不同光谱预处理对激光诱导击穿光谱检测猪肉中铅含量的影响

为了研究适合激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)检测猪肉中重金属铅(Pb)元素含量的光谱预处理方法,将配制的84个猪肉腿肌样品分为校正集和预测集,以相关系数(R)、内部交叉验证均方差(RMSECV)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)作为评价指标,比较了5种光谱预处理方法对偏最小二乘法(PLS)建模预测效果的影响.结果表明,多元散射校正(MSC)预处理效果最好,定标模型预测值与实验室分析元素检测值的相关系数(R)达到0.9908,RMSECV为0.302,RMSEP为0.282,主成分数为16,18个预测集样品的验证结果的平均相对预测误差(ARPE)为7.8％.说明MSC是LIBS检测猪肉Pb含量的有效光谱预处理方法,该研究为进一步实现食品中重金属快速定量分析提供了方法和数据参考.     

激光诱导击穿光谱在煤质检测中的应用现状

我国当前主要能源仍是煤炭资源,煤质快速检测有利于其清洁高效利用。激光诱导击穿光谱（Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy,LIBS）作为一种快速光谱检测技术,具有样品需求量小、制样简便、可多元素同时测量等优点,其在煤质快速检测中的应用潜力已得到广泛认可。本文从激光诱导击穿光谱仪器（实验室台式、在线式和便携式）的研发现状、激光诱导击穿光谱对煤质（金属元素、非金属元素和工业指标）的检测现状、煤质分析性能提升方法,以及激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析模型研究等方面介绍了近几年来LIBS技术在煤质检测中的应用现状及未来展望。     

猪肉中铅的LIBS绿色检测可行性分析

为了验证激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)分析猪肉中重金属铅(Pb)元素的可行性,选取经实验室Pb污染处理的猪肉样品为研究对象,将样品进行烘干、粉碎和压片物理前处理;利用LIBS获取压片样品的光谱信息,并采用原子吸收光谱(AAS)法对样品中Pb元素真实浓度进行检测。结果显示,LIBS能探测出Pb含量大于4.56 mg/kg的干样样品中Pb I405.78特征谱线信息,且样品中Pb特征线的LIBS强度与其浓度具有一定的梯度关系,但简单的线性关系不明显。采用一元二次多项式拟合结果表明,对于含量小于10 mg/kg的样品,预测准确度较高且线性分析灵敏度高,而高浓度样品预测准确度则显著降低。说明可能存在某个浓度界限决定采用不同定标模型的预测精度。本工作的研究为猪肉中Pb元素的LIBS分析提供了可行性证明,为进一步的研究提供了思路。     

LIBS技术在土壤重金属污染快速测量中的应用

激光诱导击穿光谱(laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,LIBS)作为一种很有前景的分析和测量技术在过去的10多年中已经显现出来.本文介绍了激光诱导击穿光谱的工作原理和定量定性分析的理论基础,综述了LIBS技术在土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb 和Zn等污染快速测量中的应用和仪器研究进展,分析了LIBS应用在该领域中存在的主要问题,对未来基于LIBS快速检测土壤重金属污染需要解决的定量测量和检测限等关键问题进行了探讨.     

热解炭化病死猪残留重金属的激光诱导击穿光谱检测可行性分析

利用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)分析方法具有的快速无污染优势,选择有代表性的病死猪为研究对象,探讨LIBS对病死猪中残留重金属元素的预测可行性。为了消除水分和有机基体对LIBS分析灵敏度的影响,对病死猪采取高温热解炭化前处理,分别比较了健康猪肉鲜样、健康猪肉真空抽湿压片样和病死猪热解炭化压片样在320~440 nm范围的LIBS光谱信息。结果显示,猪肉中含有丰富的Ca等矿质元素及有机质成分C,N等;真空抽湿可以消除水分的影响从而提高LIBS分析重金属的灵敏度,而热解炭化可以大大减弱含水量和有机质成分对金属元素的干扰,能够探测出更多的元素谱线信息,同时进一步提高重金属Cu,Pb和Cr的检测灵敏度。表明LIBS能对解热炭化病死猪中的残留重金属成分进行探测,并有望结合化学计量学分析方法实现猪肉中重金属含量的快速检测。     

脐橙果皮LIBS光谱预测Cu元素在果肉中分布规律的可行性分析

为了验证果皮激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)预测果肉重金属元素分布规律的可行性,以市售新鲜赣南脐橙为例,先对新鲜脐橙果皮进行LIBS光谱采集,得到样品在300~850 nm之间的光谱图。LIBS图谱显示赣南脐橙中含有丰富的矿质元素Ca,Na,K和Fe以及有机物质H,O,C,N,对于Cu元素则直接探测不到特征光谱。通过阳极溶出伏安法(ASV)测试获取新鲜脐橙果皮果肉中Cu元素的平均浓度分别为0.5524 mg/kg和0.3056 mg/kg,均在国家标准GB-2004规定的安全限量范围(10 mg/kg)之内,果皮与果肉浓度比约为1.8891。对于烘干后的脐橙皮,经过压片处理后,采集脐橙皮干样的LIBS光谱,Cu元素谱线清晰。说明经过简单的烘干压片物理方法处理后,LIBS有望通过采集干样光谱信息,辅助以各种光谱数据预处理及化学计量学分析方法,实现对新鲜脐橙样品中Cu元素的分布规律进行预测,并推广到其它水果中重金属元素的分析应用中。     

微波辅助激光诱导击穿光谱对土豆中铅元素谱线强度的增强效果研究

研究了激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)对农产品中低浓度重金属元素的探测能力。土豆样品经过实验室污染处理,获得鲜样Pb元素含量范围在9.0~30.0 mg/kg的污染样品。再对样品进行烘干、粉碎、压片处理,以消除水分和样品基体效应对LIBS检测效果的影响。利用微波辅助LIBS(MA-LIBS)的方法对样品和激光烧蚀产生的等离子体进行加热,探讨了MA-LIBS对目标元素Pb的信号强度增强效果。实验结果显示,MA-LIBS能显著提高元素谱线的探测能力,对于Pb I 405.78 nm特征谱线,最低浓度的含Pb土豆样品谱线强度能提高6倍以上,其余样品也有类似的规律。说明M A-LIBS在提高目标元素探测能力上有巨大的发展潜力。     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合CARS变量选择方法定量检测奶粉中的镁

为监测奶粉中的镁(Mg)元素含量,本研究利用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术对奶粉中Mg元素进行定量检测。对于每个样品,采用压片机在20 MPa压力下进行压片处理,然后利用高精度光谱仪在200~750 nm波段范围内获取压片样品的LIBS光谱。根据LIBS光谱特征,将光谱划分为4个波段,并进行初步的波段优选和光谱预处理分析。在此基础上,采用竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)对波长变量进行优选,再应用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立奶粉中Mg元素含量的预测模型,并对预测集样本进行预测。研究结果表明,LIBS技术结合CARS变量选择方法可以用于奶粉中Mg元素含量的定量检测,最优CARS-PLS预测模型的校正集和预测集的决定系数及平均相对误差分别为0.9999,0.20%和0.9742,3.29%,优于原始光谱所建立的PLS模型,且所用波长变量仅为PLS模型的7.7%。由此表明,CARS方法能有效选择有用的波长变量,可简化预测模型及提高预测模型的稳定性。本研究为奶粉中镁元素含量的快速定量分析提供参考。     

多变量回归对大米中Cd元素LIBS分析精度比较

为了验证多变量回归分析提高激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术对大米中重金属元素Cd分析精度的可行性,在实验室条件下,对市售大米进行40个不同浓度梯度的氯化镉(Cd Cl2·52H2O)溶液浸泡,并对Cd污染大米进行干燥粉碎压片处理。采用优化后的LIBS系统参数采集压片大米中Cd元素的光谱信息,再利用阳极溶出伏安法(ASV)获取大米中Cd元素的真实含量。选取变量在211.03~299.96nm波长范围,运用偏最小二乘(PLS)与最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)对LIBS光谱信息与Cd真实浓度进行回归分析。PLS与LSSVM两种模型的定标集相关系数分别为0.9936,0.9992,验证集相关系数分别为0.9866,0.9946,交叉验证均方根误差RM SCEV分别为10.53,11.59,预测均方根误差RM SEP分别为10.52,10.80;定标集平均相对误差分别为17.2%,4.2%,验证集平均相对误差分别为12.1%,8.6%。试验结果表明,PLS与LSSVM两种方法均能对大米中Cd元素进行精确预测,且LSSVM的分析稳定性更好。本工作为大米中重金属Cd的LIBS快速、精确检测提供了理论参考。     

激光诱导击穿光谱快速分析炉渣

将激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)应用于钢铁冶炼过程中炉渣的快速分析。针对钢铁生产的实际需要对分析装置提出了新的设计,并自主开发了分析软件,实现了整套分析装置的自动操作和控制、光谱数据的预处理、定标曲线的线性拟合以及最终的分析结果的直接显示。分析用样品可从熔融态炉渣中直接取出,也可采用压片制样。选取不同类别的标准样品分别建立定标曲线有利于提高分析结果的准确性。定标模型的RMSEC和RMSECV分别为0.187,0.275。按所建立的方法对保护渣样品中镁含量连续进行10次测定,测定结果在0.205%～0.209%之间,表明此方法的精密度较高。     

能量色散-X射线荧光光谱测定中草药痕量镉、铅、铜

为寻求一种能够直接对中草药中重金属进行快速检测的方法,采用压片法对样品进行前处理,建立了能量色散-X射线荧光光谱法快速检测中草药中痕量重金属镉、铅、铜元素的方法。在20 min即可完成检测,镉、铅、铜检出限分别为0.072、0.207、0.340 mg/kg,测试结果表明与原子吸收和ICP-MS相比,本方法数据稳定性和准确度良好,具有快速、准确、简单的优点,能够满足药典中对重金属元素的限量要求,适用于现场快速检测与质量控制检测。     

便携式激光诱导击穿光谱仪测定土壤中重金属

土壤重金属污染对农作物生长和人体健康都有严重危害，现场快速检测对土壤重金属污染调查、应急监测具有重要意义。采用自主研发的土壤重金属激光诱导击穿光谱现场快速检测仪对矿区周边土壤进行现场检测分析，以835个不同基质土壤的光谱数据建立定标数据库，通过支持向量机建立回归模型对土壤重金属元素含量进行定量反演。现场检测获取的全波段光谱波动在15%以内，Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn等6种元素光谱强度相对标准偏差平均值为6.31%。将检测结果与实验室电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析对比，6种元素的皮尔逊相关系数r在0.850 1～0.982 9,检测结果80%以上处于±30%相对误差区间分布。对比结果表明自主研发的土壤重金属激光诱导击穿光谱现场检测仪可以满足现场快速检测需求。     

能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定中草药中的Cd元素

利用能量散射X射线荧光光谱（ED-XRF）法快速测定中草药中的Cd元素.方法对中草药进行简单预处理（粉碎）,使用X射线荧光光谱法建立中草药中Cd元素含量与相对强度的校正工作曲线,分析中草药样品中的Cd元素.Cd元素的检出限为0.083 mg/kg,定量限为0.207 mg/kg,定量限低于国家控制标准0.3 mg/kg.测量定量限以上的中草药样品时,其准确性与化学分析结果相当,重复性和稳定性等结果完全满足GB/T 4889-2008数据的统计处理标准.方法预处理时间不超过5 min,完成一个样品的检测时间不超过15 min,可应用于中草药生产企业中的重金属监控.     

Direct Determination of Aluminum in Archaeological Clays by Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Abstract

Instrumental techniques that allow the direct analysis of solids with little or no sample preparation are particularly important for the evaluation of samples that are difficult to analyze such as refractory or geological materials. Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a promising technique for the direct, rapid analysis of elements in solid materials with minimal sample preparation. The main advantages over wet techniques are virtual nondestructiveness and analysis speed. The goal of this work is the direct determination of aluminum of archaeological pieces using laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy. The corresponding signals of metals were interpolated from calibration graphs of different salts of the metals. The matrix effects from the direct determination of these elements were thoroughly investigated. The potential of this technique for direct quantitative analysis of real archaeological materials (from Department of Ancient Science, University of Zaragoza) was evaluated, and the reproducibility of LIBS spectra from different archaeological samples was measured as a function of the number of laser shots. Finally, the results from LIBS are compared with those obtained by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.     

Fused glass sample preparation for quantitative laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of geologic materials

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is a powerful analytical method, but LIBS is subject to a matrix effect which can limit its ability to produce quantitative results in complex materials such as geologic samples. Various methods of sample preparation, calibration, and data processing have been attempted to compensate for the matrix effect and improve LIBS precision. This study focuses on sample preparation by comparing fused glass as a preparation for powdered material to the more commonly used method of pressing powder into pellets for LIBS analysis of major elements in complex geologic materials. Pelletizing powdered material is a common and convenient method for preparing samples but problems with the physical matrix brought on by inconsistencies in the homogeneity, density, and laser absorption, coupled with the chemical matrix problem lead to spectral peak responses that are not always consistent with the absolute concentration of representative elements. Twenty-two mineral and rock samples were analyzed for eight major oxide elements. Samples were prepared under both glass and pellet methods and compared for internal precision and overall accuracy. Fused glass provided a more consistent physical matrix and yielded more reliable peak responses in the LIBS analysis than did the pressed pellet preparation. Statistical comparisons demonstrated that the glass samples expressed stronger separability between different mineral species based on the eight elements than for the pressed pellets and showed better spot-to-spot repeatability. Regression models showed substantially better correlations and predictive ability among the elements for the glass preparation than did those for the pressed pellets.     

Fast and sensitive trace metal analysis in aqueous solutions by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using wood slice substrates

To perform fast and sensitive trace metal analysis in aqueous solutions by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) based on only one single-pulse laser system, a wood slice has been used as a liquid absorber to transform liquid sample analysis to solid sample analysis using LIBS. High detection sensitivity and good reproducibility can be achieved with this approach. Calibration curves for five metal elements, Cr, Mn, Cu, Cd, and Pb under trace concentrations, have been obtained, and the limits of their detection were determined to be in the range of 0.029–0.59 mg L^− 1, 2–3 orders better than those obtained by directly analyzing liquid samples where the laser was focused on a liquid surface. The wood slice was very easy to handle and thus, the whole analysis process took only 4–5 min for each sample. This approach provides a more practical approach for fast and sensitive metal element analysis in aqueous solutions using LIBS, which is especially useful for monitoring toxic heavy metals in water.     

-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定硅锰冶炼渣中8种金属元素

实验采用HCl-HNO₃-HF-HClO₄混合酸为消解体系对样品进行前处理,加入1.0 mL盐酸羟胺溶液(100 g/L)溶解残渣,选择合适的同位素,以¹⁰³Rh为内标测定Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn和Cd,以¹⁹³Ir为内标测定Tl和Pb,建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定硅锰冶炼渣中8种重金属元素的方法。实验发现,样品前处理选择HCl∶HNO₃∶HF∶HClO₄=5∶5∶5∶1,并在复溶阶段加入1.0 mL盐酸羟胺溶液(100 g/L)可以完全消解样品,实验采用KED模式和干扰系数校正法消除质谱干扰,样品中待测元素的测定结果不受基体成分的干扰。通过绘制校准曲线及测定流程空白,各元素校准曲线的相关系数均大于0.9999,方法检出限为0.006~0.19 mg/kg,方法定量限为0.018~0.57 mg/kg。对硅锰渣实际样品进行测定,各元素的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)在0.83%~4.1%,加标回收率为94.7%~106%;经过人员比对实验,相对偏差为-4.54%~4.24%。测定结果稳定可靠,能满足硅锰冶炼渣中8种微量金属元素含量的分析检测要求。     

X-射线荧光光谱法快速测定半钢发热剂中Si,P,S

目前,国内没有关于半钢发热剂的国家标准检测方法,只能根据组分范围分别检测各个组分,不仅耗时而且使用的大量化学试剂对环境造成污染。故研究了X-射线荧光光谱法快速测定半钢发热剂中Si,P,S的方法。采用粉末压片制样,研究其制样条件,包括磨样时间、压样时间和压力对测定结果的影响。采用其它方法定值提供的检测样品,作为X-射线荧光光谱法内控标准样品,采用经验系数法进行基体校正,通过解谱拟合建立校准曲线,校准曲线建立后仪器建立漂移校正程序。实验结果精密度好,各元素的相对标准偏差在0.15%~1.3%。准确度满足生产需求,实验方法可用于快速检测半钢发热剂化学组分。     

Quantitative elemental analysis of nutritional,hazardous and pharmacologically active elements in medicinal Rhatany root using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

Rhatany roots (RRs) have been used in indigenous systems of medicines to treat many common illnesses due to the presence of highly active astringent and antiviral biochemical constituents that possess strong therapeutic and pharmacological properties. Due to its widespread use, the accurate knowledge on the elemental composition of this medicinal plant can set a pharmacological research platform to investigate the effect of certain elements, and their ions in mediating the human metabolism and therapy. In this work calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) is used to detect the elements present in RRs sample, by analyzing the characteristic emission wavelengths and their respective intensities in the laser induced plasma, without the need for using any calibration standards or methods. Many nutritional elements, which are of human health significance and instrumental in mediating the established biological activities of RRs, were identified in a relative abundance. In addition to this, our analysis identified the trace level of a few toxic elements, whose overdose due to reckless intake wreaks havoc to human health and wellbeing. The reliability of qualitative and quantitative detection of the elements in RR by LIBS were validated by the standard inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES), the results of which are in good agreement with LIBS data with better relative accuracy. Also, in order to discriminate, and single out any two elements with the overlapping emission wavelength in LIBS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was also carried out, which in its own right is in good agreement with the elemental analysis of LIBS in general.