铜修饰后，初次充放电效率可提高到５５．９％。     

Nano-sized lithium manganese oxide dispersed on carbon nanotubes for energy storage applications

Nano-sized lithium manganese oxide (LMO) dispersed on carbon nanotubes (CNT) has been synthesized successfully via a microwave-assisted hydrothermal reaction at 200 °C for 30 min using MnO₂-coated CNT and an aqueous LiOH solution. The initial specific capacity is 99.4 mAh/g at a 1.6 C-rate, and is maintained at 99.1 mAh/g even at a 16 C-rate. The initial specific capacity is also maintained up to the 50th cycle to give 97% capacity retention. The LMO/CNT nanocomposite shows excellent power performance and good structural reversibility as an electrode material in energy storage systems, such as lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors. This synthetic strategy opens a new avenue for the effective and facile synthesis of lithium transition metal oxide/CNT nanocomposite.     

Ni3S2@碳纳米管复合材料的制备及其储钠性能

采用一步固相煅烧工艺制备了碳纳米管原位封装Ni₃S₂纳米颗粒（Ni₃S₂@CNT）,并研究了其作为钠离子电池（SIBs）负极材料的电化学性能. 通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、循环伏安测试、恒流充放电以及交流阻抗等研究了Ni₃S₂@CNT的物相结构、形貌特征以及电化学性能. 电化学测试表明,材料在100 mA·g ^-1电流密度下,放电容量可以达到541.6 mAh·g ^-1,甚至在2000 mA·g ^-1的大电流密度下其放电比容量也可以维持在274.5 mAh·g ^-1. 另外,材料在100 mA·g ^-1电流密度下,经过120周充放电循环后其放电和充电比容量仍然可以保持在374.5 mAh·g ^-1和359.3 mAh·g ^-1,说明其具有良好倍率性能和循环稳定性能. 良好的电化学性能归因于这种独特的碳纳米管原位封装Ni₃S₂纳米颗粒结构. 碳纳米管不但可以提高复合材料的导电性,也可以缓冲Ni₃S₂纳米颗粒在反复充放电过程中产生的体积膨胀效应,明显改善了Ni₃S₂@CNT负极复合材料的电化学性能.     

空心碳球负载二硫化硒复合材料作为锂离子电池正极材料

制备了一种空心碳球负载二硫化硒(SeS₂@HCS)复合材料作为锂离子电池正极材料。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM),X射线衍射(XRD)以及氮气吸脱附测试(BET)等对产物形貌、组成和结构进行了表征。实验结果显示,采用模板法结合化学聚合法可以合成形貌均一、单分散的空心碳球;其直径约为500 nm,壁厚约为30 nm。进一步采用熔融灌入法可以得到空心碳球负载二硫化硒复合材料。将所制备复合材料组装成电池进行电化学性能测试,与原始二硫化硒块体材料相比,SeS₂@HCS复合材料具有更高的初始容量(100 mA·g^-1电流密度下,初始放电容量为956 mAh·g^-1)和更长的循环寿命(100 mA·g^-1电流密度下,循环200圈),同时显示出更优异的倍率性能。研究结果表明该复合材料是一种具有应用前景的新型锂离子电池正极材料。     

Se-decorated SnO2/rGO composite spheres and their sodium storage performances

SnO₂ is considered a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and low cost.However,the poor electrical conductivity and dramatic volume variation during cha rge/discharge cycling is a major limitation in its practical applicability.Here we propose a simple onepot spray pyrolysis process to construct unique pomegranate-like SnO₂/rGO/Se spheres.The ideal structural configuration of these architectures was effective in alleviating the large volume variation of SnO₂,besides facilitating rapid electron transfer,allowing the devised anode to exhibit superior sodium sto rage performances in terms of capacity(506.7 mAh/g at 30 mA/g),cycle performance(397 mAh/g after100 cycles at 50 mA/g) and rate capability(188.9 mAh/g at an ultrahigh current density of 10 A/g).The experimental evidence confirms the practical workability of p-SnO₂/rGO/Se spheres in SIBs.     

Influence of graphene oxide on electrochemical performance of Si anode material for lithium-ion batteries

We have developed a Si/graphene oxide electrode synthesized via ultrasonication-stirring method under alkaline condition. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscope(TEM), EDS dot-mapping and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) results show that Si particles are evenly dispersed on the graphene oxide sheets. The electrochemical performance was investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge tests at room temperature. The results revealed that Si/graphene oxide electrode exhibited a high reversible capacity of 2825 mAh/g with a coulombic efficiency of 94.6%at 100 mA/g after 15 cycles and a capacity retention of 70.8% after 105 cycles at 4000 mA/g. These performance parameters show a great potential in the high-performance batteries application for portable electronics, electric vehicles and renewable energy storage.     

MnS hollow microspheres combined with carbon nanotubes for enhanced performance sodium-ion battery anode

MnS as anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) has recently attracted great attention because of the high theoretical capacity, great natural abundance, and low cost. However, it suffers from inferior electrical conductivity and large volume expansion during the charge/discharge process, leading to tremendous damage of electrodes and subsequently fast capacity fading. To mitigate these issues, herein, a three-dimensional (3D) interlaced carbon nanotubes (CNTs) threaded into or between MnS hollow microspheres (hollow MnS/CNTs composite) has been designed and synthesized as an enhanced anode material. It can effectively improve the electrical conductivity, buffer the volume change, and maintain the integrity of the electrode during the charging and discharging process based on the synergistic interaction and the integrative structure. Therefore, when evaluated as anode for SIBs, the hollow MnS/CNTs electrode displays enhanced reversible capacity (275 mAh/g at 100 mA/g after 100 cycles), which is much better than that of pure MnS electrode (25 mAh/g at 100 mA/g after 100 cycles) prepared without the addition of CNTs. Even increasing the current density to 500 mA/g, the hollow MnS/CNTs electrode still delivers a five times higher reversible capacity than that of the pure MnS electrode. The rate performance of the hollow MnS/CNTs electrode is also superior to that of pure MnS electrode at various current densities from 50 mA/g to 1000 mA/g.     

碳纳米管的电化学贮氢性能研究

研究了碳纳米管电极的电化学性能 ,其电化学储氢量达到 2 0 0mAh·g 1且具有高的电化学活性和良好的循环寿命 .采用循环伏安法研究了氢在碳纳米管电极上吸附 /氧化机理 .