Thermal behavior of residues (sludge) originated from Araraquara water and sewage treatment station

A dual cell system was used to study the electrogenerative leaching sphalerite-MnO₂ under the conditions of presence and absence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans). The polarization of anode and cathode, and the relationship between the electric quantity (Q) and some factors, such as the dissolved Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, the time in the bio-electro-generating simultaneous leaching (BEGSL) and electro-generating simultaneous leaching (EGSL), were studied. The results show that the dissolved Zn²⁺ in the presence of A. ferrooxidans is nearly 60% higher than that in the absence of A. ferrooxidans; the electrogenerative quantity in the former is about 134% more than that in the latter. A three-electrode system was applied to study anodic and cathodic self-corrosion current, which was inappreciable compared with the galvanic current between sphalerite and MnO₂. The accumulated sulfur on the surface of sulfides produced in the electrogenerative leaching process could be oxidized in the presence of A. ferrooxidans, and the ratio of biological electric quantity reached to 31.72% in 72 h.     

Influence of composition on corroding process of Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>O-K<Subscript>2</Subscript>O-CaO-ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> glasses

The corroding process of six glasses of the Na₂O-K₂O-CaO-ZrO₂-SiO₂ system with ZrO₂content 0–2.13 mass % by water was observed during static tests at 121°C and pressure of 0.25 MPa in steam sterilizer. Significant increase of Na⁺ and K⁺ content in leachates was observed after the addition of ZrO₂ into glass. Further increase of the content of ZrO₂ in glasses slowed down the rate of Na⁺ and K⁺ leaching. The leaching process of SiO₂ as well as Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ ions was evaluated on the basis of comparison with model leaching processes. Variation of the concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and SiO₂ in leachates with time was described by empirical equation. Observed changes in the initial leaching rates of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and SiO₂ can be ascribed to the content of ZrO₂ in glasses. The presence of ZrO₂ in glasses reduced the overall rate of glass dissolution.     

Dynamics in simultaneous bio-electro-generative leaching for pyrite-MnO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

The principle for the electro-generative simultaneous leaching (EGSL) is applied to simultaneous leaching of pyrite-MnO₂ in this paper. A galvanic system for the bio-electro-generative simultaneous leaching (BEGSL) has been set up. The equation of electric quantity vs. time is used to study the effect of produced sulfur on electro-generative efficiency and quantity. It has been shown that the resistance decreased in the presence of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (A. thiooxidans) with the increase of electro-generative efficiency. The effects of temperature and grain size on rate of ferrous extraction from pyrite under the conditions of presence and absence of A. thiooxidans were studied, respectively. The changes in the extraction rate of Fe²⁺ as particle size in presence of A. thiooxidans were more evident than that in the absence, which indicated that the extraction in bio-electro-generative leaching was affected by particle size remarkably. Around the optimum culture temperature for A. thiooxidans, the bigger change in the conversion rate of Fe²⁺ was depending on temperature. The transferred charge in BEGSL including part of S⁰ to sulfate group in the presence of (A. thiooxidans) which is called as biologic electric quantity, and the ratio of biologic electric quantity reached to 58.10% in 72 h among the all-transferred charge. Supported by the major state basic research development program (No. 2004CB619204); the National Science Foundation of China (No. 50374077); the Education Department Foundation of Hunan Province (No. 07D069).     

锰离子氧化沉淀法实现锂离子电池LiNi0.8Co0.05Mn0.15O2材料的回收和利用

以浓盐酸为浸出剂,以NaOH和NH₄HCO₃为沉淀剂,利用Mn²⁺在碱性条件下的氧化反应改变离子的沉淀次序进而分步回收的方案,探究了浓盐酸酸浸处理三元正极材料LiNi_0.8Co_0.05Mn_0.15O₂的最佳条件。在分步沉淀过程中,Mn²⁺被氧化为不溶于非还原性酸的MnO(OH)₂,并在酸性条件下回收。Ni、Co则在碱性条件下利用NaOH回收,而Li则利用NH₄HCO₃回收。该方法中Mn的回收率达到85.1%,产品纯度达到98.6%; Li的回收率达到95.0%,产品纯度达到99.3%。由回收材料重新合成的三元正极组装的软包电池的首圈放电比容量达到了175 mAh·g^-1,可以以超过99.5%的库仑效率稳定循环50圈。     

Structure and properties of a novel cobaltate La0.30CoO2

The layered cobaltate La_0.30CoO₂ was prepared from Na_xCoO₂ precursor by a solid-state ionic exchange and was characterized by means of X-ray and neutron diffraction, magnetic, thermal and electric transport measurements. The compound consists of hexagonal sheets of edge-sharing CoO₆ octahedra interleaved by lanthanum monolayers. Compared to Na⁺ in the parent system, the La³⁺ ions occupy only one-third of available sites, forming a 2-dimensional superstructure. The deviation from the ideal stoichiometry La_1/3CoO₂ introduces extra hole carriers into the diamagnetic LS Co³⁺ matrix making the sample Pauli paramagnetic. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity in La_0.30CoO₂ follows Mott's T^−1/3 law up to about 400 K, which is in contrast with the standard metallic behavior in the Na⁺ homolog possessing the same formal doping. The experiments are complemented by electronic structure calculations for La_0.30CoO₂ and related Na_xCoO₂ systems.     

A combined diffraction and dielectric properties investigation of Ba3MnNb2O9 complex perovskites

A combined synthesis, diffraction and dielectric properties investigation of the dependence (and effect) of Mn²⁺/Nb⁵⁺ ordering in Ba₃MnNb₂O₉ (BMN) upon annealing atmosphere and processing conditions has been carried out. Annealing in different atmospheres was not found to significantly alter either nominal stoichiometry or structure type. The obtained structure type (disordered metrically cubic or ordered trigonal) as well as the measured electrical properties (in particular, the dielectric loss) were, however, found to be sensitive to the synthesis route. Samples obtained via solid-state reaction were found to be predominantly of 1:2 Mn²⁺/Nb⁵⁺ ordered, trigonal structure type whereas samples obtained via an aqueous solution route were found to be of a Mn²⁺/Nb⁵⁺ ‘disordered’, metrically cubic structure type. All solid-state synthesized samples showed reasonable dielectric properties. The microwave dielectric constant and dielectric quality factor, Q, at 8 GHz of an as-synthesized BMN sample were 38 and 100, respectively. By contrast, the dielectric loss of the metrically cubic, Mn²⁺/Nb⁵⁺ ‘disordered’ samples obtained via an aqueous solution synthesis process were significantly worse.     

CeO2掺量对铝硼硅玻璃固化体抗浸出性能的影响

通过XRD、XPS、SEM和ICP-MS等表征方法,研究不同掺量下CeO2在铝硼硅玻璃固化体中物相的变化及其对抗浸出性能的影响。结果表明:玻璃网络结构中nCe4+∶nCe3+=9.25∶1,且CeO2质量分数达到或超过7%时,固化体内开始析出方铈矿晶体结构。1 d时随着CeO2掺量的增加,玻璃固化体rCe先降低后升高,28 d时则表现出逐渐降低的趋势。而在同一CeO2掺量下,rCe随浸出时间的延长逐渐降低,其中CeO2质量分数为9%的玻璃样品bE的rCe在7 d后稳定在4×10-6g.m-2.d-1以下,抗浸出性能较为优异。因此控制CeO2在一定范围内过量析出,可获得抗浸出性能优于完全溶于玻璃体的固化体。     

Fixation of actinide elements into zeolites/zeotypes and Flexcrete-cement matrix

The leaching behavior of -emitter radionuclides (uranium and americium) from zeolite-L and the zeotype (SAPO-34) in a Flexcrete-cement matrix were examined by static and dynamic methods using 0.005M CaCl₂ and synthetic ground water as leachants. The leaching rates of UO ₂ ²⁺ were found to be higher by about ten orders of magnitude than those of Am³⁺ for both zeolite-L and SAPO-34 in the cement matrix. The static and dynamic leaching rates of UO ₂ ²⁺ for SAPO-34 in CaCl₂ and synthetic ground water were ten orders of magnitude lower than those for L. SAPO-34 showed good selectivity for uranium at pH 2–3.5 and L was usefully selective for Am³⁺. Distribution coefficients of Am³⁺ and UO ₂ ²⁺ increased with equilibrium pH.     

Thermodynamics of solvent extraction of thallium with diethylhexyl phosphoric acid

The equilibrium molalities Tl⁺ were measured in {Tl₂SO₄ + Na₂SO₄ + D₂EHPA + n-C₈H₁₈ + Water} system at ionic strength from 0.1 to 2.0 mol kg^?1 containing Na₂SO₄ as supporting electrolyte in aqueous phase and at constant molality extractant at temperatures from 278.15 K to 303.15 K in organic phase. The standard extraction constants K ⁰ at various temperatures were obtained by methods of extrapolation and polynomial approximation. Thermodynamic quantities for the extraction process were calculated.     

钛、铝和玻璃上TiO2光催化膜的失活研究

采用浸渍提拉法，在平行条件下制备了钛、铝和玻璃载体上的TiO₂膜TiO₂ / Ti、TiO₂ / Al和TiO₂ / G，利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和光催化降解实验等手段对膜样品进行了表征和活性评价。实验结果表明，在铝和玻璃基材上制膜时发生了显著的基材元素溢出，使各膜样品的化学组成不同，同时TiO₂粒子和膜表面形貌也因前驱物烧结行为不同而差异较大。TiO_{2相似文献}   

Composition and structure of acid leached LiMn2−yTiyO4 (0.2≤y≤1.5) spinels

Lithium manganese titanium spinels, LiMn_2−yTi_yO₄, (0.2≤y≤1.5) have been synthesized by solid-state reaction between TiO₂ (anatase), Li₂CO₃ and MnCO₃. Li⁺ was leached from the powdered reaction products by treatment in excess of 0.2 N HCl at 85 °C for 6 h, under reflux. The elemental composition of the acidic solution and solid residues of leaching has been determined by complexometric titration, atomic absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence analysis. Powder X-ray diffraction was used for structural characterization of the crystalline fraction of the solid residues. It has been found that the amount of Li⁺ leached from LiMn_2−yTi_yO₄ decreases monotonically with increasing y in the interval 0.2≤y≤1.0 and abruptly drops to negligibly small values for y>1.0. The content of Mn and Li in the liquid phase and of Mn and Ti in the solid (amorphous plus crystalline) residue, were related to the composition and cation distribution in the pristine compounds. A new formal chemical equation describing the process of leaching and a mechanism of the structural transformation undergone by the initial solids as a result of Li⁺ removal has been proposed.     

Ca9Y(PO4)7:Ce3+,Tb3+纳米荧光粉的制备及发光性能

采用水热法制备出Ca₉Y（PO₄）₇：Ce³⁺,Tb³⁺纳米荧光粉,通过XRD、SEM和荧光光谱等对样品进行了分析,研究在Ca₉Y（PO₄）₇基质中引入Ce³⁺,Tb³⁺离子对发光性能的影响规律。研究发现因Tb³⁺离子自身能量交叉驰豫的存在,使得单掺Tb³⁺时,通过调节Tb³⁺离子的浓度可以实现对发光颜色的控制。同时研究了Ce³⁺-Tb³⁺之间的能量传递为电多极相互作用的偶极-四极机制,Ce³⁺-Tb³⁺之间最大的能量传递效率为55.6%。Ca₉Y（PO₄）₇：Ce³⁺,Tb³⁺的发光颜色可以通过激活离子之间的能量传递和共发射得到可控调节。SEM分析表明荧光粉颗粒尺寸在100 nm左右,分散性好。     

Two color up-conversion emissions of Er<Superscript>3+</Superscript>-doped Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> nanopowders prepared by non-aqueous sol-gel method

Er³⁺-doped Al₂O₃ nanopowders have been prepared by the non-aqueous sol-gel method using the aluminum isopropoxide as precursor, acetylacetone as a chelating agent, nitric acid as a catalyzer, and hydrated erbium nitrate as a dopant under isopropanol environment. The different phase structure, including three crystalline types of (Al, Er)₂O₃ phases, α, γ, θ, and an Er–Al–O stoichiometric compound phase, Al₁₀Er₆O₂₄, was observed for the 0.01–0.5 mol% Er³⁺-doped Al₂O₃ nanopowders at the sintering temperature of 1,000 °C. The green and red up-conversion emissions centered at about 523, 545 and 660 nm, corresponding respectively to the ²H_11/2, ⁴S_3/2→⁴I_15/2 and ⁴F_9/2→⁴I_15/2 transitions of Er³⁺, were detected by a 978 nm semiconductor laser diodes excitation. With increasing Er³⁺ doping concentration from 0.01 to 0.1 mol%, the intensity of the green and red emissions increased with a decrease of the intensity ratio of the green to red emission. When the Er³⁺ doping concentration rose to 5 mol%, the intensity of the green and red emissions decreased with an increase of their intensity ratio. The maximum intensity of both the green and red emissions with the minimum of intensity ratio was obtained, respectively, for the 0.1 mol% Er³⁺-doped Al₂O₃ nanopowders composed of a single α-(Al,Er)₂O₃ phase. The intensity ratio of the green emission at 523 and 545 nm increased monotonously for all Er³⁺ doping concentrations. The two-photon absorption up-conversion process was involved in the green and red up-conversion emissions of the Er³⁺-doped Al₂O₃ nanopowders.     

锰离子氧化沉淀法实现锂离子电池LiNi0.8Co0.05Mn0.15O2材料的回收和利用

以浓盐酸为浸出剂,以NaOH和NH₄HCO₃为沉淀剂,利用Mn²⁺在碱性条件下的氧化反应改变离子的沉淀次序进而分步回收的方案,探究了浓盐酸酸浸处理三元正极材料LiNi_0.8Co_0.05Mn_0.15O₂的最佳条件。在分步沉淀过程中,Mn²⁺被氧化为不溶于非还原性酸的MnO （OH）₂,并在酸性条件下回收。Ni、Co则在碱性条件下利用NaOH回收,而Li则利用NH₄HCO₃回收。该方法中Mn的回收率达到85.1%,产品纯度达到98.6%; Li的回收率达到95.0%,产品纯度达到99.3%。由回收材料重新合成的三元正极组装的软包电池的首圈放电比容量达到了175 mAh·g^-1,可以以超过99.5%的库仑效率稳定循环50圈。     

Sr7Zr(PO4)6∶xEu2+蓝色荧光粉的合成及其发光特性

通过高温固相反应合成了新型的蓝色荧光粉Sr₇Zr(PO₄)₆∶xEu²⁺。通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、紫外可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱、荧光光谱研究了Sr₇Zr(PO₄)₆∶xEu²⁺材料的相纯度及荧光性质。结果表明,Eu²⁺掺杂获得的Sr₇Zr(PO₄)₆∶xEu²⁺荧光粉为纯相,且200~400 nm范围内的近紫外(NUV)光均能对其进行有效的激发。在315 nm的激发下,Sr₇Zr(PO₄)₆∶xEu²⁺荧光粉发射出峰值位于415 nm左右的蓝光,且Eu²⁺在Sr₇Zr (PO₄)₆基质中的最佳掺杂浓度为0.05,相应的CIE色度坐标为(0.164,0.021),比商用BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇∶Eu²⁺(BAM)蓝色荧光粉具有更高的色纯度。     

Morphology control and luminescence properties of BaMgAl10O17:Eu phosphors prepared by spray pyrolysis

Starting from the aqueous solutions of metal nitrates with citric acid and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as additives, BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu²⁺ (BAM:Eu²⁺) phosphors were prepared by a two-step spray pyrolysis (SP) method. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence spectra were used to characterize the resulted BAM:Eu²⁺ phosphors. The obtained BAM:Eu²⁺ phosphor particles have spherical shape, submicron size (0.5-3 μm). The effects of process conditions of the spray pyrolysis, such as molecular weight and concentration of PEG, on the morphology and luminescence properties of phosphor particles were investigated. Adequate amount of PEG was necessary for obtaining spherical particles, and the optimum emission intensity could be obtained when the concentration of PEG was 0.03 g/ml in the precursor solution. Moreover, the emission intensity of the phosphors increased with increasing of metal ion concentration in the solution. Compared with the BAM:Eu²⁺ phosphor prepared by citrate-gel method, spherical BAM:Eu²⁺ phosphor particles showed a higher emission intensity.     

Relationship between the basicity, De-SO2 activity and reductivity of sulfate in Mg?Al?Fe?O mixed spinel catalyst

Effects of Al³⁺ ions being partially substituted by Fe³⁺ ions in the magnesium-alumina spinel structure on the activity of SO₂ oxidative adsorption and the reductive decomposition of sulfate have been studied. Both the number of the basic centers and the strength of basicity were altered when Fe³⁺ ion was introduced into the MgAl₂O₄ structure, which resulted in the simultaneous improvement of the activity of SO₂ oxidative adsorption and the reductivity of sulfate.     

Application of surface complexation modeling on the leaching of radionuclides from fly ashes

Surface complexation modeling based on diffuse double layer model (DDLM) has been employed to simulate the leaching behaviors of radionuclides (i.e., ⁶⁰Co²⁺, ⁶³Ni²⁺, ⁶⁴Cu²⁺ and UO₂ ²⁺) on fly ashes from hospital wastes. The fly ashes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), potentiometric acid–base titration, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of pH, the ratio of solid-to-liquid (RSL), and particle size on the leaching of radionuclides was also conducted under the batch techniques. According to XRD patterns analysis, the main components of fly ashes was determined to be quartz and clay minerals such as kaolinite, illite and smectite. The site density and pH_PNZC (pH at point of net zero charge) of fly ashes calculated from potentiometric titration data was found to be 4.53 × 10^?4 mol/g and 7.4, respectively. One can see that the small amount of metal oxides attached on the surface of fly ashes by SEM images, corrosion surface of fly ashes was observed after leaching experiments. Results of the batch leaching experiments indicated that the leaching amount of radionuclides in fly ashes significantly depended on pH, the ratio of solid-to-liquid, and particle size. It is found that the leaching amount of radionuclides decreased in the order of ⁶⁴Cu²⁺ ? ⁶³Ni²⁺ > ⁶⁰Co²⁺ > UO₂ ²⁺ under the different pH, the RSL or particle size conditions. In this paper, DDLM has successfully been applied to describe the leaching behaviors of radionuclides from fly ashes. This research provides critical information for application of surface complexation modeling on the simulation of radionuclides leaching from fly ashes, which would clarify the leaching mechanism of radionuclides from fly ashes.     

Spectroscopic Characterization of CH4 + CO2 Plasmas Excited by a Dielectric Barrier Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure

Plasma processing of a (CH ₄ +CO ₂ ) mixture can lead to the formation of synthesis gas (CO+H ₂ ). The use of a nonthermal plasma for this type of process seems very promising. We report here an electric and spectroscopic characteristic of plasma created in a (CH ₄ +CO ₂ ) mixture by a high-voltage, steep front-voltage (>10 ¹² V/s), very-short-pulse triggered dielectric barrier discharge in a tubular cell. Particular attention was payed to the determination of the rotational temperature for C ₂ . Time resolved investigation of the Swan band leads to an estimated value around 3000 K.     

A new promising phosphor, Na3La2(BO3)3:Ln (Ln=Eu, Tb)

We present an efficient way to search a host for ultraviolet (UV) phosphor from UV nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. With the guidance, Na₃La₂(BO₃)₃ (NLBO), as a promising NLO material with a broad transparency range and high damage threshold, was adopted as a host material for the first time. The lanthanide ions (Tb³⁺ and Eu³⁺)-doped NLBO phosphors have been synthesized by solid-state reaction. Luminescent properties of the Ln-doped (Ln=Tb³⁺, Eu³⁺) sodium lanthanum borate were investigated under UV ray excitation. The emission spectrum was employed to probe the local environments of Eu³⁺ ions in NLBO crystal. For red phosphor, NLBO:Eu, the measured dominating emission peak was at 613 nm, which is attributed to ⁵D₀-⁷F₂ transition of Eu³⁺. The luminescence indicates that the local symmetry of Eu³⁺ in NLBO crystal lattice has no inversion center. Optimum Eu³⁺ concentration of NLBO:Eu³⁺ under UV excitation with 395 nm wavelength is about 30 mol%. The green phosphor, NLBO:Tb, showed bright green emission at 543 with 252 nm excited light. The measured concentration quenching curve demonstrated that the maximum concentration of Tb³⁺ in NLBO was about 20%. The luminescence mechanism of Ln-doped NLBO (Tb³⁺ and Eu³⁺) was analyzed. The relative high quenching concentration was also discussed.