细胞壁模板诱导介观尺寸生物SiO~2材料合成

在人工培养年下施用正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)在结缕草叶外表皮细胞间隙,以细胞壁为模板生物矿化合成介观尺寸有序SiO~2材料,植物吸收和矿化构筑单元的硅化学形态显著影响有序SiO~2结构的形成,这反映出TEOS和细胞壁模板分子作用时有较强的结构控制能力和缓慢的凝聚硅化过程。X－ray(EDX)能谱分析显示一根完整的硅柱是含有SiO~2和C元素,表明TEOS部分水解后在植物外表皮细胞间隙合成了不同于自然的地球化学条件下形成SiO~2。     

在细胞壁上构筑自组装的生物矿化结构

芦荟植物在其叶刺细胞壁上利用CaCl_2前体分子合成了非自然状态下形成的生 物钙化结构。合成的生物CaCO_3结构为四棱柱形,直径为2～3 μm,长40～60 μ m。实验发现在场发射电镜持续电子束作用下和冷冻切片断裂作用下均可诱导一系 列人工弯曲和断裂。如此特殊的柔性和刚性与非生物的地球化学条件下形成的矿物 完全不同,表明矿物前体分子和细胞壁表面有机分子间的分子识别作用为矿化结构 的控制提供了较大的机会。     

生物矿化纳米结构材料与植物硅营养

本文在介绍了生物矿化纳米结构材料化学研究发展的基础上, 着重阐述以细胞膜和细胞壁为模板合成组装纳米尺寸SiO 2 的化学过程。这些生物矿化SiO 2 纳米结构材料研究不仅为近代纳米化学提供了有益启示, 同时也对阐明Si 营养提高植物抗环境胁迫机理有重要参考价值。     

酵母细胞为模板矿化合成SiO2纳米结构材料的研究

根据无机盐可以在生物细胞膜上沉积形成纳米结构材料的现象和生物矿化理论, 在人工培养条件下, 成功地以低等真核生物细胞-酵母菌为模板, 以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)作为硅源, 矿化合成了一种壳鞘状的SiO2纳米结构材料, 厚度达150 nm左右, 并采用TEM、SEM、EDX、FT-IR、TGA等表征手段对实验结果进行了深入细致的研究, 获得了大量的实验数据, 为利用生物细胞模板合成介观尺寸有序SiO2纳米材料作出了有益的尝试.     

多层次二氧化硅材料的仿生矿化研究进展

系统地介绍了仿生合成二氧化硅(SiO2)材料的研究进展,综述了仿生合成SiO2材料的模板分子特点及体外模拟方法,阐述了阴离子的存在、浓度、种类以及人工合成模板基质的不同类型对SiO2的尺寸和形貌的影响,并提出了新的实验思路,即设计合成具有催化活性的稳定的聚氨基酸多肽,在温和条件下,利用这种聚氨基酸多肽作为模板矿化SiO2材料,从而设计合成出具有特殊结构和性能的无机SiO2材料,并将此仿生材料应用到生物催化、药物载体等各个领域。     

根霉菌为模板矿化合成纳米结构SiO2材料的研究

在人工培养条件下,以真核生物细胞根霉菌为模板,以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)作为硅源进行了生物矿化实验,并采用TEM、SEM、FTIR、EDX、TGA等手段对实验结果进行了表征。结果表明,TEOS/培养基浓度为80mg/L时,矿化合成了一种厚度为5nm的管状SiO2纳米结构材料。本实验为利用生物细胞模板合成介观尺寸有序的SiO2纳米结构材料提供了技术基础。     

生物矿化合成纳米管状SiO2

生物体利用生物矿化作用，在有机分子模板上，通过蛋白和多糖生物分子的诱导及有机-无机界面分子识别自组装合成物貌形态可控的固态SiO₂结构。本文以真核生物细胞根霉菌为模板，以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)作为硅源进行了生物矿化实验，并采用TEM、SEM、FTIR、XPS EDX、TGA等手段对实验结果进行了表征。结果表明，TEOS/培养基浓度为80 mg·L^-1时，矿化合成了一种厚度为5 nm的管状SiO₂纳米结构材料。     

有序介孔硅包碳复合结构的制备及其储锂行为

以P123嵌段模板法合成SiO2-有序介孔(SiO2-OMPs)短棒状结构,以此为前驱体通过镁热还原和酚醛树脂碳包覆处理,成功制备出有序介孔硅/碳复合结构(Si/C-OMPs),用于锂离子电池负极材料测试。从扫描电镜图(SEM)和透射电图(TEM)观察发现,SiO2-OMPs形态可以通过HCl溶液浓度有效调控,在高浓度下获得高堆积密度的粒状有序介孔结构,并在镁热还原和碳包覆处理后这种有序介孔结构均得到完美保持。X射线衍射(XRD)数据的分析表明,镁热还原反应包括两步串连反应:Mg和SiO2先反应形成Mg2Si中间相,而后该相再还原剩余SiO2并获得终产物Si。第二步反应属于缓慢的固/固扩散过程,抑制了整个还原反应的完成,导致Si产率低且存在杂质相。电化学测试表明,由于其坚固的结构和畅通的介孔系统,有序介孔Si/C复合结构具有优异的循环稳定性和倍率性能。     

无机材料的仿生合成

生物矿化重要的特征之一是细胞分泌的有机基质调制无机矿物的成核和生长, 形成具有特殊组装方式和多级结构特点的生物矿化材料(如骨、牙和贝壳)。仿生合成就是将生物矿化的机理引入无机材料合成, 以有机物的组装体为模板, 去控制无机物的形成,制备具有独特显微结构特点的无机材料, 使材料具有优异的物理和化学性能。仿生合成已成为无机材料化学的研究前沿。本文综述了无机材料仿生合成的发展现状。     

磷酸钙在凝胶体系中的仿生矿化研究

通过模拟牙釉质的生物矿化过程,在琼脂凝胶体系中研究两种磷酸钙晶体—磷酸八钙(Ca8H2(PO4)6.5H2O,OCP)和羟基磷灰石(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2,HAP)的矿化过程:分别研究了不同pH值(pH=6.5,7.0,7.5)条件下以及添加I型胶原蛋白的凝胶体系中矿化所形成的磷酸钙晶体的组成和形貌。在凝胶体系中,当pH=6.5时主要形成OCP,形貌为较大尺寸的片状;pH=7.0,则形成了较短片状OCP与针状HAP的混晶;pH=7.5,则主要形成针状形貌的HAP。此外,当添加Ⅰ型胶原蛋白后,在pH=6.5时则主要形成较大尺寸的片状HAP,且互相平行排列成束。由实验结果可知:pH对凝胶体系中仿生合成的磷酸钙晶体的组成和形貌具有一定的调控作用,而Ⅰ型胶原蛋白则有利于诱导形成片状HAP晶体并且使之排列呈束状,其结构类似牙釉质晶体。     

Synthesis of Ordered Biosilica Materials

Biogenic silica with amazing diversity of nanostructure shells,fibers and granules in diatoms and sponges is mediated by proteins and polysaccharides and forms at ambient pressure and temperatures.Chemical synthetic methods,in contrast,have to rely on extreme pH and /or surfactants to induce the condensation of silica precurors into specific patterns.One kind of benign synthesis method through plant cell wall template-directed ordered biosilica materials under ambient conditions in intriguing in this context.Organized silica materials in intercellular spaces of epidermal cells of tall fescue leaves were synthesized through molecular recognition between Si-OH and polysaccharide-OH or glycoprotein-OH of main components of plant cell walls and cellular processing as well when Si(OEt)4 was supplied rather than monosilicic acid.The biosynthesis of structural silica in tall fescue plant was correlated with the Si species applied,reflecting the slower condensation from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and thus providing greater opportunities for structural control by the underlying matrix of cell walls.The composition was estimated by energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) spectra on a scanning electron microscope.All organized structures showed carbon,oxygen and silicon peaks,indication that their formations differ from natural siliceous process.     

共聚物的自组装研究进展

自组装是分子间通过非共价键相互作用自发组合形成的一类结构明确、稳定,同时具有某种特定功能或性能的分子聚集体或超分子结构的现象。利用共聚物自组装技术可以制备高度有序介观形貌的功能材料,这些材料有望在生物医学、药物释放、智能材料等领域得到广泛的应用。研究表明,不同结构的共聚物的自组装行为和功能一般不同,同时环境条件,如温度、pH值等也对共聚物自组装行为有很大影响。本文从共聚物结构及外部环境条件两个方面综述了近几年来共聚物的自组装行为规律,并分析了相关自组装结构应用的研究进展。     

Au-induced polyvinylpyrrolidone aggregates with bound water for the highly shape-selective synthesis of silica nanostructures

Novel Au-induced polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) aggregates with bound water (PVP-water) were created for the highly shape-selective synthesis of distinctive silica nanostructures, such as core-shell spheres, rods, snakes, tubes, capsules, thornlike, and dendritic morphologies. A water/PVP/n-pentanol system was first designed to bind water to PVP, and then Au nanoparticles were used to induce the PVP-water species to aggregate into distinctive soft structures by exploiting the interplay between PVP and gold. This was confirmed by the IR absorption spectra. The bound water in the soft structures was consumed during the hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate and the target silica nanostructures were obtained. The soft structures, and therefore, the silica morphologies, can be readily tuned by adjusting the experimental parameters. The tunable Au-induced PVP-water soft structures reported herein open up new dimensions for the synthesis of distinctive nanomaterials (other than silica) that have new physicochemical properties and applications. These soft structures were also successfully extended to synthesize ZnO and SnO(2) particles with remarkable shapes, such as spheres, leaves, T-shaped structures, and dendritic morphologies.     

Polymerization of organized polymer assemblies

Supramolecular chemistry has provided the means by which to selectively assemble small and large molecules into intricate two- and three-dimensional nanostructures. The past 2 years have witnessed considerable increase in extending such self-assembled structures into stable, single macromolecular nano-objects, through intra-assembly covalent bond formation. The selective polymerization of specific domains within organized polymer assemblies allows for the preparation of crosslinked, nanostructured bulk or particulate materials, with a variety of possible morphologies and properties.     

pH对两步法非离子模板合成MSU-X类硅基介孔结构的影响

采用两步法以非离子型表面活性剂Tween 20为模板剂合成硅基介孔材料, 研究了pH对介孔材料结构的影响. 结果表明, 没有氟离子存在且模板剂浓度较低(约为2%(w))的条件下, 在弱酸性环境中(pH=3.32-4.26)可以制备有序的MSU-X类硅基介孔材料, 本研究中的简单合成体系有助于查明MSU-X合成机理. 对所得介孔材料测试表明, 在同样的合成体系中, 随着体系pH的变化, 所得硅基介孔材料的形貌和孔壁结构都发生了变化.     

Hierarchically organized silica monoliths: influence of different acids on macro- and mesoporous formation

The influence of different acids, such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrobromic acid and acetic acid on the polymerization-induced phase separation process in the formation of hierarchically organized silica monoliths was investigated in detail. Special emphasis is given to systems synthesized from tetrakis(2-hydroxyethoxy)silane (EGMS) or tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) as the silica source in the presence of Pluronic^® P123 serving as structure-directing agent. The obtained silica monoliths exhibited a co-continuous and cellular macroporous structure comprising 2D hexagonally arranged mesopores with high specific surface areas ranging from 320–787 m² g^?1 independent of the applied silane precursor and regardless whether hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid was used. A drastic change in macropore morphology to closed pores or particulate structures was observed for nitric, bromic as well as acetic acid. For sulfuric and nitric acid, the influence on the mesostructure was not as pronounced and 2D hexagonally arranged mesopores were obtained. With bromic and acetic acid a loss in mesopore ordering has been observed. Best developed hierarchically organized networks with respect to a co-continuous, cellular macroporous network, specific surface area and 2D hexagonally arranged mesopores were obtained for EGMS as well as for TMOS with P123 in sulfuric acid.

     

Biomimetic Synthesis of Shaped and Chiral Silica Entities Templated by Organic Objective Materials

Organic molecules with accompanying self‐organization have been a great subject in chemistry, material science and nanotechnology in the past two decades. One of the most important roles of organized organic molecules is the capability of templating complexly structured inorganic materials. The focus of this Minireview is on nanostructured silica with divergent morphologies and/or integrated chirality directed by organic templates of self‐assembled polyamine/polypeptides/block copolymers, chiral organogels, self‐organized chiral amphiphiles and chiral crystalline complexes, etc., by biomimetic silicification and conventional sol–gel reaction. Among them, biosilica (diatoms and sponges)‐inspired biomimetic silicifications are particularly highlighted.     

Model studies of colloidal silica precipitation using biosilica extracts from<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Equisetum telmateia</Emphasis>

Structural materials containing silicon are produced in single celled organisms through to higher plants and animals. Hydrated amorphous silica is a colloidal mineral of infinite functionality that is formed into structures with microscopic and macroscopic form. Proteins and proteoglycans are suggested to play a critical role in the catalysis of silica polycondensation and in structure direction during the formation of these magnificent structures. This article extends knowledge on the effect of protein containing biosilica extracts from Equisetum telmateia on the kinetics of silica formation and structure regulation. Utilising potassium silicon catecholate as the source of soluble silicon, bioextracts obtained from plant silica by dissolution of the siliceous phase with aqueous HF following extensive acid digestion of the plant cell wall were found to modify the kinetic rate constants for the formation of small silicic acid oligomers under circumneutral pH conditions and to modify the solubility of silicic acid in solution. Addition of the bioextracts at ca. 1 wt% to the reaction medium reduced the sizes and range of sizes of the fundamental silica particles formed and led to the formation of crystalline polymorphs of silica under conditions of ca. neutral pH, room temperature and in the absence of multiply charged cations, conditions assumed to be relevant to the biological mineralization environment. The ability of biological organisms to regulate the formation of silica structures with prevention of crystallinity is discussed as are the implications of this study in terms of the generation of new materials with specific form and function for industrial application.     

Synthesis and morphogenesis of organic polymer materials with hierarchical structures in biominerals

Synthesis and morphogenesis of polypyrrole (PPy) with hierarchical structures from nanoscopic to macroscopic scales have been achieved by using hierarchically organized architectures of biominerals. We adopted biominerals, such as a sea urchin spine and nacreous layer, having hierarchical architectures based on mesocrystals as model materials used for synthesis of an organic polymer. A sea urchin spine led to the formation of PPy macroscopic sponge structures consisting of nanosheets less than 100 nm in thickness with the mosaic interior of the nanoparticles. The morphologies of the resultant PPy hierarchical architectures can be tuned by the structural modification of the original biomineral with chemical and thermal treatments. In another case, a nacreous layer provided PPy porous nanosheets consisting of the nanoparticles. Conductive pathways were formed in these PPy hierarchical architectures. The nanoscale interspaces in the mesocrystal structures of biominerals are used for introduction and polymerization of the monomers, leading to the formation of hierarchically organized polymer architectures. These results show that functional organic materials with complex and nanoscale morphologies can be synthesized by using hierarchically organized architectures as observed in biominerals.