模拟保留指数法分析汽油族组成

传统上用气相色谱正构烃类为基准的Kovats保留指数或线性保留指数对汽油的组份进行定性，分析汽油族组成．但此方法有一定的局限性，一是不适合多阶程序升温过程的分析，其次是对于烯烃含量较多的汽油用软件自动识别分析时，需人工干预，色谱峰总的识别率经常低于90.0％．提出了模拟指数的概念和计算规则．采用模拟保留指数定性，色谱峰识别准确，色谱峰总的识别率一般能达99．5％以上．     

GC/MS中保留指数和保留温度回归分析应用于单萜烯结构确认

GC／MS定性分析中,由于同分异构体的质谱图相似,常常出现结构鉴定错误．同分异构体化合物的保留行为具有较大地差别,采用文献保留指数和保留温度测定值回归分析方法对2篇已发表论文进行了研究,发现了对单萜烯类同分异构体结构鉴定中存在的错误,并提出可能的正确结构．文献保留指数和保留温度测定值回归分析方法可以简化GC／MS色谱峰的定性分析过程,提高定性分析的准确性,在样品定性分析中具很强的使用价值．     

工业萘中碱性化合物的气相色谱—质谱分析

用气相色谱—质谱法分析复杂混合物时,异构体的鉴定是一个尚待解决的问题。本文提出了能鉴定吡啶,苯胺,二氢吲哚等含氮杂环芳烃的低级烷基取代衍生物的各异构体的R_t-bp-MS 法,即先利用质谱特性按分子离子峰的m/e 分类,用同类中少数已知物的保留指数对沸点作图,可分别连成各类的直线,这样由未知物的保留指数得到其沸点,而由沸点查得化合物名称。本文用此法分析了从工业荼中高度浓缩所得碱性化合物,鉴定出58个组份。分析使用PEG-20M 玻璃毛细管柱(SCOT 柱,长50米,内径0.22毫米),用程序升温。保留指数测定的标准偏差(σ)小于0.50指数单位。本方法可能适用于其他类型化合物的GC-MS 分析。     

结合直观推导式演进特征投影法分析原油中非烃结构和含量

提出一种分析原油非烃结构和含量的方法。用直观推导式演进特征投影法分辨有关二维数据以获得非烃的纯色谱和纯质谱,再将所获质谱在标准质谱库中检索,并结合色谱保留指数分析等来进行单个非烃化合物结构鉴定;利用实验数据,根据分辨获得的纯色谱峰面积所建立的规一化模型,进行非烃化合物定量分析。用本法确定了一原油样品中168个含氮化合物和该油样一个馏分中60个其它非烃化合物的结构和含量。本方法具有系统分析原油非烃结构和含量的通用性;标准化合物加标回收实验表明,其准确度很好。     

后目标分析法用于盐益智仁挥发性成分的顶空-气相色谱-四级杆/飞行时间质谱分析

后目标分析法用于中药挥发性成分分析,可对复杂基体实行快速、准确、宽范围的分析,成功解决了化合物因共洗脱、柱流失等干扰无法定性的问题. 气相色谱-质谱检测的结果运用图谱检索结合保留指数和准确质量的后目标分析方法从盐益智仁挥发性成分中共鉴定出119个化合物. 通过保留指数推算保留时间,结合窄质量窗口提取离子色谱图的后目标分析方法降低了背景干扰,提高选择性,有利于复杂基体中痕量成分的分析,又鉴定出3个目标化合物. 此外,由串联质谱推测化合物裂解规律,辅以二级质谱中碎片离子准确质量,又鉴定出一个化合物.     

依兰鲜花头香及其净油中芳香挥发组分的研究

〕本文采用循环吹气吸附法采集依兰鲜花头香。用毛细管气相色谱双柱保留指数和GC/MS/DS联用方法分析了依兰鲜花头香及其净油并进行了比较。从头香中完全和初步鉴定了28种组分,占总峰面积的99.51％,其中含氧化合物占92.65％;从净油中完全和初步鉴定了31种化合物,占总峰面积的84.68％,其中含氧化合物占41.76％,倍半萜类化合物占42.92％。头香的组分主要分布在保留温度90℃以下,占总峰面积的80.80％,而净油的组分主要分布在140℃以上,占总峰面积的76.91％。头香中有13个组分在净油中没有检出。用嗅觉鉴定给出了两种样品的主要赋香成分。     

大叶桉叶挥发油的化学成分研究

用挥发油提取器提取大叶桉干叶中的挥发油,利用色质联用(GC/MS)产生的双线性数据,藉化学计量学分辨方法,得到了各组分的纯物质色谱峰和质谱图。根据色谱保留时间,同时利用解析所得的纯物质质谱图在NIST质谱数据库进行相似检索来对各个组分进行定性分析;采用色谱峰面积归一法计算各化合物的相对含量。共分离了113个化合物,鉴定了其中90个,占总挥发油的93.28%。主要为萜类、萜醇类等化合物,还成功地检测出一些色谱分离不完全和低含量的组分。     

用熵最小算法解析桂郁金挥发油GC-MS重叠谱

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对桂郁金中提取的挥发油成分进行检测,同时用熵最小算法对其中的共流物色谱峰进行解析,并通过质谱库检索和程序升温保留指数相结合的方式对解析得到的各纯组分进行定性分析。将桂郁金挥发油各组分的质谱数据直接与美国国家标准及技术研究所(NIST)数据库进行比对,鉴定出38个化合物;在挥发油的色谱图中,存在一些因分离不完全而导致的共流物色谱峰,以保留时间为1 106.52~1 108.38 s及1 184 s的色谱峰为例,经熵最小算法解析,共发现5个纯组分。采用熵最小算法可以清楚地对共流物色谱峰进行解析并得到所包含的各个纯组分,该法可提高复杂成分定性定量分析结果的准确性。     

赖百当挥发性香气成分的研究

本文采用循环吹气吸附法捕集赖百当头香。用GC/MS/DS及毛细管气相色谱双柱保留指数的办法进行了分析鉴定。共鉴定了39种成分,占总峰面积的96.7%,其中5种在有关精油文献中未曾报道过,萜类化合物含量显著,是赖百当头香的一个特点。尝试了在头香分析中应用GC/FTIR联用技术。     

一种变压器油色谱峰识别算法的设计

在变压器油色谱峰识别领域,传统的一阶导数法需要斜率阈值来实现色谱峰识别,因此自动化程度低及容易失真。针对这些缺点,本文在一阶导数法的基础上进行了改进,将迭代移动平均及归一化分析技术应用到色谱峰识别中,通过对信号曲线及方波曲线多次迭代移动平均确定最优的归一化识峰参数,结合色谱峰的绝对保留时间及识峰窗口实现对色谱峰的准确识别。实验结果表明：该算法可以准确识别色谱峰,对噪声、色谱峰的峰宽及峰形变化不敏感,具有很强的自适应性,满足变压器油中气体在线监测装置的现场使用要求。     

苯丙胺类毒品及其衍生物的气相色谱-红外光谱分析

采用气相色谱一傅立叶变换红外光谱联用技术,建立了9种苯丙胺类毒品及其衍生物的分析鉴别方法.采用HP-1(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm)毛细管柱,MCT红外检测器与氢火焰检测器同时检测,在程序升温条件下,以十七烷为内标物,研究已知对照品的色谱保留行为及其气态红外光谱图特征,建立相应的特征吸收峰数据库,作为鉴别分析的依据.色谱保留时间与红外特征吸收峰联合鉴别法极大地提高了鉴别的准确性.将发展的方法应用于可疑毒品物证中苯丙胺类及其衍生物毒品样品的鉴别,获得了理想的结果.本方法可用于涉毒案件毒品物证的检验,特别适用于混合毒品成分的检验.     

色谱保留时间在蛋白质组研究中的应用

液相色谱与串联质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)技术是蛋白质组学研究中的常见方法。保留时间作为独立于质谱信息的参数已经被用于蛋白质的鉴定和定量工作中。在多肽鉴定领域,多肽的色谱保留时间预测与常规的二级串联质谱数据库搜索算法结合可以提高鉴定的可信度。鉴定的灵敏度也可以通过匹配多次LC-MS实验中具有相同精确质量数和保留时间的峰而提高。另一方面,由于色谱条件的微小改变即会引起保留时间的变化,因此对多次实验结果进行保留时间比对是进行非标记定量的不可或缺的步骤。另外,联合保留时间偏移和质量数信息还可以进行蛋白质翻译后修饰(post-translational modification, PTM)的鉴定。     

Fingerprint Analysis of Euonymus alatus (Thuhb) siebold by LC–DAD and LC–ESI–MS

A liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was first developed for a chemical fingerprint analysis of Euonymus alatus (Thuhb) siebold (EAS) and rapid identification of major compounds in the fingerprints. Fingerprint profiles were found to be consistent for the herbs acquired from different locations, but the relative abundance of peaks was varied. Twelve peaks were chosen as the common peaks. Quercetin and rutin were detected by comparing the retention times, MS and UV spectra with the standards. The relative retention time and relative peak area of the 12 peaks in the fingerprint were calculated by setting the quercetin as the reference peak. The experimental data were used for similarity calculation and hierarchical clustering analysis. By comparing the UV and MS spectra data with those of the authentic standards and literature, five main peaks in the fingerprints were identified. Finally, five medicinal portions of the herb (leaf, fruit, stem, pterygium and root) were also analyzed by this method. It was found that there were similar chemical components in different parts of this herb but the contents were very different. The developed fingerprint assay was specific and could be readily utilized for comprehensive evaluation of EAS, as well as to distinguish different medicinal portions.     

Capillary column gas chromatographic identification of sugars in honey as trimethylsilyl derivatives

A method for identifying carbohydrates (mono-, di- and trisaccharides) in honey is presented. It is based on the separate preparation of both trimethylsilyl ethers and oxime trimethylsilyl ethers of the sugars followed by their gas chromatographic separation on a fused-silica capillary column coated with OV-101 using temperature programming. From the two chromatograms, the number of peaks given by each derivatized sugar, their relative retention times and peak-area ratios are used for identification. The identities of two unidentified trisaccharide peaks are considered. Quantitative applications to honey sugar analysis are discussed.     

Prelminary Reports on Structural Study via Mercury-Sensitized Photolysis and Gas Chromatography

The combination of photolysis and gas-liquid chromatography results in “fingerprints” which are much superior to the pyrolysis gas chromatography method for the identification of organic compounds. With this photolysis-GIC method, a number of methyl ethers, benzyl ethers, isopropyl ethers and tert-butyl ethers were chromato-graphically purified and photolytically decomposed by way of mercury sensitization. The photolytic degration products were temperature programmed in a sensitive gas-liquid chromatograph. The “fingerprint” product peaks were calculated into retention indices, Δ I-values and I-values, and grouped into homologous peaks, common peaks and distinctive peaks. Identification of parent structures is obtained by the correlation of retention indices in the above three groups of peaks.     

Unravelling the composition of very complex samples by comprehensive gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Cigarette smoke

The potential and current limitations of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC-TOF-MS) for the analysis of very complex samples were studied with the separation of cigarette smoke as an example. Because of the large number of peaks in such a GC x GC chromatogram it was not possible to perform manual data processing. Instead, the GC-TOF-MS software was used to perform peak finding, deconvolution and library search in an automated fashion; this resulted in a peak table containing some 30000 peaks. Mass spectral match factors were used to evaluate the library search results. The additional use of retention indices and information from second-dimension retention times can substantially improve the identification. The combined separation power of the GC x GC-TOF-MS system and the deconvolution algorithm provide a system with a most impressive separation power.     

Retention indices in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

The identification of compounds by using gas chromatography (GC) in samples with significant complexity comprising a range of isomeric species, where characterization is based on peak retention times and mass spectra, generates uncertainty for the analyst. This leads to identification errors. The most reliable way to confirm the identification of each compound is based on authentic standard co-injection, which in several cases is economically prohibitive, and often unachievable in the time available for analysis. Retention index procedures are important tools to minimize misidentification of compounds in conventional chromatography. The introduction of comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC × GC) for analysis of complex samples was a decisive step to increase the analytical capacity of chromatographic techniques. For many samples, the chromatographic resolution increase leads to quantitative expansion in the number of peaks identified, compared with conventional GC analysis. Notwithstanding this improved resolution, limitations still persist in correct peak identification, which suggests the use of retention indices may assist in supporting component identification in this important technique. In this work, approaches to use of the retention index in GC × GC are discussed, based on an evaluation of the literature in this area. Interpretation of effective chain length data for fatty acid methyl esters in the first and second dimensions is presented.     

Fast gradient elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography with diode-array detection as a high-throughput screening method for drugs of abuse. II. Data analysis

In Part I of this work, we developed a method for the detection of drugs of abuse in biological samples based on fast gradient elution liquid-chromatography coupled with diode array spectroscopic detection (LC-DAD). In this part of the work, we apply the chemometric method of target factor analysis (TFA) to the chromatograms. This algorithm identifies the target compounds present in chromatograms based on a spectral library, resolves nearly co-eluting components, and differentiates between drugs with similar spectra. The ability to resolve highly overlapped peaks using the spectral data afforded by the DAD is what distinguishes the present method from conventional library searching methods. Our library has a mean list length (MLL) of 1.255 and a discriminating power of 0.997 when both retention index and spectral factors are considered. The algorithm compares a library of 47 different compounds of toxicological relevance to unknown samples and identifies which compounds are present based on spectral and retention index matching. The application of a corrected retention index for identification rather than raw retention times compensates for long-term and column-to-column retention time shifts and allows for the use of a single library of spectral and retention data. Training data sets were used to establish the search and identification parameters of the method. A validation data set of 70 chromatograms was used to calculate the sensitivity (correct identification of positives) and specificity (correct identification of negatives) of the method, which were found to be 92% and 94%, respectively.     

基于遗传算法的色谱指纹峰配对识别方法

指纹峰配对识别是色谱指纹图谱分析中的关键环节之一，本文提出一种基于遗传算法的色谱指纹峰配对识别方法。该法根据对照色谱指纹图谱的峰分布特性初选出若干标定蜂，将其存入一个候选标定蜂库；同时根据这些候选标定峰从待测指纹图谱中选出相应的候选标定峰，也存入候选标定峰库；再用遗传算法从库中选取一组标定峰用于校正待测指纹图谱中各峰的峰位，并自动识别出与对照色谱指纹图谱相对应的各指纹峰。仿真实验及实际分析实验结果均表明，该法识别指纹峰准确可靠，可用于色谱指纹图谱相似度的快速自动计算。