氢中杂质CO对LaNi5,LaNi4.7Al0.3,MlNi4.5Al0.5合金PCT特性的影响

研究了 3种贮氢合金 ,即LaNi5 ,LaNi4.7Al0 .3,MlNi4.5 Al0 .5 在纯氢 ( 99 999% )及含 0 0 1%CO气体杂质氢中毒化前后的PCT特性。对于LaNi5 ,毒化后不出现平台 ;对LaNi4.7Al0 .3及MlNi4.5 Al0 .5 合金 ,平台压升高 ,平台倾斜加剧 ,平台宽度缩小 ,饱和吸氢量减小。LaNi5 中加入少量Al后 ,可以提高其抗毒化能力。分析了PCT平台变短、倾斜的原因。     

镁镍系储氢合金的制备研究

镁系储氢合金具有储氢量高，低成本，轻质化等优点。Mg和Mg2Ni的理论储氢量分别为7．6wt％和3．6wt％，远高于其它类储氢合金。但Mg-Ni系合金的室温下吸放氢动力学性质差，在碱性电解液中容易氧化，长期以来Mg2Ni储氢合金并未能向LaNi5型合金那样适用预Ni-MH的负极材料。近年来，对Mg2Ni型合金的性能研究表明，它的理论放电容量接近1000mAh／g，远高于当前主要商用LaNi5型合金（放电容量仅为370mAh／g）。     

镁镍系储氢合金的制备研究

镁系储氢合金具有储氢量高,低成本,轻质化等优点.Mg和Mg2Ni的理论储氢量分别为7.6wt%和3.6wt%,远高于其它类储氢合金.但Mg-Ni系合金的室温下吸放氢动力学性质差,在碱性电解液中容易氧化,长期以来Mg2Ni储氢合金并未能向LaNi5型合金那样适用预Ni-MH的负极材料.     

AB2型Laves相储氢合金研究进展

AB₂型储氢合金因其具有理论储氢容量高、循环寿命长以及性价比高等优点引起研究者的广泛研究兴趣。但是，AB₂型储氢合金还存在活化困难、易毒化以及平台高等缺点阻碍了其实际应用。近年，针对AB₂型合金的缺点，研究者们进行了大量的改性研究，并取得了很大进展。本文综述了AB₂型储氢合金近30年以来的研究进展情况，重点介绍了改善其储氢性能的方法，提出了AB₂型合金今后的重点研究方向。     

储氢合金La0.7-xCexMg0.3Ni2.4Co0.6(x=0～0.4)电化学性能研究

研究了以Ce部分取代La对AB3型储氢合金La0.7-xCexMg0.3Ni2.4Co0.6(x=0~0.4)结构和电化学性能的影响.实验表明,该系列合金主要包含LaNi3相和LaNi5相.随着Ce含量的增加,合金电极的最大放电容量逐渐降低,但循环稳定性得到了明显改善.     

高容量的Ti-V基BCC相储氢合金

储氢合金是有希望成为燃料电池供氢源的方式之一,在各类储氢合金中,以LaNi5为代表的AB5和以TiMn2为代表的AB5发展已较成熟,但由于其储氢量小于2％(质量百分比)而制约了其应用,Mg基合金具有较大的储氢量(3％左右),但由于其吸放氢条件(温度在473K以上)苛刻难以满足燃料     

LaNi5类合金的软化学合成

LaNi5类合金是公认的性能优良的常温储氢材料.和其它的稀土过渡金属金属间化合物不同,由于存在不同的扩散机理,用还原-扩散方法很难制备物相纯的LaNi5合金.反应时间、反应温度和所用镍粉的粒径大小都决定着最后LaNi5合金的纯度.......     

La0.7-xNdxMg0.3Ni3.4Al0.1(x=0～0.4)储氢合金的相结构及电化学性能

采用真空烧结方式制备了AB3.5型La0.7-xNdxMg0.3Ni3.4Al0.1(x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3和0.4)储氢合金.XRD分析表明,所有合金均由LaNi5,La2Ni7和LaNi3三相组成.当Nd含量增加时,合金中的LaNi5和La2Ni7相含量有不同程度的增加,而LaNi3相相应减少.电化学性能测试表明,添加适量的Nd能改善合金电极的循环稳定性,其中La0.6Nd0.1Mg0.3Ni3.4Al0.1合金具有相对较好的综合性能,其最大放电容量达到322.4 mAh·g-1,循环50周的容量保持率(S50)达到89.98%.     

低钴LaNi4.5Co0.4-xAl0.1+x储氢合金的相结构和电极性能

采用XRD,SEM等材料分析方法及恒电流充放电、线性极化等电化学测试技术研究了低钴LaNi4.5Co0.4-xAl0.1+x(x=0.00～0.30)储氢合金的电极性能。XRD分析表明:合金均为单一CaCu5型六方结构的LaNi5相结构,随着合金中Al含量的增加,其晶胞参数a和c及晶胞体积都显著增加。301 K时模拟电池测试结果表明:x=0.00时,合金电极具有最佳自放电性能;x=0.15时,合金电极的循环稳定性能最好,其高倍率放电性能达到70.21%(放电电流密度为1800 mA.g-1)。当0.10≤x≤0.15时,Al替代Co能改善AB5型低钴储氢合金的循环稳定性能和高倍率放电性能。     

硼对La17Fe76B7型储氢合金结构和电化学性能的影响

采用中频感应熔炼-快淬方法制备了La17Fe3Mn5Al2Ni73-xBx(x=0,1,3,5)储氢合金。结构分析表明,不含B的合金为双相结构,主相为LaNi5相,第二相为La2Ni7相,含B合金均由LaNi5相、La2Ni7相和La3Ni13B2相组成,且随着B含量的增加,LaNi5相和La2Ni7相减少,La3Ni13B2相逐渐增加。电化学测试表明,随着B含量的增加,合金的活化性能、最大放电容量不同程度下降,而循环稳定性有所改善。合金电极的倍率放电能力(HRD)随着B含量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,表明适量的B有利于提高合金的高倍率放电性能。合金电极的交换电流密度(I0)随着B含量的增加先增大后减小,而氢在合金中的扩散系数(D)则逐渐增大,表明合金的高倍率放电性能主要取决于合金表面的电荷转移能力。     

Hydrogen in La2MgNi9D13: the role of magnesium

Reversible hydrogen storage capacity of the La(3-x)Mg(x)Ni(9) alloys, charged by gaseous hydrogen or by electrochemical methods, reaches its maximum at composition La(2)MgNi(9). As (La,Mg)Ni(3-3.5) alloys are the materials used in advanced metal hydride electrodes in Ni-MH batteries, this raises interest in the study of the structure-properties interrelation in the system La(2)MgNi(9)-H(2) (D(2)). In the present work, this system has been investigated by use of in situ synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction in H(2)/D(2) gas and by performing pressure-composition-temperature measurements. The saturated La(2)MgNi(9)D(13.1) hydride forms via an isotropic expansion and crystallizes with a trigonal unit cell (space group R3m (No.166); a = 5.4151(1) ?; c = 26.584(2) ?; V = 675.10(6) ?(3)). The studied hybrid structure is composed of a stacking of two layers resembling existing intermetallic compounds LaNi(5) (CaCu(5) type) and LaMgNi(4) (Laves type). These are occupied by D to form LaNi(5)D(5.2) and LaMgNi(4)D(7.9). The LaNi(5)D(5.2) slab has a typical structure observed for all reported LaNi(5)-containing hybrid structures of the AB(5) + Laves phase types. However, the Laves type slab LaMgNi(4)D(7.9) is different from the characterized individual LaMgNi(4)D(4.85) hydride. This results from the filling of a greater variety of interstitial sites in the La(2)MgNi(9)D(13)/LaMgNi(4)D(7.9), including MgNi(2), Ni(4), (La/Mg)(2)Ni(2), and (La/Mg)Ni(3), in contrast with individual LaMgNi(4)D(4.85) where only La(2)MgNi(2) and Ni(4) interstitials are occupied. Despite a random distribution of La and Mg in the structure, a local hydrogen ordering takes place with H atoms favoring occupation of two Mg-surrounded sites, triangles MgNi(2) and tetrahedra LaMgNi(2). A directional bonding between Ni, Mg, and hydrogen is observed and is manifested by a formation of the NiH(4) tetrahedra and MgH(6) octahedra, which are connected to each other by sharing H vertexes to form a spatial framework.     

热处理对La4MgNi19储氢电极合金结构和性能的影响

以感应熔炼和不同的热处理工艺制备了La₄MgNi₁₉合金, 用X射线衍射(XRD)和电化学测试系统研究了该合金的相结构和电化学性能. 结构分析表明: 当热处理工艺为900 °C+水淬时, 合金主要由CaCu₅结构的LaNi₅相和少量未知相组成; 当热处理工艺为900 °C退火时, 合金主要由Pr₅Co₁₉、Ce₅Co₉结构的(La, Mg)₅Ni₁₉相及少量CaCu₅结构的LaNi₅相组成. 淬火和退火后合金的电化学循环稳定性(S₁₀₀)分别为49.7%及76.0%, 合金电极的电化学性能和相结构密切相关. 退火热处理有利于生成Pr₅Co₁₉、Ce₅Co₉型相. 在La-Mg-Ni 系储氢合金中, La₄MgNi₁₉合金电化学循环稳定性不及La₃MgNi₁₄合金.     

LaNi5基贮氢合金的还原性

At room temperature, LaNi5-based multicomponent alloys can easily react with Cu2+ aqueous solution (such as the CuSO4 solution). The elements La, Ni, Co, Mn and Al in the alloys were oxidized to form their ions correspondingly, and the Cu2+ ion was reduced to precipitate as metal copper.     

Hydrogen Oxidation on a Platinum Microelectrode: Effect of Carbon Monoxide Impurities

The kinetics of the hydrogen oxidation and the CO adsorption on a Pt (ultra)microelectrode is studied in a 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution saturated with a mixture of gaseous H₂ and CO at partial CO pressures p _CO = 10–500 ppm. The balance between rates of diffusion and adsorption of CO at different adsorption times is studied. Studied is the effect of CO impurities in H₂ on steady-state polarization curves for the hydrogen ionization and nonsteady-state curves of the oxidation current decay with time at 0.02–0.05 V. Conditions under which in a certain time interval and at a certain CO concentration the slope of an I vs. t curve is proportional to p _CO are determined. The obtained dependence may be used when designing a technique for monitoring CO impurities in technical hydrogen.     

Ti-V基储氢合金及其氢化物的物相结构与组分优化设计

Ti-V基储氢合金在室温、常压下即可表现出良好的储氢特性,且质量储氢容量明显高于传统AB₅型储氢合金,从而在氢气的精制和回收、运输和储存及热泵等方面有较早的应用。 此外,在混合气体分离、核反应堆中处理氢的同位素、镍氢电池及燃料电池负极材料等方面也得到了广泛的研究与关注。 基于目前Ti-V基储氢合金的研究现状,概述了该类合金的优势、限制性因素(包括成因)及改性手段。 此外,为了进一步理解Ti-V基合金储氢机理、构建合金组分与储氢特性之间的对应关系,本工作重点围绕Ti-V基储氢合金及其氢化物的结构、组分优化设计展开综述,并对其未来研究方向做出展望。     

Embedded cluster model studies of impurities at metal surfaces

A knowledge of the electronic properties of impurities at metal surfaces is of great value in the understanding of such important phenomena as chemisorption and surface segregation in alloys. We have adopted here a unified approach based on an Embedded Cluster model to study the properties of surface impurities. We have mainly concentrated on hydrogen impurities either adsorbed above the surface or incorporated into the bulk of metals. We have also considered the case of substitutional metal impurities at the surface of host metals.For hydrogen chemisorption we have considered such substrates as free-electron, transition and noble metals as well as bimetallic substrates composed of a single metal impurity in a host matrix or a metallic overlayer on a metal support. The electronic structure of the chemisorbed system is compared to photoemission data when available, from which interpretation of the details of the experimental spectra may be made. It is found that hydrogen adsorption on transition and noble metals results in the formation of a pair of bonding/antibonding resonances on either side of the metal d-band, while for hydrogen on free-electron metals a single hydrogen induced resonance is observed. One-electron energy differences between the H on jellium and H on metal systems are estimated and trends in such energies across the 3d and 4d transition series are compared to the trends in experimental chemisorption energies for H on these metals. The change in hydrogen chemisorption capacity of an inert substrate due to the introduction of chemically active impurities is investigated. The different properties of Pd overlayers with respect to Pd surfaces are also investigated. Interaction energies between adatoms on surfaces are estimated in order to predict the geometry of ordered structures on surfaces.One-electron heats of segregation for binary alloys are calculated. These show a strong solute surface segregation for noble metal impurities in group VIII metals, which is due to the higher d-band occupancy of the noble metal.     

Determination of diffusible and total hydrogen concentration in coated and uncoated steel using melt and solid extraction techniques: Part I

It is essentially to know the bulk hydrogen concentration in various types of steel because it indicates the amount of hydrogen that can be trapped by the different alloys of steel. This information leads to more knowledge about the interactions of steel alloys with hydrogen containing environment and stability of the steel material during usage. To get this information precise analytical methods are necessary.Although the analytical methods for the determination of hydrogen in steel samples are often discussed, there are no sufficient systematic studies as far as the influence of the sample preparation on the analytical value is concerned.The influence of different sample preparation methods on the hydrogen determination in steel at parts per million levels by melting extracting methods has been investigated in this work. The hydrogen was measured by thermal conductivity and infrared detection. The flat sheet samples were zinc coated and uncoated ferritic types of steel. The zinc coating was removed by chemical (acid etching) and physical (paper scraping) methods. Dichloromethane acetone/ethanol, tetrachloromethane and alkaline steel cleaner (Ridoline C72) have been used for cleaning the surface of uncoated samples. The results of the total hydrogen content obtained by applying the different methods were evaluated.     

Gas chromatographic analysis of trace gas impurities in tungsten hexafluoride

Highly reactive fluorinated gaseous matrices require special equipment and techniques for the gas chromatographic analysis of trace impurities in these gases. The impurities that were analysed at the low-microg/l levels included oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur hexafluoride and hydrogen. This paper describes the use of a system utilising backflush column switching to protect the columns and detectors in the analysis of trace gas impurities in tungsten hexafluoride. Two separate channels were used for the analysis of H2, O2, N2, CO, CO2 and SF6 impurities with pulsed discharge helium ionisation detection.     

Electrochemical behavior of Pd–Rh alloys

Pd–Rh alloys were prepared by electrochemical codeposition. Bulk compositions of the alloys were determined by the energy dispersive X-ray analysis method, while surface compositions were determined from the potential of the surface oxide reduction peak. Cyclic voltammograms, recorded in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ for Pd–Rh alloys of different bulk and surface compositions, are intermediate between curves characteristic of Pd and Rh. The influence of potential cycling on electrochemical properties and surface morphologies of the alloys was studied. Due to electrochemical dissolution of metals, both alloy surface and bulk become enriched with Pd. Carbon oxides were adsorbed at a constant potential from the range of hydrogen adsorption. The presence of adsorbed CO₂ causes remarkable diminution of hydrogen adsorption but it does not significantly influence hydrogen insertion into the alloy bulk. On the other hand, in the presence of adsorbed CO, both hydrogen absorption and adsorption are strongly suppressed. Oxidative removal of the adsorbates results in a characteristic voltammetric peak, whose potential increases with the decrease in Rh surface content. Electron per site (eps) values calculated for the oxidation of the adsorbates change with alloy surface composition, more for CO₂ than CO adsorption, indicating the variation of the structure and composition of CO₂ and CO adsorption products. The course of the dependence of eps values on surface composition suggests that the products of CO₂ and CO adsorption on Pd–Rh alloys are similar but not totally identical.