灯盏花素在多壁碳纳米管丝网印刷电极上的电化学行为及测定

采用循环伏安法(CV)和差分脉冲伏安法(DPV)研究了黄酮化合物灯盏花素在多壁碳纳米管丝网印刷电极(MWCNT/SPE)上的电化学行为及其测定方法.实验表明,在pH=5.0的HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液中,浓度为5.0×10-4 g/L的灯盏花素在MWC-NT/SPE电极上出现了一对准可逆氧化还原峰,峰电位Epa=0.21 V,Epc=-0.05 V,△E=0.26 V,峰电流ipa=1.18 μA,ipc＝0.205 μA,ipa/ipc=5.76.灯盏花素的DPV氧化峰电流值与其浓度在1.2×10-4～2.8×10-3 g/L范围内呈线性关系(R=0.9990),检出限为1.2×10-4g/L.结果表明,该法测定灯盏花素便捷、可靠、较灵敏.     

灯盏乙素在石墨电极上的电化学行为研究

利用循环伏安法研究了灯盏乙素在石墨电极上的电化学行为及反应机理,结果表明灯盏乙素在石墨电极上有1对明显的准可逆氧化还原峰,电位分别为0.154 V和0.073 V。灯盏乙素在不同pH值下的伏安行为表明其在石墨电极上的氧化反应为2电子2质子的电化学过程。而灯盏乙素在不同扫速下的循环伏安行为表明其电化学氧化过程在低扫速下受吸附过程控制,而在高扫速下受扩散过程控制。在0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 7.0)中,采用差分脉冲伏安法对灯盏乙素含量进行测定,氧化峰电流与其浓度在5.0×10-7～5.0×10-5mol/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限(S/N=3)为1.5×10-7mol/L。用该方法对灯盏细辛中的灯盏乙素含量进行测定,回收率为98%,结果满意。     

多壁碳纳米管-离子液体凝胶修饰电极对放线菌素D的高灵敏检测

以多壁碳纳米管和离子液体1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(BMIMPF6)为修饰剂,研制了多壁碳纳米管-离子液体凝胶修饰玻碳电极(MWNTs-BMIMPF6/GCE),并研究了放线菌素D在该电极上的电化学行为。实验结果表明,放线菌素D于-0.09 V处有一明显的氧化峰,在pH=4.8的HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液中,放线菌素D在该修饰电极上产生的氧化峰电流比在多壁碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极上显著增大。在选定实验条件下,放线菌素D的氧化峰电流与其浓度在2.0×10-8~8.0×10-7mol/L的范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为7.5×10-9mol/L。该方法可用于注射液中放线菌素D的测定。     

多壁碳纳米管-Nafion膜修饰铂电极的电化学性质

使用多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)和Nafion溶液制备了多壁碳纳米管-Nafion膜修饰的铂电极。运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对多壁碳纳米管、Nafion膜、多壁碳纳米管-DMF膜和多壁碳纳米管-Nafion膜进行了形貌表征。通过电化学系统研究了铁氰化钾在多壁碳纳米管-Nafion膜修饰电极、多壁碳纳米管-DMF修饰电极以及未修饰铂电极的表面电化学行为。结果显示,多壁碳纳米管-Nafion膜修饰的电极对铁氰化钾有显著的电化学增强作用,于0.185 V处形成了一个尖锐的还原特征峰,比未修饰的铂电极还原峰增强近8.7倍;在0.231 V处形成了一个较强的氧化特征峰,比未修饰的铂电极氧化峰增强近2.7倍。由于多壁碳纳米管的比表面积大,利用其与Nafion修饰的电极能增强电子传输效率,使测定的峰电流增大,从而提高灵敏度,有助于检测低浓度物质。进一步研究发现,铁氰化钾在未修饰的铂电极表面反应为可逆反应,而在MWCNTsNafion膜修饰后的电极表面反应为不可逆反应。     

多壁碳纳米管修饰碳糊电极测定爽肤水中甲硝唑

研究甲硝唑在多壁碳纳米管修饰碳糊电极上的电化学行为,建立多壁碳纳米管修饰碳糊电极测定爽肤水中甲硝唑的方法。在pH 1.84的BR缓冲溶液中,以经过1 mg/mL多壁碳纳米管修饰的碳糊电极为工作电极,采用循环伏安法扫描试样溶液,记录扫描图谱的峰电位和峰电流。甲硝唑于–0.4 V处有明显的还原峰,其峰电流与甲硝唑的浓度在10～500μmol/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 2,检出限为0.132μmol/L。实际样品加标回收率为98.8%～102.4%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.3%～2.3%(n=5)。甲硝唑在多壁碳纳米管修饰碳糊电极上有良好的响应,电极选择性好、灵敏度高;该方法简便、经济,可应用于化妆品、药品中甲硝唑的测定。     

咖啡酸在多壁碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极上的电化学行为及其测定

制备了多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)修饰玻碳电极,并研究了咖啡酸在该电极上的电化学行为及其测定方法,与裸玻碳电极(GCE)相比,MWNT膜修饰电极(MWNT/GCE)能显著提高咖啡酸的氧化峰电流.在pH=3.29的B-R缓冲溶液中,咖啡酸在MWNT/GCE电极上出现1对准可逆的氧化还原峰,Epa=0.47 V,Epc=0.32 V,峰电流与其浓度在5.0×10-7～2.0×10-5 mol/L范围内成线性关系,检出限为5.0×10-7mol/L.实际样品测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.82％(n=5),平均回收率为100.7％.MWNT膜对咖啡酸的电化学氧化有明显的催化作用.该法是一种快捷、可靠、灵敏的检测方法,可以用于咖啡酸含量的测定.     

槲皮素在多壁碳纳米管修饰碳糊电极上的电化学行为及其与脱氧核糖核酸的相互作用

采用循环伏安法和差分脉冲伏安法研究了槲皮素在多壁碳纳米管修饰碳糊电极上的电化学行为。结果表明:槲皮素多壁碳纳米管修饰碳糊电极上均能产生一对氧化还原峰,氧化峰电位和还原峰电位分别为0.488,0.348V,氧化峰电流是裸多壁碳纳米管修饰碳糊电极氧化峰电流的5.3倍,多壁碳纳米管对槲皮素有良好的催化作用。槲皮素在修饰电极上的电化学反是2质子,2电子反应过程。采用中性红为探针研究了槲皮素与脱氧核糖核酸之间的相互作用,结果表明两者可通过嵌插方式相结合。     

铂/多壁碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极用于微分脉冲伏安法测定左旋多巴

采用微波辅助加热多元醇技术制备了载铂多壁碳纳米管复合材料,并将该复合材料分散在N,N′-二甲基甲酰胺溶液中得到悬浮液,取14μL悬浮液滴涂在玻碳电极表面,制备铂/多壁碳纳米管修饰电极(Pt/MWCNT′s/GCE)。循环伏安法研究了在0.05mol·L~(-1)硫酸支持电解质中,在0.30～0.70V(vs.SCE)电位范围内,左旋多巴在修饰电极上的电化学行为,结果表明:左旋多巴在Pt/MWCNT′s/GCE上于电位0.548V处可见明显的氧化峰,且氧化峰电流显著高于在MWCNT′s/GCE和裸玻碳电极上的氧化峰电流。提出了用微分脉冲伏安法测定左旋多巴的方法。左旋多巴的浓度在8.0×10~(-6)～2.0×10~(-1)mol·L~(-1)范围内与其氧化峰电流呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为1.9×10~(-6)mol·L~(-1),平均回收率为102.8%。     

肾上腺素在碳纳米管-离子液体糊修饰电极上的伏安行为

研究了肾上腺素(EP)在多壁碳纳米管与离子液体糊修饰玻碳电极上的电化学行为,发现该修饰电极对肾上腺素的氧化具有良好的催化促进作用。在pH=7.0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,肾上腺素在0.13 V产生的阳极峰比相应的多壁碳纳米管修饰电极上的峰负移约40 mV,峰电流则显著增大。优化了实验条件,在选定的条件下,EP的浓度在5.0×10-7~2.0×10-5mol.L-1范围内与阳极峰电流呈线性关系,相关系数为0.998,方法检出限为1.0×10-7mol.L-1。利用该方法对注射液中肾上腺素的含量进行了测定,其回收率达98.1%~100.5%。此外,还对有关物质的干扰及电极反应参数等进行了测试。     

灯盏花素与DNA相互作用的电化学及吸收光谱

采用电化学方法研究了灯盏花素与DNA间的相互作用. 电化学实验结果表明,DNA的存在使灯盏花素的氧化峰电流减小,且峰电位正移. 吸收光谱研究表明,DNA的存在使灯盏花素在335 nm处的吸收峰强度降低,呈减色效应,且出现2个等电吸收点,说明灯盏花素与DNA的相互作用以嵌插作用为主. 通过计算获得双链DNA(dsDNA)与灯盏花素的结合比为1∶ 3,结合常数β=3.63×1013. 灯盏花素与DNA作用强于其它黄酮类化合物.     

阳极溶出催化伏安法的理论研究 Ⅱ.不可逆电极溶出

本文对在玻璃碳电极上不可逆溶出催化的理论进行了研究,推导了溶出催化过程的电流方程,峰电流和峰电势方程,并用微计算机模拟出各种关系曲线,从理论方程得知溶出催化伏安法所得的峰电流比溶出伏安法的峰电流提高了二个数量级。本文还用钯的溶出催化实验验证理论方程,所得的实验结果均与理论方程相吻合。     

阳极溶出催化伏安法的理论研究 Ⅰ.可逆电极溶出

本文推导了玻璃碳电极上可逆溶出催化过程的理论电流方程、峰电流及峰电势方程,得知溶出催化伏安法所得的峰电流比溶出伏安法的峰电流提高了数十倍,从而进一步提高了溶出伏安法的灵敏度。本文还用碲的溶出催化实验验证理论方程。所得实验结果均与理论方程相吻合。     

对位叠式循环方波伏安法：Ⅱ.平行催化体系

本文提出平行催化体系的对位叠式循环方波伏安法，并对共作了系统的研究，推导了这一方法的催化电流理论方程，并用验验证这理论的正确性，得到其各脉冲电流皆为同方向，对位叠式循环催化电流相当于将电流叠加４次，而波形不受方波幅度大小的影响，因而灵敏度和分辨率有较大提高，优于其它方波伏安法。     

A complete numerical simulation of the techniques of alternating current linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry: analysis of a reversible process by conventional and fast Fourier transform methods

We describe the method of achieving the first completely general simulation of ac linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry making use of the fully implicit Richtmyer modification (FIRM) method. The simulation technique is applied to a reversible process under conditions where a sinusoidal waveform of any amplitude is superimposed onto the dc potential which is swept at a finite scan rate. Results, where possible, are compared with the existing theory derived at constant dc potential to confirm the fidelity of the simulation. In particular, we demonstrate excellent agreement with the results of Engblom et al. [J. Electroanal. Chem. xxx (1999) xxx] for large amplitude ac voltammetry described in the companion paper immediately preceding this article. The use of conventional and Fourier transform methods of data analysis are compared to highlight the advantages of the use of the fast Fourier transform algorithm in ac voltammetry.     

Electroanalytical Determination of Morpholine as a Corrosion Inhibitor at a Cathodically Pretreated Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode

An electroanalytical method for the determination of morpholine, a corrosion inhibitor, was developed at a cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE). The voltammetric response of morpholine at the BDDE in 0.1?mol L^?1 KCl (pH 10) shows an irreversible oxidation process at approximately 1.3?V vs. Ag/AgCl in 3.0?mol L^?1 KCl. Using cyclic voltammetry, the number of electrons involved in the morpholine electroxidation mechanism was found to be 1. The application of chronoamperometry showed that the apparent diffusion coefficient (D₀) was 2.99?×?10^?6 cm² s^?1. Using square wave voltammetry under the optimized conditions (frequency of 30.0?Hz, pulse amplitude of 100?mV and step potential of 20?mV at pH 10.0), the developed method provided limits of detection and quantification of 2.1 and 6.9?mg L^?1, respectively, with a linear range from 5.0 to 100.0?mg L^?1 (r?=?0.991). Intraday (n?=?10) and interday (two consecutive day) precision values assessed as the relative standard deviation for solutions containing 30.0, 60.0, and 90.0?mg L^?1 of morpholine were from 0.41 to 5.86% and 0.92 to 3.19%, respectively. The feasibility of the method for the interference-free determination of morpholine was verified by the analysis of synthetic boiler water samples containing CaCO₃, Na₂SO₃, Na₃PO_4, FeCl₃, and humic acid as organic matter. In addition, hydrazine was added as a possible interfering compound because of its widespread use in corrosion inhibition. Recovery values from 90.9 to 109.4% were obtained in the synthetic boiler water, thereby attesting to the accuracy of the method.     

Graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode for determination of linagliptin in dosage form,biological fluids,and rats' feces using square wave voltammetry

An applicable square wave anodic adsorptive stripping voltammetric (SWAdASV) technique was utilized for linagliptin determination. A glassy carbon electrode was modified with graphene oxide to increase the electrode reactivity. The method is cheap, accurate, precise, and selective, with a good linearity range and a low detection limit. The proposed method was the first one to determine linagliptin in the feces, which is the main route for excreting the drug from the body. The electrode was characterized using various techniques, including Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and the oxidation mechanism of the drug was examined. The proposed method has a linear range of 9.45–103.96 ng mL^?1. The detection limit was 4.0 ng mL^?1. The modified electrode was employed efficiently to determine the drug in tablet formulations, spiked human urine, plasma, and rats' feces with high recoveries. The proposed method's results were statistically compared with those of another previously published method.     

Iron(III)‐mediated Electrochemical Detection of Levofloxacin in Complex Biological Samples

We report the design of an electrochemical sensor capable of detecting levofloxacin (LEVX) in complex biological samples. This detection strategy is simple, fast, and does not require sample pretreatment or electrode modification. Unlike previously developed electrochemical LEVX sensors that require direct oxidation of LEVX, the sensing mechanism is based on the complexation reactions between LEVX and iron(III), resulting in a concentration‐dependent decrease in the iron(III) reduction peak current and a shift in the peak potential. These changes are presumably attributed to the decrease in the concentration of uncomplexed Fe(III) in the solution. The concentration‐dependent change in both the current and potential can be used for quantification of LEVX in various samples, including 50 % synthetic urine and 25 % synthetic human saliva. The limit of detection was estimated to be in the range of 1.5 to 2.3 μM, concentrations that are much lower than the concentration of LEVX found in urine and saliva samples of patients administered this drug for conditions such as urinary tract infection. With further optimization, this sensing strategy could find applications in clinical pharmacokinetic studies.     

The surface catalytic mechanism: a comparative study with square-wave and staircase cyclic voltammetry

A pseudo-first-order catalytic mechanism in which both reactant and product of a redox reaction are strongly immobilized on an electrode surface is theoretically analysed under conditions of square-wave (SWV) and staircase cyclic voltammetry (SCV). A mathematical procedure is developed under diffusionless conditions. The relationships between the properties of the voltammetric response and both the kinetic parameters of the redox reaction and the parameters of the excitation signal are studied. The phenomenon of the quasi-reversible maximum is discussed. A comparative study between SWV and SCV is presented and the limitations and advantages of both techniques, from analytical and kinetic points of view, are discussed. The theoretical predictions are experimentally confirmed by the redox reaction of azobenzene in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent. Electronic Publication     

线性扫描伏安法研究司帕沙星的电化学行为

采用线性扫描伏安法和循环伏安法研究司帕沙星的电化学行为。在0.05 mol·L~(-1)硫酸溶液中,司帕沙星于-1.29 V(vs.Ag/AgCl)处产生一灵敏的还原峰,司帕沙星的浓度在1.0×10~(-6)～1.5×10~(-4)mol·L~(-1)范围内与其峰电流呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为2.0×10~(-7)mol·L~(-1)。该法用于司帕沙星片剂的分析,回收率为96.2%～105.0%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.4%。试验证实:司帕沙星在电极上产生的峰为具有吸附性的完全不可逆的还原峰。     

络合吸附体系叠式循环方波伏安法的理论研究：Ⅰ.受前行化学反应控制

推导出受前行化学反应控制的络合吸附不可逆体系叠式循环方波伏安法的电流方程及其各阶导数卷积方程,研究了各峰电流与诸因素的关系,并推导出峰电势表达式。理论推导与实验结果一致。