基于UV-Vis-SWIR漫反射光谱的土壤多属性同时快速测定

采用紫外-可见-短波近红外漫反射光谱(UV-Vis-SWIRDRS)结合化学计量学对土壤中有机质(SOM)、总氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)、缓效钾(SAK)、有效磷(AP)及pH共7种属性建立了快速同时低成本的定量分析方法。土壤样本共81个,其中50个分为校正集,另16个为验证集,剩余15个为测试集。对每种土壤属性,考察了多种光谱预处理,变量选择以及它们的组合方法处理土壤光谱后建立的PLSR模型预测效果,选择出了最佳的光谱数据处理方法及其对应的最佳PLSR预测模型,并以独立的测试集样本对最佳模型预测性能进行客观评价。对于有机质和总氮,测试集决定系数(R2t)分别为0.94和0.97,模型可用于准确定量分析;对碱解氮和pH,R~2t分别为0.76和0.66,模型定量预测结果良好;对于有效磷,速效钾及缓效钾,R~2t小于0.6,但模型的预测效果和以往报道中的预测效果相差不大。研究表明,利用UV-Vis-SWIR DRS对土壤多属性进行快速同时低成本定量分析是可行的,有望用于土壤信息检测。     

基于XRF和Vis-NIR光谱数据融合的土壤镉含量定量分析法

根据鄱阳湖南矶山区域土壤的X荧光光谱和可见近红外光谱特征,建立了3种数据融合(等权融合、累加融合、外积融合)的最小二乘向量机定量分析模型。结果表明,等权融合和外积融合模型精度和稳定性均优于单一光谱定量分析模型。其中外积融合模型性能最佳,其决定系数(R2)为0.85,校正均方根误差(RMSEC)为009,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为006,相对分析误差(RPD)为2.41,满足实际土壤中Cd的检测需求。该方法准确可靠,可为我国土壤重金属分类分级方法研究提供参考。     

基于局部加权偏最小二乘的近红外光谱分析方法研究

针对近红外光谱分析技术中分析对象非线性现象突出的情况,提出了一种新的模型计算方法——局部加权偏最小二乘法(LWPLS)。以安胎丸为研究对象,采用LWPLS算法进行其近红外定量模型的建立,并比较偏最小二乘法(PLS)与LWPLS两种算法建立定量模型的精度。结果测得两种算法建立的校正模型中,阿魏酸的模型相关系数(R~2)分别为0.785 5、0.971 9,预测误差均方根(RMSEP)分别为0.126 6、0.043 8,相对预测误差(RE)分别为12.66%、9.18%;洋川芎内酯A的R~2分别为0.886 4、0.964 9,RMSEP分别为0.114 8、0.077 1,RE分别为14.01%、7.81%,显示LWPLS算法建立的模型精度更高。研究表明,采用LWPLS算法可提高安胎丸定量模型的准确性,具有可推广性和广泛的应用性。     

鱼粉近红外光谱模型传递应用研究

为探讨光栅型与傅里叶变换型近红外分析仪之间模型传递的应用效果,选取国产鱼粉为近红外光谱样本,DS2500F型近红外分析仪为源仪器,MPA型近红外分析仪为目标仪器,采用分段直接校正(PDS)方法实现近红外光谱传递。分别建立水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、蛋氨酸和赖氨酸等组分的预测模型,通过交互验证决定系数(R2cv)、交互验证标准误差(RMSECV)、马氏距离(MD)、系统偏差(Bias)、预测均方根误差(RMSEP)和相对分析误差(RPD)等参数,多维度评估光谱传递后所建预测模型的效果。结果表明,DS2500F仪器的近红外光谱传递到MPA型仪器时,所建国产鱼粉的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、蛋氨酸、赖氨酸的预测模型与MPA型仪器原始预测模型各参数对比无显著差异,预测效果基本一致,说明国产鱼粉在DS2500F仪器上的近红外光谱通过传递可以替代MPA型仪器的原始光谱,间接实现了模型传递,且具有良好的适用性和共享性,可提高近红外预测模型的应用效率。     

基于自加权变量组合集群分析法的近红外光谱变量选择方法研究

变量选择技术是光谱建模的重要环节。本研究提出了一种新的变量选择方法——自加权变量组合集群分析法(AWVCPA),首先通过二进制矩阵采样法(BMS)对变量空间进行采样;其次通过对变量出现频率(Fre)和偏最小二乘回归系数(Reg)两种信息向量(IVs)做加权处理,得到了每个光谱变量的贡献值,进而考虑到了Fre和Reg两类IVs对于光谱建模的影响;最后通过指数衰减函数(EDF)删除贡献小的波长点,进而实现特征变量选取。以啤酒和玉米两组近红外光谱数据为例,基于偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立啤酒中酵母浓度预测模型和玉米中油浓度预测模型,对比其它变量选择方法。研究表明,在相同条件下,基于AWVCPA变量选择方法建立的预测模型都取得了最优的预测精度,对啤酒中酵母浓度的预测,相比全光谱PLS模型,RMSEP由0.5348下降到0.1457,预测精度提高了72.7%;对玉米含油量的预测,相比全光谱PLS模型,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)由0.0702下降到了0.0248,预测精度提高了64.7%。     

近红外光谱混合模型定量分析不同物理状态样品的研究

近红外光谱(NIRS)以漫反射模式对非均质样本进行测量时,由于其光谱散射和吸收系数差异较大,建立的校正模型准确性和稳健性较低,因此,本研究提出了一种基于均质样本和模型转移方法建立混合模型的策略,解决非均质样本近红外光谱检测的问题.以烟叶样本为研究对象,分别建立了基于Shenk专利算法(Shenk′s)、分段直接标准化(PDS)和基于典型相关分析的模型转移算法(CTCCA)的烟粉+烟丝、烟粉+烟片混合模型,用于烟丝和烟片样本中烟碱含量的预测.结果表明,混合模型对烟丝和烟片样本的预测均方误差(RMSEP)较直接建模分别降低了1.39%和2.73%,预测结果有一定的改善,稳健性提高,3种方法中CTCCA表现最优.因此,采用近红外光谱均质模型和模型转移方法建立的混合模型对非均质样本的测定具有可行性,有利于在线近红外光谱分析技术的发展,可为近红外光谱模型的共享提供参考.     

应用光谱技术无损检测油菜叶片中乙酰乳酸合成酶

应用可见/近红外光谱技术实现了油菜叶片中乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)的快速无损检测.对99个油菜样本进行光谱扫描,经过平滑、变量标准化、一阶求导等预处理后,应用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了ALS的预测模型.同时提取有效特征变量,作为反向传输人工神经网络(BPNN)和最小二乘-支持向量机(LS-SVM)的输入值,并建立相应的模型.用66个样本建模,33个样本验证.结果表明,LS-SVM模型能够获得最优的预测结果,预测集样本的相关系数(r)、预测标准差(RMSEP)和偏差(Bias)分别为0.998、 0.715和0.079,获得了满意的预测精度.结果表明,应用可见/近红外光谱技术结合LS-SVM检测油菜中乙酰乳酸合成酶是可行的,并能获得满意的预测精度,为进一步应用光谱技术进行油菜生长状况的大田监测奠定了基础.     

基于非接触式电导信号的土壤速效钾含量检测方法

该文针对土壤中速效钾含量采用传统测定法操作复杂、检测时效滞后的问题,建立了基于非接触式电导检测信号快速检测土壤速效钾含量的分析方法。采用高效毛细管电泳/非接触式电导检测仪获取河南潮土的非接触式电导检测信号,并使用导数法与高斯曲线拟合法相结合进行初步峰谱识别,按条件进行峰值过滤后,引入基于Levenberg-Marquardt(L-M)的高斯分峰拟合算法,实现了单峰和重叠峰的拟合计算,得到高斯峰和相应的特征参数,包括峰位、峰高、半峰宽和峰面积;最后将拟合得到的高斯峰及相应的特征参数表征原始非接触式电导检测信号离子峰谱信息结合偏最小二乘法(PLS),确定特征参数与土壤速效钾含量的关系,建立模型,实现了对土壤中速效钾含量的预测。结果表明,将基于L-M的高斯分峰拟合算法结合偏最小二乘法应用于非接触式电导检测信号测定土壤速效钾含量时具有较高精度,回归模型决定系数(R~2)为0.856 4,相对分析误差(RPD)为2.639,适用于土壤速效钾的快速检测分析。     

二维相关光谱在大米中甲基毒死蜱特征变量优选的应用

为提高大米中农药残留的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)快速检测精度,提出采用二维相关光谱(2DCOS)对大米拉曼光谱进行农药特征变量优选。首先,采用标准正态变量变换(SNV)对原始光谱预处理,再以甲基毒死蜱浓度为外扰,进行二维相关同步光谱和自相关谱解析,筛选出与甲基毒死蜱浓度变化最相关的特征谱峰,建立了大米中甲基毒死蜱残留浓度的支持向量机(SVM)分析模型,并与偏最小二乘(PLS)模型进行性能比较。结果表明,2DCOS方法能很好地筛选出与甲基毒死蜱浓度相关的特征谱峰;利用2DCOS优选出的4个甲基毒死蜱特征谱峰所建立的SVM模型性能优于PLS的实验结果,模型对预测集样本相关系数(R_P)为0.96,均方根误差(RMSEP)为5.21,相对分析误差(RPD)为3.66,可用于大米中甲基毒死蜱农药残留的实际估测。研究表明,采用2DCOS优选大米中甲基毒死蜱浓度相关的特征变量是可行的,且能简化模型,提高模型预测精度,从而为拉曼光谱用于食品农产品质量安全的快速检测提供了一种新思路。     

基于粒子群算法的最小二乘支持向量机在红花提取液近红外定量分析中的应用

提出一种基于粒子群算法的最小二乘支持向量机(PSO-LS-SVM)方法,用于建立红花提取过程关键质控指标的定量分析模型.近红外光谱数据经波段选择、预处理和主成分分析(降维)后,利用粒子群优化(PSO)算法对最小二乘支持向量机算法中的参数进行优化,然后使用最优参数建立固含量和羟基红花黄色素A(HSYA)浓度的定量校正模型.将校正结果与偏最小二乘法回归(PLSR)和BP神经网络(BP-ANN)比较,并将所建的3个模型用于红花提取过程未知样本的预测.结果表明,BP-ANN校正结果优于PSO-LS-SVM和PLSR,但是对验证集和未知样品集的预测能力较差,而PSO-LS-SVM和PLSR模型的校正、验证结果相近,相关系数均大于0.987,RMSEC和RMSEP值相近且小于0.074,RPD值均大于6.26,RSEP均小于5.70％.对于未知样品集,pSO-LS-SVM模型的RPD值大于8.06,RMSEP和RSEP值分别小于0.07％和5.84％,较BP-ANN和PLSR模型更低.本研究所建立的PSO-LS-SVM模型表现出较好的模型稳定性和预测精度,具有一定的实践意义和应用价值,可推广用于红花提取过程的近红外光谱定量分析.     

Determination of soil properties using Fourier transform mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by analyte molecules, and this technique has emerged as a valuable tool for the study of materials like biological, chemical and geological samples. In this paper, Fourier transform mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) was used in the prediction of soil properties. Air-dried soil samples (n = 56) from Fengqiu Ecology Experimental Station Chinese Academy of Sciences were involved in this experiment, and FTIR-PAS spectra of these soil samples were recorded. These FTIR-PAS spectra indicated abundant soil information, but overlapping of absorption made it difficult to make direct measurement of soil properties. Partial least squares (PLS) models based on soil FTIR-PAS spectra was developed to predict available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and organic matter content of soil. 42 soil samples were firstly used in leave-one-out cross-validation, and calibration error, calibration coefficient, validation error and ratio of standard deviation to prediction error (RPD) were obtained to optimize the PLS factor number; then based on the optimized PLS models the soil properties of the other 14 soil samples were predicted. The calibration statistics showed that the PLS model was suitable to use in the prediction of available N, P, K and organic matter content of soil. This prediction technique was non-destructive, and no sample pre-treatment was needed, which made FTIR-PAS a very promising method for fast evaluation of soil properties as well as soil quality.     

Components Analysis of Biochar Based on Near Infrared Spectroscopy Technology

This study aims to establish a rapid quantitative analysis method for biochar based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology. Near infrared spectra of 163 samples in the 10000–3800 cm^–1 (1000–2632 nm) range were collected, and the contents of fixed carbon (FC), volatile matter (VM) and ash of samples were also analyzed. A partial least square (PLS) model for FC, VM and Ash was established after the model spectral ranges were optimized, the optimal factors were determined, and the raw spectra were pretreated by multiple scatter correction and second derivative (MSC + SD) method. Finally, the prediction performance of predictive model was evaluated. The results showed that the PLS model had a good prediction ability, and the predicted coefficient R²_p of actual values vs prediction values for FC, VM and ash were 0.9423, 0.9517 and 0.9265, respectively. Root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.1074, 0.1201 and 0.1243, and ratios of prediction to deviation (RPD) were 3.51, 4.28 and 2.03, respectively. The PLS model had good accuracy and precision for both of FC and VM, and could be used as a quantitative method for FC and VM contents analysis. Nevertheless, PLS model need to improve the precision for Ash analysis according to RPD value. This method provides a fast and effective technical means for the quantitative analysis of biochar components.     

对直接标准化算法的改进及其应用

由于各种仪器之间存在差异,主机上建立的定量模型用于从机会导致预测结果出现较大偏差。目前主要通过有标样方法和无标样方法来减小预测偏差。该文对现有标样方法中的直接标准化算法进行改进,在转移矩阵的建立过程中,对从仪器数据矩阵进行主成分分解,以预测均方差为判定标准,确定最终的转移矩阵。并以玉米和烟草数据为对象,测试了该法的有效性。玉米样品含有2种成分:水分和蛋白质;烟草样品含有4种成分:还原糖、总糖、总氮和总碱。结果表明,对于玉米样品中的2种成分,采用改进的方法可显著提高预测的准确度;对于烟草中的4种成分而言,采用改进的方法可获得稳健的预测结果。     

便携式X射线荧光光谱法结合支持向量回归算法定量分析土壤中的砷含量

研究了基于统计学习理论的支持向量机（SVM）回归法在X射线荧光光谱定量分析中的应用。以39个农田土壤样品作为实验材料,以其中32个土壤样品作为校正集,选用SVM模型中Linear、Poly和RBF 3种核函数对As元素含量与荧光光谱数据进行回归建模。用3种不同模型对预测集中7个土壤样品的As元素含量进行预测分析,结果显示模型预测As元素含量与电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定的As元素含量之间的相关系数R2均大于0.99,相对分析误差RPD均大于3,表明所建立的SVM模型具有较好的使用价值。为了进一步考察SVM回归模型的预测效果,同应用较成熟的PLS回归模型的预测结果进行对比,结果显示SVM法的预测结果更好,表明SVM回归模型亦可用于便携式X射线荧光光谱法的定量预测分析。     

Content uniformity determination of pharmaceutical tablets using five near-infrared reflectance spectrometers: a process analytical technology (PAT) approach using robust multivariate calibration transfer algorithms

Near-infrared calibration models were developed for the determination of content uniformity of pharmaceutical tablets containing 29.4% drug load for two dosage strengths (X and Y). Both dosage strengths have a circular geometry and the only difference is the size and weight. Strength X samples weigh approximately 425 mg with a diameter of 12 mm while strength Y samples, weigh approximately 1700 mg with a diameter of 20 mm. Data used in this study were acquired from five NIR instruments manufactured by two different vendors. One of these spectrometers is a dispersive-based NIR system while the other four were Fourier transform (FT) based. The transferability of the optimized partial least-squares (PLS) calibration models developed on the primary instrument (A) located in a research facility was evaluated using spectral data acquired from secondary instruments B, C, D and E. Instruments B and E were located in the same research facility as spectrometer A while instruments C and D were located in a production facility 35 miles away. The same set of tablet samples were used to acquire spectral data from all instruments. This scenario mimics the conventional pharmaceutical technology transfer from research and development to production. Direct cross-instrument prediction without standardization was performed between the primary and each secondary instrument to evaluate the robustness of the primary instrument calibration model. For the strength Y samples, this approach was successful for data acquired on instruments B, C, and D producing root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.05, 1.05, and 1.22%, respectively. However for instrument E data, this approach was not successful producing an RMSEP value of 3.40%. A similar deterioration was observed for the strength X samples, with RMSEP values of 2.78, 5.54, 3.40, and 5.78% corresponding to spectral data acquired on instruments B, C, D, and E, respectively. To minimize the effect of instrument variability, calibration transfer techniques such as piecewise direct standardization (PDS) and wavelet hybrid direct standardization (WHDS) were used. The PDS approach, the RMSEP values for strength X samples were lowered to 1.22, 1.12, 1.19, and 1.08% for instruments B, C, D, and E, respectively. Similar improvements were obtained using the WHDS approach with RMSEP values of 1.36, 1.42, 1.36, and 0.98% corresponding to instruments B, C, D, and E, respectively.     

Standardization of SPE signals in multicomponent analysis of three benzimidazolic pesticides by spectrofluorimetry

Piecewise direct standardization (PDS) is applied to multivariate standardization of fluorescence signals using partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) as the calibration models. The multivariate standardization was used to transfer spectra obtained after a step of solid phase extraction (SPE) to spectra registered in pure solvent in the determination of carbendazim, fuberidazole and thiabendazole in water samples. The influential parameters, such as tolerance, window size and the number of samples of the standardization subset were optimized by means of the root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP). Similar RMSEP values were obtained by PLS and PCR using the optimized influential parameters in the standardization. However, better predictions of the compounds were obtained in test set by the PLS model.