基于纳米金和硫堇固定酶的过氧化氢生物传感器

在铂电极上自组装一层纳米金(GNs), 构建负电荷的界面, 然后通过金-硫、金-氮共价键合作用和静电吸附作用自组装一层阳离子电子媒介体硫堇(Thio). 再以同样的作用自组装一层GNs和辣根过氧化酶(HRP)的混合物, 最后在电极最外层滴加一层疏水性聚合物壳聚糖(Chit), 由此制备了一种新型的过氧化氢生物传感器. 研究了工作电位、检测底液pH、温度对响应电流的影响, 以及GNs和HRP之间的相互作用, 探讨了传感器的表面形态、交流阻抗、重现性和稳定性. 该传感器的酶催化反应活化能为12.4 kJ/mol, 表观米氏常数为6.5×10^－4 mo/L, 在优化的实验条件下, 所研制的传感器对H₂O₂的线性范围为5.6×10^－5～2.6×10^－3 mol/L, 检出限为1.5×10^－5 mol/L. 应用此方法制备了HRP和葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)双酶体系葡萄糖生物传感器, 并应用于实验样品葡萄糖含量的测定.     

基于胆碱修饰层为基底的纳米金固定过氧化物酶修饰电极的研究

玻碳电极上共价修饰上单分子层胆碱(Ch)可以显著提高电极的活性。本研究利用该电极上胆碱层带有的正电荷,牢固吸附带负电荷的纳米金溶胶,继而利用纳米金颗粒良好固载辣根过氧化物酶(HRP),制备出了基于HRP酶直接电化学的H2O2传感器。以阻抗谱、循环伏安等方法表征了修饰电极的性质。结果显示,该电化学传感器具有良好的催化活性,电活性HRP的表面浓度(Γ*)为1.2×10-9mol/cm2,米氏常数KMapp=1.55±0.11 mmol/L。该修饰电极在H2O2浓度1.2×10-6~3.2×10-3mol/L范围内有线性响应,检出限(S/N=3)为4.0×10-7mol/L。本修饰电极制备简单,选择性高,稳定性好,可以作为进一步构筑生物传感器的基础。     

基于脱乙酰基魔芋葡甘聚糖固定酶的葡萄糖传感器

制备了脱乙酰基魔芋葡甘聚糖(d-KGM)的溶胶-凝胶,用红外光谱表征了其脱乙酰基前后的结构转化.探讨了d-KGM溶胶-凝胶的制备条件对其成膜性能及酶固定化的影响.在此基础上将d-KGM用于电极表面葡萄糖氧化酶的固定,制备了相应的葡萄糖传感器,并对传感器的工作条件进行了优化.所制备的传感器灵敏度为240 nA/mmol/L,线性范围为0.1～8 mmol/L,表观米氏常数KM为19.6 mmol/L,稳定性好,寿命长.实验结果表明d-KGM是一种可用于生物传感器中酶固定化的优良材料.     

导电复合材料葡萄糖氧化酶传感器的研究

报导了用乙基纤维素和乙炔黑获得的导电复合材料构成的葡萄糖氧化酶生物传感器的制备方法.讨论了多种因素对该生物传感器响应电流的影响.测得此电极酶催化反应的活化能为40.3 kJ•mol－1. AFM实验表明，用环己烷洗去石蜡的导电复合材料 葡萄糖氧化酶生物传感器具有粒状结构，这有利于酶催化反应的进行.     

石墨烯/纳米金复合材料的无酶葡萄糖生物传感器制备

以抗坏血酸(AA)为还原剂,通过同步还原法制得石墨烯/纳米金复合材料.采用电化学方法,构建了一种基于石墨烯/纳米金复合材料修饰电极的无酶葡萄糖生物传感器.实验中,通过伏安法考察了不同修饰电极在葡萄糖溶液中的电化学行为.同时,探讨了溶液中OH-离子强度、溶解氧、扫描初始电位及石墨烯与纳米金的比例对传感器响应特性的影响.在...     

纳米金-生物酶膜在葡萄糖生物传感器上的应用

把金纳米颗粒加入到生物酶膜中制备葡萄糖生物传感器,分析了电极的反应机理和金纳米颗粒对电极电流响应的影响,并进行了电极的性能测定。试验表明,引入金纳米粒子可显著提高电极的响应灵敏度．制备的传感器抗干扰性强,稳定性高,成本较低,操作简便.     

基于纳米自组装技术的功能化溶胶-凝胶过氧化氢生物传感器

结合功能化溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)网络结构、自组装技术和纳米粒子效应,提出一种生物传感界面构建方法.利用自组装技术在玻碳电极表面组装氨基化sol-gel膜,通过与自组装膜间的强烈作用将纳米金粒子固定于sol-gel网络中,再通过静电吸附作用实现辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)在纳米金粒子表面的固定化,构建纳米自组装HRP传感界面.将制备的传感器用于对H2O2的催化还原,很好地保持了酶的生物活性,改善了传感器的灵敏度.     

基于固定化电子媒介体的漆酶电极的制备与应用

采用一种新方法引入媒介体,即将媒介体2,2-连氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS)固定在多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)上,将壳聚糖与漆酶共同修饰在玻碳电极表面,制备了漆酶电极。实验发现,ABTS能够被牢固地吸附在多壁碳纳米管上,且吸附了ABTS的多壁碳纳米管在水中的分散性能大为改善。由于ABTS的存在,该漆酶电极能够更加有效地催化氧气还原,使氧气的还原电位从-0.1 V升至0.6 V。研究了修饰在多壁碳纳米管上的ABTS的电化学行为,并讨论了碳纳米管修饰量、pH值及温度对漆酶电极催化性能的影响。该方法简单,制备的漆酶电极对氧气还原的催化效率高,有望应用于植入型生物燃料电池。     

一种新的纳米金半网状膜的酶生物电化学传感器

以纳米金为载体, 己二硫醇(HDT)为交联剂, 构建了一种半网状酶标纳米金, 有效地增大了酶的固定量. 以此半网状酶标纳米金修饰电极构建敏感界面, 用于计时电流法检测H2O2, 并与无交联剂酶标纳米金构建的传感器进行比较. 结果表明, 半网状酶标纳米金构建的界面稳定性好, 电流响应灵敏度高, 能对低浓度H2O2进行准确检测, 检出限达0.08 μmol/L. 分别用UV-Vis光谱和透射电镜对半网状酶标纳米金进行了表征. 同时用电化学阻抗、石英晶体微天平及循环伏安法对此半网状修饰膜构建的界面进行了研究.     

硅溶胶-凝胶包埋纳米金和酶的葡萄糖生物传感器

采用溶胶-凝胶技术将金纳米粒子和葡萄糖氧化酶一次性固定于硅溶胶-凝胶的网络结构中,制备了葡萄糖生物电化学传感器并优化了传感器的制备条件。酶电极对葡萄糖具有良好的电化学响应,葡萄糖浓度在0.02~2.0 mmol/L范围内和催化电流呈线性关系,检出限为0.005 mmol/L。酶电极在4 ℃下贮存100 d后对葡萄糖的响应仅下降8%。该酶电极灵敏度高、响应快、稳定性好。     

Visible light induced photoelectrochemical biosensing based on oxygen-sensitive quantum dots

A visible light induced photoelectrochemical biosensing platform based on oxygen-sensitive near-infrared quantum dots (NIR QDs) was developed for detection of glucose. The NIR QDs were synthesized in an aqueous solution, and characterized with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-prepared NIR QDs were employed to construct oxygen-sensitive photoelectrochemical biosensor on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode. The oxygen dependency of the photocurrent was investigated at as-prepared electrode, which demonstrated the signal of photocurrent is suppressed with the decreasing of oxygen. Coupling with the consumption of oxygen during enzymatic reaction, a photoelectrochemical strategy was proposed for the detection of substrate. Using glucose oxidase (GOx) as a model enzyme, that is, GOx was covalently attached to the surface of CdTe QDs, the resulting biosensor showed the sensitive response to glucose. Under the irradiation of visible light of a wavelength at 505 nm, the proposed photoelectrochemical method could detect glucose ranging from 0.1 mM to 11 mM with a detection limit of 0.04 mM. The photoelectrochemical biosensor showed a good performance with high upper detection limit, acceptable stability and accuracy, providing an alternative method for monitoring biomolecules and extending the application of near-infrared QDs.     

Reagentless Glucose Biosensor Based on the Direct Electrochemistry of Glucose Oxidase on Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Electrodes

The direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase (GOD) was revealed at a carbon nanotube (CNT)‐modified glassy carbon electrode, where the enzyme was immobilized with a chitosan film containing gold nanoparticles. The immobilized GOD displays a pair of redox peaks in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solutions (PBS) with the formal potential of about ?455 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) and shows a surface‐controlled electrode process. Bioactivity remains good, along with effective catalysis of the reduction of oxygen. In the presence of dissolved oxygen, the reduction peak current decreased gradually with the addition of glucose, which could be used for reagentless detection of glucose with a linear range from 0.04 to 1.0 mM. The proposed glucose biosensor exhibited high sensitivity, good stability and reproducibility, and was also insensitive to common interferences such as ascorbic and uric acid. The excellent performance of the reagentless biosensor is attributed to the effective enhancement of electron transfer between enzyme and electrode surface by CNTs, and the biocompatible environment that the chitosan film containing gold nanoparticles provides for immobilized GOD.     

Enzyme immobilisation on electroactive nanostructured membranes (ENM): optimised architectures for biosensing

Electroactive nanostructured membranes have been produced by the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, and used to make electrochemical enzyme biosensors for glucose by modification with cobalt hexacyanoferrate redox mediator and immobilisation of glucose oxidase enzyme. Indium tin oxide (ITO) glass electrodes were modified with up to three bilayers of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers containing gold nanoparticles and poly(vinylsulfonate) (PVS). The gold nanoparticles were covered with cobalt hexacyanoferrate that functioned as a redox mediator, allowing the modified electrode to be used to detect H₂O₂, the product of the oxidase enzymatic reaction, at 0.0 V vs. SCE. Enzyme was then immobilised by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Several parameters for optimisation of the glucose biosensor were investigated, including the number of deposited bilayers, the enzyme immobilisation protocol and the concentrations of immobilised enzyme and of the protein that was crosslinked with PAMAM. The latter was used to provide glucose oxidase with a friendly environment, in order to preserve its bioactivity. The optimised biosensor, with three bilayers, has high sensitivity and operational stability, with a detection limit of 6.1 μM and an apparent Michaelis–Menten constant of 0.20 mM. It showed good selectivity against interferents and is suitable for glucose measurements in natural samples.     

基于层-层自反应的葡萄糖氧化酶有序多层膜电极

以胱胺修饰的金电极为基础电极, 利用席夫碱反应使经高碘酸根氧化的葡萄糖氧化酶在该电极表面进行自身的层-层有序组装. 用电化学交流阻抗法对多层酶膜形成过程的跟踪结果表明, 该多层酶膜的生长是一个逐步形成的均匀过程. 用循环伏安法和I-t曲线法研究了该酶电极对葡萄糖的电催化氧化. 实验结果表明, 当采用羟基二茂铁作为人工电子转移媒介体时, 该酶电极对葡萄糖具有很好的电催化氧化功能. 该传感器制作简便, 响应迅速, 性能稳定, 催化电流与葡萄糖浓度在一定范围内成正比, 并且可以通过控制葡萄糖氧化酶的组装层数来调节该生物传感器的灵敏度与检测限.     

Which Parameters Affect the Response of the Channel Biosensor?

The important parameters in defining the response of the portable channel biosensor described previously are explored by connecting the portable flow cell to a gravity feed flow system and using a highly defined enzyme immobilization protocol which ensures the enzyme reaction is a surface reaction. The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized by covalent attachment to a self‐assembled monolayer modified gold surface. As a glucose solution flowed down the rectangular duct defined by the flow cell, it passed over the enzyme layer where the enzyme reaction produced hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide was swept further downstream to the detector electrode. The response of such an enzyme electrode was shown to be limited by mass transport of the cosubstrate oxygen to the enzyme layer. Increasing the amount of oxygen in the sample meant the response of the biosensor became limited by the enzyme kinetics. The influence of parameters such as flow rate, height of the channel, enzyme layer length and the gap between the enzyme layer and the detector electrode were explored.     

Amperometric Biosensor Based on Enzymatic Reactor for Choline Determination in Flow Systems

A simple, selective and stable biosensor with the enzymatic reactor based on choline oxidase (ChOx) was developed and applied for the determination of choline (Ch) in flow injection analysis with amperometric detection. The enzyme ChOx was covalently immobilized with glutaraldehyde to mesoporous silica powder (SBA‐15) previously covered by NH₂‐groups. This powder was found as an optimal filling of the reactor. The detection of Ch is based on amperometric monitoring of consumed oxygen during the enzymatic reaction, which is directly proportional to Ch concentration. Two arrangements of an electrolytic cell in FIA, namely wall‐jet cell with working silver solid amalgam electrode covered by mercury film and flow‐through cell with tubular detector of polished silver solid amalgam were compared. The experimental parameters affecting the sensitivity and stability of the biosensor (i. e. pH of the carrier solution, volume of reactor, amount of the immobilized enzyme, the detection potential, flow rate, etc.) were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection was found to be 9.0×10^?6 mol L^?1. The Michaelis‐Menten constant for covalently immobilized ChOx on SBA‐15 was calculated. The proposed amperometric biosensor with the developed ChOx‐based reactor exhibits good repeatability, reproducibility, long‐term stability, and reusability. Its efficiency has been confirmed by the successful application for the determination of Ch in two commercial pharmaceuticals.     

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the immobilization of enzyme in glucose biosensors

A novel biosensor, comprised of electrode of gold/multi-walled carbon nanotubes–glucose oxidase (Au/MWNTs–GOD), has been developed. The MWNTs were produced by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The enzyme of GOD was immobilized using MWNTs. Performance and characteristics of the fabricated glucose biosensor were assessed with respect to response time, detection limit, pH value and storage stability. The results show that the fabricated biosensor is sensitive and stable in detecting glucose, indicating that MWNTs are a good candidate material for the immobilization of enzyme in glucose biosensor construction.     

Development of a hypoxanthine biosensor based on immobilized xanthine oxidase chemically modified electrode

An amperometric biosensor for hypoxanthine determination has been developed. The sensor uses a Nafion-paraquat chemically modified glassy-carbon electrode. It detects the oxygen consumed by the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by xanthine oxidase which is immobilized on the electrode surface. The sensor responds linearly to hypoxanthine over the concentration range of 1 × 10⁻⁶ M −2 × 10⁻⁴ M. The biosensor can be reused for more than 100 times without significant deterioration in performance. After 32 days storage at 3–5°C, the sensor response remains at 68% of the initial level. The high sensitivity, selectivity and stability of this biosensor demonstrates its practical applicability for a simple, rapid and economical determination of hypoxanthine in fish samples.     

以天青Ⅰ为介体的纳米金颗粒增强的葡萄糖传感器

采用层层自组装的方法和异种电荷互相吸引的原理,将Nafion修饰在金电极上固载带正电荷的天青Ⅰ,并利用天青Ⅰ中的氨基固载纳米金,再通过纳米金将酶固定在金电极表面,制成了葡萄糖传感器.采用循环伏安法和交流阻抗法,研究了金电极表面组装各层之后的电化学特征,以及电极对葡萄糖的电化学催化作用. 结果表明,天青Ⅰ不仅可以固定酶和纳米金,而且还可以在酶和电极之间有效地传递电子.在优化的实验条件下,该传感器对葡萄糖响应的线性范围为5.1×10-6 ~4.0×10-3 mol/L,检出限(S/N=3)为1.0 μmol/L.该生物传感器显示出较好的稳定性和抗干扰能力,将其用于人体血清中葡萄糖的测定,结果令人满意.