生命分析化学国家重点实验室在肿瘤治疗方面取得新进展

肿瘤的高效、高选择性治疗是癌症治疗研究的热点。与传统的癌症治疗(手术、放疗、化疗)技术不同,光动力治疗用光激发光敏剂,将能量传递给周围的分子氧(3O2),产生具有瞬时强氧化性的单线态氧(1O2),这种1O2可破坏肿瘤组织和癌细胞,实现癌症的高效治疗。在光动力治疗研究领域,光敏剂的设计与选择是其核心问题。目前临床使用的光敏剂,大多对肿瘤组织或细胞选择性不高,导致肿瘤组织周围的正常组织也受到损伤,而且病人在接受光动力治疗以后仍需长时间避光以减轻皮肤红肿、色素沉着等光毒性反应。因此,寻找新型光敏剂以实现1O2在肿瘤组织和细胞中的选择性释放是光动力治疗技术应用的关键问题。     

铱(Ⅲ)配合物乏氧肿瘤光动力治疗

光动力治疗因其无创、可控和不易产生耐药性等显著优点,成为一种新型的肿瘤靶向治疗模式。光敏化过程涉及光敏剂对氧分子的光激活反应,然而实体肿瘤的乏氧环境严重限制了传统有机光敏剂的疗效。金属铱配合物具有良好的光物理和光化学性质,是理想的新一代光敏剂,近些年,铱光敏剂被发现可以应用于乏氧肿瘤的光动力治疗。本文总结了近些年金属铱配合物应用于乏氧肿瘤光动力治疗的研究;同时介绍了基于铱配合物的乏氧纳米复合体系的构建和乏氧肿瘤的光动力治疗研究,为开发新型高效的乏氧肿瘤治疗光敏剂及其载体提供参考。     

铱(Ⅲ)配合物乏氧肿瘤光动力治疗

光动力治疗因其无创、可控和不易产生耐药性等显著优点,成为一种新型的肿瘤靶向治疗模式。光敏化过程涉及光敏剂对氧分子的光激活反应,然而实体肿瘤的乏氧环境严重限制了传统有机光敏剂的疗效。金属铱配合物具有良好的光物理和光化学性质,是理想的新一代光敏剂,近些年,铱光敏剂被发现可以应用于乏氧肿瘤的光动力治疗。本文总结了近些年金属铱配合物应用于乏氧肿瘤光动力治疗的研究;同时介绍了基于铱配合物的乏氧纳米复合体系的构建和乏氧肿瘤的光动力治疗研究,为开发新型高效的乏氧肿瘤治疗光敏剂及其载体提供参考。     

靶标性酞菁类光敏剂的光动力疗法研究进展

光动力治疗（Photodynamic therapy,PDT）作为一种有别于传统癌症治疗方式的新型疗法,近些年来受到了科学家们越来越多的关注.它凭借着自身创伤性小,毒性低微,适用性好,可协同手术治疗以及可重复治疗等独特优势,在许多肿瘤的治疗方面有着广泛的应用.本文简要概述了光动力疗法的原理以及光敏剂的发展历程,并对理想光敏剂的特点作了总结.目前,以酞菁类化合物为主的第三代光敏剂已经成为光动力疗法的研究热点,然而如何提高光敏剂分子的靶向性达到精准的光动力治疗仍然是亟待解决的问题.因此,主要综述了近年来靶向性酞菁类光敏剂的研究进展,并对未来光敏剂的重点研究方向做出了展望.从目前来看,如何克服癌症低氧微环境的限制,发展Type I型不依赖氧的体系以及光穿透力强的靶向光敏剂在光动力治疗方面存在着巨大的潜质,有望成为新一代十分优良的光动力疗法用光敏剂.     

基于光敏剂的纳米诊疗载体构建的研究进展

光动力疗法是一种很有前景的癌症治疗方法,光敏剂作为其核心,在被一定波长的激发光照射下产生荧光,因此光敏剂具有荧光成像诊断的潜力。然而光敏剂多是芳香共轭结构的疏水分子,存在易聚集结晶和溶解度差的问题。本文综述了近五年有关改善光敏剂缺陷,提高光敏剂对癌症的治疗和诊断的研究成果。具体从肿瘤微环境、肿瘤靶向性和改善荧光淬灭三个方面进行综述。     

光动力肿瘤精准治疗的研究进展

光动力治疗是一种局部、温和及相对安全的治疗模式,在癌症精准治疗方面展现了良好应用前景。光敏剂、光源以及氧气是光动力治疗的三个关键要素。首先,传统小分子光敏剂的吸收光谱大多在紫外或可见光区,且缺乏肿瘤靶向性和特异性,组织穿透深度不足且存在非特异性损伤。其次,光动力治疗效率依赖于外光源连续照射,易引发光毒性和组织损伤。另外,实体肿瘤组织处乏氧等微环境限制了光动力治疗效率。因此,提高光动力治疗效率的同时降低副作用,并实现深层组织的高效特异性治疗,是亟待解决的难题。近年来,新型光动力治疗体系不断涌现,以期解决上述限制光动力治疗进一步发展与应用的瓶颈问题。本文从光动力治疗所需三要素角度,综述了近年来发展的各类新型光动力治疗体系及其在肿瘤精准治疗中的应用进展。     

有机光敏剂结构与性能调控及其光诊疗应用

光动力治疗(Photodynamic Therapy,PDT)作为一种新兴的高效治疗方式,具有毒性低、非侵入性和可控等优点,已被广泛用于增生性皮肤疾病和肿瘤等疾病治疗.然而,已开发的PDT光敏剂在实际生物应用中仍面临诸多挑战,如:肿瘤乏氧环境降低治疗效果,光敏剂靶向性差易造成对正常组织的损伤.为了解决上述问题,研究者们开发了许多有效改善有机光敏剂治疗效果的方法.在此,主要综述了有机光敏剂的结构与性能调控策略.此外,对有机光敏剂在抗肿瘤、抗菌治疗以及余辉成像中的应用进行了介绍.最后,对有机小分子光敏剂的设计策略进行了总结与展望,以期促进该领域的发展.     

肿瘤光动力治疗临床应用的光敏剂及其研究概况

光动力治疗是一种非侵蚀性并具有一定靶向性的肿瘤治疗新方法。 光动力治疗需要光敏剂、光和氧结合产生光动力反应。 光敏剂是光动力治疗的关键和物质基础。 本文概括介绍了已上市的和已被批准进入临床试验中的光敏剂,并根据其分子的骨架结构,将其分为分卟啉类、二氢卟吩（叶绿素）类和菌绿素/酞菁三类。 同时从理想光敏剂应具备特点出发,探讨了研究中的光敏剂和光动力治疗的发展前景。     

酞菁配合物的结构与其光动力抗癌活性

光动力治疗是一种正在发展中的治疗癌症的新方法.主要是利用抗癌光敏剂可优先在 肿瘤组织中富集的特性和随后在适当波长的光照下所引发的光敏化反应来杀死癌肿瘤.自198 5年以来,酞菁配合物作为抗癌光敏剂的研究越来越引人注目. 此文在总结51篇参考文献的 基础上,提出了酞菁配合物的结构与其光动力抗癌活性的某些相关性,着重讨论了中心离子 、环取代基、轴向配体对光动力活性和相关物化性质的影响.得出的一个主要的结论是两亲 性酞菁是极具潜力的光敏剂.     

X射线激发发光体在光动力治疗中的应用

激发光的组织穿透能力和光敏剂的吸收波长阻碍了传统光动力治疗(photodynamic therapy,PDT)对深层肿瘤的有效治疗。近年来,基于X射线直接激发光敏剂或以X射线激发纳米闪烁体作为能量传递介质间接激发光敏剂的X射线激发的光动力治疗方法(XE-PDT)成为深层肿瘤治疗领域的研究热点。本文将重点介绍近五年来被报道的X射线激发纳米闪烁体类型、光敏剂负载策略、能量传递效果以及光动力治疗效果,同时对深层肿瘤光动力治疗中存在的主要问题、挑战以及未来的发展方向进行展望。     

基于DNA分子的纳米功能材料的设计、组装及应用

DNA除了作为一种遗传信息的载体分子之外,还可以通过折叠或组装从而形成特定的二维和三维结构。通过设计DNA分子的结构并探索其与纳米材料之间的相互作用的研究已经引起了国内外学术界的持续关注。DNA功能化的无机纳米材料促进了分析科学、生命科学以及环境科学的快速发展。本文将从疾病分子机制研究、疾病诊断和疾病治疗三个角度出发,探究面向生物医学分析应用的DNA分子功能化的无机纳米材料的设计与组装。除此之外,还对DNA功能化纳米材料技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

What are carbon nanotubes’ roles in anti-tumor therapies?

Since their discovery, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become one of the most promising nanomaterials in many industrial and biomedical applications. Due to their unique physicochemical properties, CNTs have been proposed and actively exploited as multipurpose innovative carriers for cancer therapy. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the status of applications, advantages, and up-to-date research and development of carbon nanotubes in cancer therapy with an emphasis on drug delivery, photothermal therapy, gene therapy, RNAi, and immune therapy. In addition, the issues of risk and safety of CNTs in cancer nanotechnology are discussed briefly.     

聚合物纳米光诊疗剂的制备与应用新进展

共轭聚合物纳米颗粒是由π-共轭有机聚合物组成的尺寸在1~100nm范围内的新型有机纳米材料。与传统的有机小分子、半导体量子点和无机纳米材料相比,聚合物纳米颗粒具有光学性质特殊、结构多样、表面易修饰和生物相容性好等优点,因而被广泛应用于生物成像、传感与检测、载药和治疗等领域。本文主要围绕聚合物纳米颗粒的制备方法、性质结构和生物相容性等方面,重点介绍了聚合物纳米颗粒作为光诊疗剂在荧光成像、光声成像,以及光动力和光热治疗领域的研究进展,并对聚合物纳米颗粒的发展前景和未来面临的挑战进行了探讨。     

Polymer Dots as Effective Phototheranostic Agents

Conjugated polymer dots (Pdots, also named polymer nanoparticles, PNPs), which consist of π‐conjugated organic polymers, are novel organic nanomaterials with size in the range of 1–100 nm. Compared with traditional organic small molecules, semiconductor quantum dots and inorganic nanomaterials, the Pdots exhibit significant potential applications in biological imaging, sensing and detection, drug delivery and theranostics, due to their advantages of special optical properties, diverse structure, easy surface modification and good biocompatibility. In this short review, we present a brief summary of the current development in Pdots as phototheranostic agents, including fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy. Current challenges in Pdot research and future directions in the field are proposed.     

核酸适体-纳米材料复合物用于癌症的诊断与靶向治疗研究进展

因具有独特的光、电、磁、热等优异性能,纳米材料已被广泛应用于生物分析与生物医学领域。核酸适体是一类能够高亲和力和高特异性地与靶标结合的寡核苷酸序列。将核酸适体作为识别单元与纳米材料相结合,可以构建核酸适体-纳米材料复合物。近年来,在肿瘤靶向治疗方面,核酸适体-纳米材料复合物受到了人们的广泛关注。通过纳米材料与具有特异性识别能力的核酸适体的结合,核酸适体-纳米材料复合物可以为癌症治疗提供一种更有效的、低毒副作用的新策略。本文综述了核酸适体-纳米材料复合物作为药物输送载体在癌症的特异性识别与诊断及靶向治疗方面的应用。除此之外,本文还总结了核酸适体-纳米材料复合物与其他新兴技术的有效结合从而提高选择性和癌症治疗效率的相关研究进展。     

PEGylated inorganic nanoparticles

Application of inorganic nanoparticles in diagnosis and therapy has become a critical component in the targeted treatment of diseases. The surface modification of inorganic oxides is important for providing diversity in size, shape, solubility, long-term stability, and attachment of selective functional groups. This Minireview describes the role of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the surface modification of oxides and focuses on their biomedical applications. Such a PEGylation of surfaces provides "stealth" characteristics to nanomaterials otherwise identified as foreign materials by human body. The role of PEG as structure-directing agent in synthesis of oxides is also presented.     

一维有机微纳米光功能材料研究进展

近年来,一维有机小分子微纳材料因为其新颖的光学性能和在未来小型化器件中的广泛应用,受到了人们越来越多的关注.相比于传统无机半导体材料,有机小分子材料具有结构多样性、功能可设计性、易大量制备、易机械加工等显著优势.本文将从一维有机小分子纳米材料的制备方法、形貌调控、光学性能(如光波导、受激发射、电致发光等),及其在光学器件上的应用出发,对近十年来的相关研究进展及成果进行总结和介绍.     

Electrochemical Sensor Platforms Based on Nanostructured Metal Oxides,and Zeolite‐Based Materials

Electrochemical sensors have drawn significant attention over the last couple of decades because of their ability to improve detection of organic and inorganic analytes found in the field of biotechnology, environmental sciences, medicine, and food quality control. This personal account summarizes the state‐of‐art research carried out in the construction and evaluation of nanostructured metal oxides and zeolite based electrochemical sensors. Metal oxides and zeolite‐based nanomaterials have many unique and extraordinary properties such as tunable redox activity, surface functionalization ability, optimum conductivity, large surface area, biocompatibility and so forth. In this personal account, the current advances in electrochemical sensor applications of metal oxides, zeolite‐based nanomaterials, and their nanocomposites are described for the single and simultaneous determination of organic & inorganic contaminants present in water bodies, physiological bio‐molecules present in human blood & urine samples, and organic contaminants present in food materials.Moreover, concluding section focuses discussion on the future developments and applications of these materials in various emerging technologies.     

Current Trends in the Application of Nanomaterials for the Removal of Pollutants from Industrial Wastewater Treatment—A Review

In the recent decades, development of new and innovative technology resulted in a very high amount of effluents. Industrial wastewaters originating from various industries contribute as a major source of water pollution. The pollutants in the wastewater include organic and inorganic pollutants, heavy metals, and non-disintegrating materials. This pollutant poses a severe threat to the environment. Therefore, novel and innovative methods and technologies need to adapt for their removal. Recent years saw nanomaterials as a potential candidate for pollutants removal. Nowadays, a range of cost-effective nanomaterials are available with unique properties. In this context, nano-absorbents are excellent materials. Heavy metal contamination is widespread in underground and surface waters. Recently, various studies focused on the removal of heavy metals. The presented review article here focused on removal of contaminants originated from industrial wastewater utilizing nanomaterials.     

Cross-Linked Polymers as Scaffolds for the Low-Temperature Preparation of Nanostructured Metal Oxides

The current state of the art of the use of cross-linked organic polymers, both insoluble (resins or gels) and soluble (micro- and nanogels), as aids for the low-temperature preparation of stable metal oxide nanoparticles or nanostructured metal oxides is reviewed herein. Synthetic strategies for inorganic oxide nanomaterials of this kind can greatly benefit from the use of cross-linked polymers, which may act as scaffolds/exotemplates during inorganic nanoparticle synthesis, or as stabilizers following post-synthetic modification of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, the peculiar properties of the organic cross-linked polymers add to those of the inorganic oxide nanoparticles, producing materials with combined properties. The potential applications of such highly promising composite nanomaterials will be also briefly sketched.