表面反应动力学机理研究的新进展

介绍了近年来发展起来的研究表面反应动力学机理的新方法－－多和催化微观动力学分析，通过对表面化学键的形成和断裂的估计估算出基元反应的动力学参数，从而描述催化反应的特征。     

基于超快多维振动光谱技术解析分子体系的三维空间构型

超快多维振动光谱技术目前已经被广泛应用到各种凝聚态分子体系中分子的结构以及快速变化动力学过程的测量之中,并有望成为新一代解析分子体系微观结构及超快行为的常规手段。本文从两个主线出发,介绍如何利用超快多维振动光谱技术解析分子体系的三维空间构型。一方面通过测量分子内各个振动模式跃迁偶极矩间的夹角来获得分子体系内不同基团的相对空间取向,并最终确定分子的空间构型。另一方面,通过详细解析分子间振动能量转移的机理,进而将实验中测得的振动能量转移速率转化为分子之间的距离信息。     

分子反应动力学如何走向21世纪

分子反应动力学领域正在发展之中,还远未进入成熟期。有些课题,如涉及对化学反应性基本理解方面的飞秒化学、立体化学动力学、态一态化学、选模化学以及有关新反应类型方面的团簇化学动力学、自由基反应动力学、气一固表面反应动力学等皆处于它们发展的中间阶段。另外有些课题,如激光控制化学反应,则仅处于初创阶段。它们如何进入21世纪呢?我们建议将来应该研究如下课题:(1)飞秒化学及立体态一态动力学;(2)激光控制化学反应;(3)团簇形成规律、结构及动力学;(4)分子高振动激发态光谱、自由基光谱及动力学;(5)理论研究。本文对上述课题给予简要的讨论。     

原位拉曼光谱技术用于反应和结晶控制研究进展

随着高分辨光谱技术和原位技术的发展,原位拉曼光谱的研制促进一系列原位微观物理化学行为及机理的研究,对材料的设计和应用有着重要意义.本文从拉曼光谱的原理及拉曼信号的影响因素出发,概述原位拉曼光谱技术用于反应和结晶控制的具体实例,总结原位拉曼光谱在化学反应和溶液结晶中晶体多态性、中间体和产物微观结构、化学键合模式等方面的研究进展,为研究反应及结晶机理提供重要线索,并对原位拉曼光谱技术的发展趋势进行了预测.     

凝聚液态水溶液中的化学反应

液态水是进行化学反应的最重要介质与溶剂之一,也是研究在凝聚(液)态中进行化学反应的主要对象。在不同的外界条件下(特别是极端条件下),液态水的组成、结构与性能会发生很大的变化,促使在其中进行的化学反应呈现不同的特点,因而形成了温和条件下、水热条件下(Hydrothermal condition)与超临界水热条件下(Supercritical water codition)三大类型反应的凝聚态化学。本文立足凝聚态,讨论了在温和(一般)条件下,液态水与水溶液的组成、结构与性能对发生于其中的化学反应(包括溶解与结晶反应、盐类复分解反应、酸碱反应、沉淀反应、成胶与晶化反应、水解反应、氧化-还原反应以及配位化学反应)的影响,包括对反应物存在状态与化学活性,化学反应的过程与机理,反应的中间与最后产物的组成、结构等造成的影响,以及产生的结果与规律等有关的反应化学。通过这些讨论我们提出应从凝聚态的角度看待发生于液态水溶液中的化学反应,并希望这种新视角对研究在其他类型液体(诸如有机溶剂、离子液体、分子熔体等)中进行的化学反应时有所帮助,同时能加强彼此间的交流、讨论与批判,协力为推动以液态为主要研究对象的凝聚态化学的研究与学科建设提供有益的基础。     

二十四面体Pt纳米晶电极上甲酸解离吸附反应动力学研究

研究了甲酸在二十四面体Pt纳米晶（THHPtNCs）电极表面解离吸附反应过程.电化学原位红外反射光谱结果显示,甲酸在低电位（-0.20V（SCE））即可在THHPtNCs电极上氧化到CO2,同时发生分子内化学键断裂生成吸附态CO物种.运用程序电位阶跃暂态方法定量研究甲酸解离吸附反应动力学,测得5×10^-3mol·L^-1 HCOOH＋0.1mol·L^-1 H2SO4溶液中甲酸在THHPtNCs电极上解离吸附的最大平均速率υamax为13.19×10^-10mol·cm^-2·s^-1,是商品Pt/C催化剂电极上υamax的1.5倍.研究结果揭示了THHPtNCs的反应活性显著高于Pt/C催化剂.     

针对高中生有关物质结构的前科学概念的探查研究

1　引言现代化学教育的着眼点不是看学生学会了哪些化学知识 ,而是帮助学生理解化学的核心概念 ,形成化学认识 ,发展对物质及其变化的解释力。化学概念众多 ,哪些是核心概念呢 ?目前普遍认为化学核心概念至少包括以下几类 :(1)微粒———原子、分子、离子 ;(2 )微粒间的作用———化学键 ;(3)分子构型———三维化学 ;(4)动力学理论 ;(5 )化学反应 ;(6 )现代化学的新进展。这 6类概念均与对物质结构的微观认识相联系 ,可见使学生形成正确的物质结构微观认识是很重要的任务。然而 ,由于微观世界看不到 ,摸不着 ,学生对微观世界的认识也就形式…     

微微秒激光技术及其在光化学动力学上的应用

近年来,随着激光技术的飞速发展,微微秒(ps)激光脉冲已成为一门瞬态时间的测量技术——微微秒激光技术。它作为了解微观世界各种瞬态过程的强有力工具,已引起各国科学家的高度重视。这种新技术可用来研究光化学动力学,植物的光合作用,以及生物物理学、等离子体和凝聚态物理学中超快瞬变状态等。特别是在研究光化学反应动力学过程和了解化学反应的本质方面,更显示出它的重要性。过去不能直接测量的超短现象,现在逐步可以实现了。化学工作者早已憧憬的“直接观察”各种化学反应的愿望的实现已不是遥远的未来。总之,微微秒激光技术为人们揭开微观世界的奥秘,开辟了一条广阔的道路。     

化学动力学发展的前沿与展望

化学动力学作为物理化学学科的一个分支已有很久的历史,并概括为研究化学反应的机理与速率的科学。化学动力学的发展经历了从现象的观察到理论的分析,从宏观的测量到微观的探索,因而它又分为宏观化学动力学和微观反应动力学,后者又称分子反应动力学。1928年M. Polanyi研究Na_2+Cl_2反应的机理,相继建立了多维势能面来研究反应的进程,被誉为微观反应动力学诞生的里程碑。七十年代以来,分子束和激光技术的发展并在动力学研究中广泛应用,促使反应动力学的研究得到长足进步。1986年诺贝尔化等奖授予这个领域的三位著名化学家D. R. Herschbach,Y. T. Lee和J. C. Polanyi,标志着化学反应动力学的重要性,以及目前已经取得的进展和达到的水平。     

基元化学反应态态动力学研究*

化学反应动力学是化学领域最基础的学科之一,量子态分辨的基元化学反应动力学在最为基本的原子与分子的层次上对化学反应的机制提供深刻的理解。该领域的科学家们通过精心设计的实验和高精度的理论计算,使得态态反应动力学在过去的半个多世纪中取得了长足的进步,实验和理论的相互结合极大地促进了我们对化学反应本质的认识。本文从实验研究的角度,通过对实验技术的发展和对H₂O光解离、H+H₂、F+H₂、Cl+H₂、OH+H₂、F+CH₄等具体实例的态态动力学研究的简介,概况介绍了过去二十年里态态化学反应动力学研究所取得的进展,希望借此为读者提供对化学反应动力学领域的一个概略认识。     

Chemical oscillations in the metal ion-catalyzed bromate-4-aminophenol reaction

Temporal oscillations of the bromate-4-aminophenol system have been studied in the presence of four different catalysts:tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II) sulfate(ferroin),Ce(III),Mn(II),and Fe(II).Transient temporal oscillations were observed in the four catalyzed systems when the reactions were conducted in a stirred batch reactor.The induction time was prolonged by the presence of ferroin,but it was shortened in the Ce(III)-and Mn(II)-catalyzed systems.On the other hand,the number of peaks was significantly decreased in the presence of ferroin.The development of oscillatory behaviour was found to be more sensitive to the ratio of bromate and 4-aminophenol concentration than to their absolute concentrations.The reaction rates of 4-aminophenol with Ce(IV) and 4-aminophenol with ferritin were measured directly by spectroscopic methods in a sulfuric acid medium.     

Insight into Local Structure and Molecular Dynamics in Organic Solid‐State Ionic Conductors

Elucidating the rate and geometry of molecular dynamics is particularly important for unravelling ion‐conduction mechanisms in electrochemical materials. The local molecular motions in the plastic crystal 1‐ethyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate ([C₂mpyr][BF₄]) are studied by a combination of quantum chemical calculations and advanced solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. For the first time, a restricted puckering motion with a small fluctuation angle of 25° in the pyrrolidinium ring has been observed, even in the low‐temperature phase (?45 °C). This local molecular motion is deemed to be particularly important for the material to maintain its plasticity, and hence, its ion mobility at low temperatures.     

Parameterization of peptide 13C carbonyl chemical shielding anisotropy in molecular dynamics simulations.

NMR chemical shielding anisotropy (CSA) relaxation is an important tool in the study of dynamical processes in proteins and nucleic acids in solution. Herein, we investigate how dynamical variations in local geometry affect the chemical shielding anisotropy relaxation of the carbonyl carbon nucleus, using the following protocol: 1) Using density functional theory, the carbonyl (13)C' CSA is computed for 103 conformations of the model peptide group N-methylacetamide (NMA). 2) The variations in computed (13)C' CSA parameters are fitted against quadratic hypersurfaces containing cross terms between the variables. 3) The predictive quality of the CSA hypersurfaces is validated by comparing the predicted and de novo calculated (13)C' CSAs for 20 molecular dynamics snapshots. 4) The CSA fluctuations and their autocorrelation and cross correlation functions due to bond-length and bond-angle distortions are predicted for a chemistry Harvard molecular mechanics (CHARMM) molecular dynamics trajectory of Ca(2+)-saturated calmodulin and GB3 from the hypersurfaces, as well as for a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of an NMA trimer using a quantum mechanically correct forcefield. We find that the fluctuations can be represented by a 0.93 scaling factor of the CSA tensor for both R(1) and R(2) relaxations for residues in helix, coil, and sheet alike. This result is important, as it establishes that (13)C' relaxation is a valid tool for measurement of interesting dynamical events in proteins.     

Light on the Structural Evolution of Photoresponsive Molecular Switches in Electronically Excited States

Stimuli-responsive materials are attracting extensive interest as they offer the opportunity to transform external inputs such as light into a functionality by control at the molecular level. As a result, a large number of molecular building units have been developed that enable switching between two or more states. Since the trajectory describing the transition between the various states defines the efficiency of the usually immobilized unit and the resulting functionality, it does not suffice to merely consider the initial and final states of the switching process. A key challenge is in fact to decipher at the atomic scale the actual motion that takes place after photoexcitation. Understanding and being able to manipulate this trajectory is crucial for an efficient implementation of photoactive molecular switches into functional materials, as well as to rationally develop novel tailor-made materials. In this Concept article, we highlight the potential to characterize in detail photoinitiated switching mechanisms by combining quantum chemical calculations with advanced laser spectroscopic techniques that probe the vibrational manifold of electronically excited states and its evolution.     

Real‐Time Probing of Ion Pairing Dynamics with 2DIR Spectroscopy

Chemical exchange two‐dimensional infrared (2DIR) spectroscopy is applied to investigate ion pairing dynamics occurring on picosecond timescales. SeCN^? ion is used as a vibrational probe. The SeCN^? ion dissolved in N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF) has a sufficiently long vibrational lifetime and can form a contact ion pair with Li⁺ ion in DMF. The CN stretch frequency of the contact ion pair is significantly blue‐shifted from that of free SeCN^? so the free SeCN^? ion can be spectrally distinct from the contact ion pair in DMF. Therefore, we were able to directly monitor the ion pairing dynamics of Li⁺ and SeCN^? in real time by using ultrafast 2DIR spectroscopy. As a result, we have determined the dissociation time constant of the LiSeCN contact ion pair to be 420±40 ps.     

Ultrafast Structural Fluctuations of Myoglobin‐Bound Thiocyanate and Selenocyanate Ions Measured with Two‐Dimensional Infrared Photon Echo Spectroscopy

Structural dynamics within the distal cavity of myoglobin protein is investigated using 2D‐IR and IR pump–probe spectroscopy of the N≡C stretch modes of heme‐bound thiocyanate and selenocyanate ions. Although myoglobin‐bound thiocyanate group shows a doublet in its IR absorption spectrum, no cross peaks originating from chemical exchange between the two components are observed in the time‐resolved 2D IR spectra within the experimental time window. Frequency–frequency correlation functions of the two studied anionic ligands are obtained by means of a few different analysis approaches; these functions were then used to elucidate the differences in structural fluctuation around ligand, ligand–protein interactions, and the degree of structural heterogeneity within the hydrophobic pocket of these myoglobin complexes.     

ALMOST: An all atom molecular simulation toolkit for protein structure determination

Almost ( al l atom mo lecular s imulation t oolkit) is an open source computational package for structure determination and analysis of complex molecular systems including proteins, and nucleic acids. Almost has been designed with two primary goals: to provide tools for molecular structure determination using various types of experimental measurements as conformational restraints, and to provide methods for the analysis and assessment of structural and dynamical properties of complex molecular systems. The methods incorporated in Almost include the determination of structural and dynamical features of proteins using distance restraints derived from nuclear Overhauser effect measurements, orientational restraints obtained from residual dipolar couplings and the structural restraints from chemical shifts. Here, we present the first public release of Almost , highlight the key aspects of its computational design and discuss the main features currently implemented. Almost is available for the most common Unix‐based operating systems, including Linux and Mac OS X. Almost is distributed free of charge under the GNU Public License, and is available both as a source code and as a binary executable from the project web site at http://www.open‐almost.org . Interested users can follow and contribute to the further development of Almost on http://sourceforge.net/projects/almost . © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Ultrafast 2D-IR spectroscopy of transient species.

Multidimensional spectroscopic experiments offer fascinating insights into molecular structure and dynamics in the field of NMR spectroscopy. With the introduction of ultrafast two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR), multidimensional concepts have entered the optical domain, measuring couplings and correlations between molecular vibrations with femtosecond time resolution. In the transient 2D-IR (T2D-IR) experiments described in this minireview we exploit the high time resolution of 2D-IR to study transient species during fast nonequilibrium processes in real time. Information on molecular structure and dynamics is obtained that is not available from one-dimensional spectroscopy. We discuss examples from chemistry, physics and biophysics.