PMP柱前衍生高效液相色谱法分析杜氏盐藻多糖的单糖组成

建立了柱前PMP衍生高效液相色谱法分离检测8种中性糖、2种糖醛酸及2种糖胺的方法。筛选出适合PMP衍生物分离的色谱柱为Ec lipse XDB-C18,以0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液-乙腈为流动相,考察了pH值和乙腈体积分数对各种糖的PMP衍生物的保留及分离的影响,确定最佳pH值为6.7,最佳乙腈体积分数为17%;比较了不同衍生反应时间和萃取除杂前不同量盐酸中和反应产物时醛糖-PMP衍生物的峰面积大小变化,从而得到较佳的样品衍生化条件。应用优化的色谱条件和样品制备方法,测定了由杜氏盐藻提取纯化的多糖级分PD4 a和PD4b的单糖组成,其测定结果与高效阴离子交换色谱法的结果基本一致。     

烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚在不同液相色谱分离模式中的分离研究

考察了烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚在反相色谱、正相键合色谱、硅胶吸附色谱、体积排阻色谱4种不同液相色谱分离模式中的分离效果,分别采用Kromasil C_(18)(250 mm× 4.6 mm,5 μm)、Agilent ZORBAX NH2(250 mm× 4.6 mm,5 μm)、Waters Spherisorb S3W(150 mm×2.0 mm,3 μm)和Shodex MSpak GF-310 2D(150 mm×2.0 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以225 nm为紫外检测波长,对不同液相色谱分离模式的流动相组成、梯度洗脱条件、柱温、流速等进行了优化,并对烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚在不同液相色谱分离模式中的保留机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明,正相键合色谱实现了烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚的最佳分离;硅胶吸附色谱和体积排阻色谱的分离效果较正相键合色谱稍差.     

水溶性超高效聚合物色谱法测定木质素磺酸盐分级分离产物的相对分子质量分布

以木质素磺酸盐及其超滤分级分离产物为研究对象,系统考察了流动相pH值、离子强度等测试条件对超高效聚合物色谱（APC）法分析水溶性天然高分子相对分子质量的影响,并重点探讨了影响分析结果的非体积排阻效应。以pH6.8的0.1 mol/L NaNO₃水溶液为流动相,采用3根Waters水溶性色谱柱串联,进样量为10 μ L,流速为0.5 mL/min,木质素磺酸盐在色谱柱中获得了精细分离,其相对分子质量分布在8个相对分子质量区间。采用优化获得的测试条件表征木质素磺酸盐的超滤分级分离产物,测试结果表明,超滤法分离的3个组分实现了很好的色谱分离,对应的数均相对分子质量（M_n）分别为40410、12208和1516 Da,证明超滤法对木质素磺酸盐实现了高效分离。该方法为木质素磺酸盐分级分离产物的进一步应用提供了测试基础。     

高效凝胶排阻色谱法测定牛血清白蛋白相对分子质量及其分布

建立了一种高效凝胶排阻色谱快速测定牛血清白蛋白的相对分子质量及其分布的方法。使用凝胶色谱仪,TSKgel G3000SWXL型(300 mm×7.8 mm)高效凝胶排阻色谱柱,以0.05 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 6.8)–0.3mol/L氯化钠溶液为流动相,流速为1 mL/min,DAD检测器,检测波长为220 nm,选择300~330 nm作为参比波长,信号采集时间为15 min。测得质控样牛血清白蛋白相对分子质量标准物质峰值相对分子质量的均值为7.160×104Da,与参考值的相对误差为7.76%,组间相对标准偏差为0.49%。采用该法对市售牛血清白蛋白样品的相对分子质量分布进行测试,组内相对标准偏差为0.004%~0.014%,组间相对标准偏差为1.89%。该法可以满足一般实验室对牛血清白蛋白样品的分子量分布测定的要求。     

低分子量硫酸化多糖的体积排阻色谱法分离及其组成定量分析

建立了用于分离并定量测定低分子量硫酸化多糖中不同糖链数的各个组分分布比例的体积排阻色谱方法。系统考察了流动相的组成、离子强度和pH值、流速、柱温等因素对分离的影响。最佳分离条件: 两支TSK-GEL G2000 SWxl色谱柱(300 mm×7.8 mm)串联,流动相100 mmol/L Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 (pH 7.0),流速0.5 mL/min,柱温35 ℃,进样量5 μL,样品质量浓度10 g/L。在最佳的分离条件下,可以将低分子量硫酸化多糖样品中不同糖链数的各个组分分离并对各个组分的分布进行了定量分析。用该方法对美国药典标准品(USP)、商品和实验室制备的低分子量硫酸化多糖糖链数分布进行了定量化比较,证明该方法可用于低分子量硫酸化多糖类药物的组成成分的质量控制。     

注射用大黄粉针剂的高效液相色谱分析

采用反相高效液相色谱法考察注射用大黄粉针剂在不同梯度洗脱条件下的分离情况,优化的注射用大黄粉针剂高效液相色谱指纹图谱的分离条件是:色谱柱为Shim-pack CLC-ODS柱(6.0 mm i.d.×150 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇和0.1%(体积分数)磷酸溶液体系;检测波长254 nm;柱温40 ℃。在该色谱条件下,注射用大黄粉针剂各组分达到较佳分离,方法的稳定性、精密度、重现性好,为建立其指纹图谱奠定了基础。     

超高效凝胶色谱法测定聚乙二醇衍生物的分子量及其分布

采用超高效聚合物色谱(APC)技术,以单甲氧基聚乙二醇丙醛(m PEG_p ALD)为代表,测定了聚乙二醇衍生物的相对分子质量及其分布和杂质含量,优选了色谱柱和流动相,考察了样品质量浓度变化以及溶解时间等对测定结果的影响。优化后3根超高效凝胶色谱柱串联,在柱温40℃,流动相95%甲醇,流速0.5m L/min,示差折光检测条件下,对m PEG_p ALD的分子量及其分布进行测定,同时得到杂质的相对含量。结果测得m PEG_p ALD主成分的重均分子量(Mw)为19 444,分布指数(D)为1.01;杂质1的Mw为38 703,D为1.01,含量为1.31%;杂质2的Mw为61 036,D为1.00,含量为0.70%。与常规凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)相比,该方法分辨率高,分析速度快,能快速测定m PEG_p ALD的相对分子量及其分布,并能得到其纯度和杂质含量,为其工艺研发、质量控制提供了科学的依据,同时也可用于其它PEG衍生物的相对分子量及其分布和纯度的测定。     

高效体积排阻色谱法测定改性柑橘果胶的分子质量

改性柑橘果胶(MCP)是一种具有抗肿瘤细胞生长、侵袭和转移活性的多糖。由于多糖的分子质量对其活性有很大的影响,因而需要测定其分子质量。选择的色谱条件为：TSK G3000PWXL色谱柱,以50 mmol/L醋酸铵缓冲液为流动相,流速为0.5 mL/min,柱温为40 ℃,样品质量浓度为10 g/L,进样体积为20 μL,示差折光检测器检测。采用Pullulan糖标准品,经校正获得回归方程,通过回归方程计算得到的MCP平均相对分子质量为:Mn为21000,Mp为46000,Mw为43000,Mz为66000。MCP的多分散性指数(PD)为2。该方法具有良好的重现性,而且简便、快速,为MCP的生产工艺、质量控制和组效关系等的研究提供了实用的分析检测手段。     

分子排阻色谱法测定灰树花菌丝体β-葡聚糖的相对分子质量及其分布

采用分子排阻色谱法,利用3台不同的液相色谱仪及相应GPC软件测定并计算β-葡聚糖受试物的相对分子质量及其分布。选择的色谱条件为SB-804HQ凝胶色谱柱(7.8 mm×300mm),流动相为0.2g·L~(-1)叠氮化钠溶液,流量0.5mL·min~(-1),柱温35℃,进样量25μL,2410示差折光检测器(RI),以系列标准葡聚糖Shodex STANDARD P-82为相对分子质量标准品。灰树花GF-932发酵菌丝体β-葡聚糖的重均相对分子质量(M_r)在134 195～251053amu范围内,相对分子质量分布宽度(M_r/M_n)在1.64～2.61之间。受试物灰树花菌丝体β-葡聚糖是具有一定分子质量分布范围的高纯度的聚合物。     

高效液相色谱法对黄精多糖相对分子质量及组成的测定

从内蒙古野生黄精根茎中提取出粗黄精多糖,并用胰蛋白酶法和Sevag法结合脱去其中的蛋白质,采用高效液相色谱法,利用Shodex GPC色谱柱对其纯度、相对分子质量和相对分子质量的分布进行了测定,结果表明所得产物为均一成分,测得的数均相对分子质量（Mn）为7073,相对分子质量（Mr）为7247,分散系数为1.025。以水为流动相,利用Shodex SP0810糖色谱柱对黄精多糖的组成进行分析,结果表明,黄精多糖是由单一的果糖组成的。     

Molecular size fractionation of soil humic acids using preparative high performance size-exclusion chromatography

High performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) is useful for the molecular size separation of soil humic acids (HAs), but there is no method available for various HAs with different chemical properties. In this paper the authors propose a new preparative HPSEC method for various soil HAs. Three soil HAs with different chemical properties were fractionated by a Shodex OHpak SB-2004 HQ column with 10mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v) as an eluent. The HAs eluted within a reasonable column range time (12-25 min) without peak tailing. Preparative HPSEC chromatograms of these HAs indicated that non-size-exclusion effects were suppressed. The separated fractions were analyzed by HPSEC to determine their apparent molecular weights. These decreased sequentially from fraction 1 to fraction 10, suggesting that the HAs had been separated by their molecular size. The size-separated fractions of the soil HA were mixed to compare them with unfractionated HA. The analytical HPSEC chromatogram of the mixed HA was almost identical to that of the unfractionated HA. It appears that the HAs do not adsorb specifically to the column during preparative HPSEC. Our preparative HPSEC method allows for rapid and reproducible separation of various soil HAs by molecular size.     

Polysaccharides and sterols from green algae Caulerpa lentillifera and C. sertularioides

Sterols and polysaccharides of green alga Caulerpa lentillifera grown under laboratory conditions and in mariculture and polysaccharides of green alga C. sertularioides grown under natural conditions were studied. The sterol fraction consisted of C₂₇-C₂₉ steroidal alcohols with Δ⁵-unsaturation in the steroid core regardless of the growth conditions. The dominant (79.9%) steroid component of the sterol fraction was clionasterol. The water-soluble fraction of C. lentillifera grown under laboratory conditions was a mixture of 1,4-α- and 1,3-β-D-glucans and protein. The same fraction isolated from C. lentillifera grown in mariculture contained only protein. The water-soluble fraction of C. sertularioides grown under natural conditions contained 1,3;1,6-β-D-galactan sulfated at C2. The principal components of the base-soluble polysaccharide fractions from all algae samples were 1,4-α-D-glucans. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 5-8, January-February, 2009.     

Isolation and structural characterisation of okara polysaccharides

Okara is a byproduct generated during tofu or soymilk production processes. Crude polysaccharide (yield 56.8%) was isolated by removing fat, protein and low molecular weight carbohydrates from initial okara. Crude okara polysaccharide was further divided into four soluble fractions and an insoluble residue fraction by extracting with 0.05 M EDTA + NH(4) oxalate, 0.05 M NaOH, 1 M NaOH and 4 M NaOH, with yields of 7.7%, 3.6%, 20.7%, 16.0% and 27.9%, respectively. Arabinose, galactose, galacturonic acid, xylose and glucose (only for the insoluble fraction) were the major constituent sugars. The primary sugar residues of okara polysaccharides were 1,4-linked β-galactopyranose, 1,5- and 1,3-linked α-arabinofuranose, 1,5-linked α-xylofuranose, 1,2-linked, 1,2,4-linked and terminal α-rhamnopyranose (or fucopyranose), and 1,4-linked β-glucopyranose (only for the insoluble fraction), indicating okara polysaccharides might contain galactan, arabinan, arabinogalactan, xylogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan, xylan, xyloglucan and cellulose.     

水溶性高支化多糖及硫酸酯衍生物抗癌活性研究

从虎奶菇菌核中提取出一种水溶性高支化葡聚糖,并用氯磺酸和吡啶在无水二甲亚砜中进行硫酸酯衍生化,制备出硫酸酯衍生物.用巴比赛小鼠动物实验研究该多糖及其硫酸酯衍生物的体内抗肉瘤S-180活性,以及用肝癌细胞株HepG2研究体外活性,同时讨论多糖分子尺寸与抗癌活性的关系.通过形态学、组织切片、以及酶联免疫法研究硫酸酯化对多糖抗肿瘤活性的影响.结果表明,支链多糖的均方根旋转半径在42.5~113 nm之间,显示出较高的体内和体外抗肿瘤活性,硫酸酯衍生物的均方根旋转半径在17.8~34.9 nm之间,抗癌活性随其分子尺寸的增大而逐渐提高.多糖及其硫酸酯衍生物能诱导人体肝癌HepG2细胞凋亡,且具有时间依赖性.它们对免疫反应的调节作用可通过肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α来介导.     

Polysaccharides of Algae 71*. Polysaccharides of the Pacific brown alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alaria marginata</Emphasis>

The polysaccharide composition in sporophylls of the brown alga Alaria marginata enriched with laminaran and sulfated polysaccharides was studied. It was shown that laminaran molecules had an average degree of polymerization about 30 and consisted mainly of 3-linked β-D-glucopyranose residues, having no more than 10% of 1→6 linkages. The majority of chains (about 60%) were terminated at "reducing" end by mannitol residue. Alginic acid of sporophylls contained mannuronic (M) and guluronic (G) acids residues distributed along the linear polymer molecules as MM, MG, and GG blocks at a ratio of 4: 1: 1. Fucoidan was found to be composed of fucose, galactose, and sulfate as the major constituents, while xylose, mannose, glucuronic acid, and acetate were the minor components. It was shown that fucoidan contained two major components: fucan sulfate, molecules of which are built up of 3-linked fucopyranose residues with branches and sulfate groups at different positions, and fucogalactan, also containing chains of 3-linked fucopyranose residues with branches at positions 4 together with highly branched galactan chains terminated by fucose residues. The fucoidan contained also sulfated glucuronomannan and sulfated glucuronan as minor components.     

The potential biotechnological applications of the exopolysaccharide produced by the halophilic bacterium Halomonas almeriensis

We have studied the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced by the type strain, M8(T), of the halophilic bacterium Halomonas almeriensis, to ascertain whether it might have any biotechnological applications. All the cultural parameters tested influenced both bacterial growth and polysaccharide production. EPS production was mainly growth-associated and under optimum environmental and nutritional conditions M8(T) excreted about 1.7 g of EPS per litre of culture medium (about 0.4 g of EPS per gram of dry cell weight). Analysis by anion-exchange chromatography and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography indicated that the exopolysaccharide was composed of two fractions, one of 6.3 × 10(6) and another of 1.5 × 10(4) Daltons. The monosaccharide composition of the high-molecular-weight fraction was mannose (72% w/w), glucose (27.5% w/w) and rhamnose (0.5% w/w). The low-molecular-weight fraction contained mannose (70% w/w) and glucose (30% w/w). The EPS has a substantial protein fraction (1.1% w/w) and was capable of emulsifying several hydrophobic substrates, a capacity presumably related to its protein content. The EPS produced solutions of low viscosity with pseudoplastic behaviour. It also had a high capacity for binding some cations. It contained considerable quantities of sulphates (1.4% w/w), an unusual feature in bacterial polysaccharides. All these characteristics render it potentially useful as a biological agent, bio-detoxifier and emulsifier.     

High-performance size-exclusion chromatography of porcine colonic mucins. Comparison of Bio-Gel TSK 40XL and Sepharose 4B columns

A high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) method was developed for the separation of porcine colonic mucins using a Bio-Gel TSK 40XL HPSEC column (300 mm x 75 mm). In addition, porcine gastric and bovine submaxillary mucin preparations were used to describe more fully the separation characteristics of the HPSEC column. For comparison, the same preparations were also separated using a Sepharose 4B column (100 cm x 2.6 cm). The colonic and gastric mucins eluted in the void volume (V0) of both columns. Bovine submaxillary mucin was in the elution volume (Ve) of both columns. Analytical HPSEC of fractions (V0 and Ve) of the various preparations obtained by Sepharose 4B chromatography exhibited retention times identical to those for fractions obtained by HPSEC. After separation by both methods, purified mucins were obtained by CsCl2 density gradient ultracentrifugation; analytical HPSEC profiles, protein contents, and monosaccharide compositions of both gastric and colonic mucins from either column were similar. The HPSEC method, however, is ideally suited to separate microgram to milligram quantities of colonic mucin preparations quickly: 2 to 4 h, compared with 24 to 30 h for the Sepharose 4B method.     

Microwave–assisted extraction and identification of polysaccharide from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycoris aurea</Emphasis>

Three polysaccharide fractions (LAP-1, LAP-2, and LAP-3) were separated from the extract of Lycoris aurea using DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-150 column chromatography. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed the typical characteristics of polysaccharide fractions. The molecular weights of three polysaccharides were characterized by HPGFC, which were 31.9 kDa, 35.7 kDa, and 72.7 kDa, respectively. Their chemical compositions were also studied. The conditions for microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of polysaccharide from L. aurea were investigated through an orthogonal design of L₉ (3³) in this work.     

Sulfated and sulfonated polysaccharide as chiral stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography and capillary electrochromatography–mass spectrometry

The applications of polysaccharide phenyl carbamate derivatives as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are often hindered by longer retention times, especially using a normal-phase (NP) eluent due to very low electroosmotic flow (EOF). Therefore, in this study, we propose an approach for the aforementioned problems by introducing two new types of negatively charged sulfate and sulfonated groups for polysaccharide CSPs. These CSPs were utilized to pack CEC columns for enantioseparation with a NP eluent. Compared to conventional cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) or CDMPC CSPs, the sulfated CDMPC CSP (sulfur content 4.25%, w/w) shortened the analysis time up to 50% but with a significant loss of enantiomeric resolution (∼60%). On the other hand, the sulfonated CDMPC CSP (sulfur content 1.76%, w/w) not only provided fast throughput but also maintained excellent resolving power. In addition, its synthesis is much more straightforward than the sulfated one. Furthermore, we studied several stationary phase parameters (CSP loading and silica gel pore size) and mobile phase parameters (including type of mobile phase and its composition) to evaluate the throughput and enantioselectivity. Using the optimized conditions, a chiral pool containing 66 analytes was screened to evaluate the enantioselectivity under three different mobile phase modes (i.e., NP, polar organic phase (POP) and reversed-phase (RP) eluents). Among these mobile phase modes, the RP mode showed the highest success rate, whereas some degree of complementary enantioselectivity was observed with NP and POP. Finally, the feasibility of applying this CSP for CEC–MS enantioseparation using internal tapered column was evaluated with NP, POP and RP eluents. In particular, the NP-CEC–MS provided significantly enhanced sensitivity when methanol was replaced with isopropanol in the sheath liquid. Using aminoglutethimide as model chiral analyte, all three modes of CEC–MS demonstrated excellent durability as well as excellent reproducibility of retention time and enantioselectivity.