盐卤硼酸盐化学 Ⅻ.MgO·3B_2O_3·7H_2O的热行为和脱水动力学

通过对合成MgO·3B__2O_3·7H_2O的热分析研究确定热脱水反应的阶段、温度和产物,给出脱水过程的热化学反应方程式.利用甲醇、水与三氧化二硼之间的酯化反应进行相分离,确定该化合物高温结晶化产物的物相组成为晶态六硼酸镁(2MgO·3B_2O_3)和无定形B_2O_3.对该化合物的TG和DTG数据进行处理结果,给出了相应的非等温热脱水反应动力学方程.     

熔盐电解合成希土六硼化物的研究——REBO_3、LiBO_2和LiF体系熔盐电解合成RER_6

本文在800℃和空气中电解REBO_3-LiBO_2-LiF(?)盐体系合成了单相的REB_6.石墨川埚兼作容器和阳极.耐火金属棒如Cu和Mo等被悬吊在电解质中作为阴极.根据似二元体系LiBO_2-LiF和LiBO_2-LaBO_3的低熔点组成以La_2O_3、B_2O_3、Li_2CO_3和LiF为原料找到了具有较低熔点的熔盐体系.根据X射线粉末衍射,该熔体是由REBO_3、LiBO_2和LiF三个物相组成.     

2.7NaF·AlF_3(7wt%CaF_2)-Al_2O_3-Ymm_2O_3熔体物理化学性质的研究

本文系统地研究了2.7NaF·AlF_3(7wt％CaF_2)—Al_2O_3—Ymm_2O_3~*熔体的一系列物理化学性质。应用最优化设计原理,分别得到了表征该熔体初晶温度和粘度与Al_2O_3和Ymm_2O_3浓度关系的回归方程,以及该熔体表面张力、密度和电导率与Al_2O_3、Ymm_2O_3浓度和温度关系的回归方程。讨论了性质与组成之间的关系及用该熔体制备钇族稀土铝合金的适用性。     

纳米Fe2O3和Fe3O4的制备及其催化高氯酸铵热分解性能的研究——一个仪器分析综合实验

介绍一个仪器分析综合实验——纳米Fe_2O_3和Fe_3O_4的制备及其催化高氯酸铵热分解性能的研究。采用水热法合成纳米Fe_3O_4,进而煅烧得到纳米Fe_2O_3。使用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)对制得的样品结构进行表征,通过透射电镜(TEM)可以发现其为球形颗粒,粒径在10–20 nm范围内。将制得的纳米Fe_2O_3和纳米Fe_3O_4按不同比例加入高氯酸铵(AP)中,通过对混合物进行热分析(TG-DSC),发现纳米Fe_2O_3和纳米Fe_3O_4可以明显促进AP的分解,且Fe_2O_3的催化效果优于Fe_3O_4的催化效果,并对催化机理进行了简单讨论。通过该实验,可以让学生学习水热反应的方法,掌握利用XRD、热分析等多种手段对化合物结构及性能进行表征的技能。     

镧在钴基超合金GH188中的作用及分配

本文研究了镧在钴基超合金GH188中的作用及其分配。镧在基体及M_6C相中的分配大约为9:1,大部分镧偏聚在晶界处。在该合金中镧化物主要是La_2O_3和La_2O_2S;用X射线和扫描电镜发现.该合金在空气中于900～1200℃经0～100h的氧化特性遵循一般的抛物线氧化规律,添加镧可提高氧化激活能值,其氧化皮主要由(Co、Ni)Cr_2O_4和一定量的Cr_2O_3及βCo组成,而铬离子在Cr_2O_3中的扩散是控制氧化速率的因素。镧能显著改善该合金氧化皮的致密性、连续性、稳定性和粘附力,并能提高其持久强度和持久塑性。     

V2O5-MoO3体系的电子探针分析

V_2O_5—MoO_3体系是重要的氧化催化剂体系之一.许多作者分别用X射线衍射对V_2O_5—MoO_3体系进行了物相分析,测定了有关的晶体结构,用热分析或熔点显微镜研究其相图等.据文献报道,V_2O_5—MoO_3体系中当MoO_3含量低于约40mol％时,可形成MoO_3在V_2O_5中的固溶体相;当 MoO_3含量在约50mol％或稍高时,可形成中间化合物相;当MoO_3含量更高时,则以MoO_3相为主.但是,文献中对于V—Mo—O中间化合物相的化学组成的认识存在着分岐,有些作者归结为V_2MoO_8,另一些作者则归结为V_9Mo_6O_(40).这两种分子式表示法的差异首先在于V和Mo的原子比不     

PbO-Bi2O3-Nb2O5系中新相Pb3Bi0.1Nb2O8.15单晶的熔剂法生长及其结晶学研究

计算PbO—Bi_2O_3—Nb_2O_5系化合物的声光品质因数M_2在14—19范围,可与PbO·MoO_3相比,故选择此系统作为开拓新声光材料的研究对象。 用X-射线相分析、电子探针、差热分析等手段,确定了一个新的化合物,其组成为3PbO·Nb_2O_5:Bi_2O_3=20:1(mole),属3PbO·Nb_2O_5—Bi_2O_3膺二元系中一稳定化合物,采用熔剂法生长了外形为六角形、深桔色的透明片状单晶。用透射Laue、Weissenberg照相及四园衍射仪,对其结晶学特征进行了研究。     

负载型铜钴氧化物协同催化H_2O_2/HCO_3~–降解苯酚（英文）

近年来,环境污染特别是水的严重污染使其治理成为一个极具挑战性的课题.各种污染物复杂的化学成分和催化剂在处理过程中的浸出、寿命及成本等问题是导致众多氧化催化剂难以实际应用的主要原因.相对而言,H_2O_2是一种活性氧含量高、清洁并可在温和条件下使用的氧化剂,在各种高级氧化技术中受到广泛关注.而碳酸氢盐是一种弱碱性物质,在自然界及水体系中广泛存在,且无明显毒害.它可活化H_2O_2,加快其氧化各种有机物,并在废水处理领域开始受到关注.该体系的明显优势在于处理体系始终处于微碱性环境,可以有效避免金属氧化物催化剂在处理过程中由于体系酸化而带来的催化剂流失,从而延长催化剂寿命,降低催化剂成本.本文采用浸渍法制备了一种双金属铜、钴氧化物催化剂及相关的对照催化剂体系,利用碳酸氢盐活化H2O2用于降解苯酚模拟废水.通过各种空白实验发现,负载于γ-Al_2O_3表面的钴、铜氧化物催化剂CuO-Co_3O_4@γ-Al_2O_3具有最好的催化降解活性,而CuO@γ-Al_2O_3,Co_3O_4@γ-Al_2O_3,Cu O-Co_3O_4及CuO和Co_3O_4的物理混合物均表现出较差的催化性能.由此可见,在CuO-Co_3O_4@γ-Al_2O_3催化剂中,铜、钴离子在苯酚降解过程中存在协同效应,这可能与催化剂中钴、铜金属离子的相互作用相关.X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱结果表明,反应前后CuO-Co_3O_4@γ-Al_2O_3催化剂中金属的氧化状态并未发生改变,在使用过程中钴离子的浸出率可以忽略,铜离子的浸岀率也仅有0.6 ppm.荧光分析实验和自由基捕获实验表明,只有添加·O_2~-和·OH的捕获剂能明显抑制降解反应,因而推测该反应体系对有机物的降解是一个自由基氧化过程,起关键作用的可能是·O_2~-和·OH.     

NH_2-Fe_3O_4纳米粒子修饰电极测定水样中的微量铅和铜

采用一步法合成了氨基化四氧化三铁(NH_2-Fe_3O_4)磁性纳米材料,并以XRD,IR等手段对其进行了表征.将NH_2-Fe_3O_4组装到磁性玻碳电极表面,得了NH_2-Fe_3O_4修饰的磁玻碳电极,并以该修饰电极为工作电极,研究了其电化学性能.利用差分脉冲溶出伏安法研究了铅(Ⅱ)离子和铜(Ⅱ)离子在该修饰电极上的电化学行为.结果表明:NH_2-Fe_3O_4纳米粒子可显著提高Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)在电极表面的富集量,提高溶出峰电流.由于差分脉冲溶出伏安曲线中Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的溶出峰电位差较大,且没有相互干扰,所以该电极可用于Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的同时测定.     

铊(Ⅰ)离子选择电极动力学分析法测定超痕量铁

用于动力学分析的诱导反应体系较少.Sharma和Gupta等研究了Tl~(3-)-H_2O_2-Fe~(2+)诱导体系,并用该体系铈量法测定了H_2O_2.本文用铊(I)离子选择电极为指示电极研究了该体系反应物浓度、酸度、离子强度、温度和其它离子对反应速度的影响,用固定电位法测定了超痕量铁,测定下限可低至10~(-9)mol·dm~(-3)(0.056ppb).研究表明铁(Ⅱ)离子浓度与反应时     

熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定铬铁矿中铬、铁、硫等10种主次量组分

采用混合熔剂、熔融玻璃片制样,以适量的NH₄NO₃为氧化剂、Li₂CO₃为保护剂,有效抑制了硫元素的挥发. 使用ZSX Primus ⅡX射线荧光光谱仪测试了铬铁矿样品中的主量组分(Cr₂O₃、TFe)及8个次量组分(SiO₂、CaO、MgO、Al₂O₃、TiO₂、P₂O₅、MnO、S). 方法快速、简便、准确. 用标准物质试样和不同方法进行验证,分析结果与标准值和化学值相吻合,可有效应用于实际科研与生产工作.     

An online method combining a thermal conversion elemental analyzer with isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the determination of hydrogen isotope composition and water concentration in geological samples

An online continuous-flow method, combining a thermal conversion elemental analyzer (TC/EA) with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (MS), is evaluated for the determination of both the hydrogen isotope composition and the water concentration of hydrous and nominally anhydrous minerals. The technique involves reduction of hydrous minerals or nominally anhydrous minerals by reaction with glassy carbon at 1450 degrees C in a helium stream. The product gases, H2 and CO, are separated on a gas chromatographic column prior to analysis in the mass spectrometer. Calibration curves for the H concentration analysis were generated from a standard of benzoic acid (C7H6O2) that has an H concentration of 5.0 wt%; the analytical uncertainties were better than +/-0.05% in our runs. Two standards of material with given D values, polyethylene IAEA-CH-7 and biotite NBS-30, were tested for the purpose of calibrating a natural garnet 04BXL02 representing nominally anhydrous minerals. Preheating at 90 degrees C for 12 h was found to be suitable for removing adsorption water on the sample surface. This results in constant D values and total H2O contents for the garnet, with weighted means of -94 +/- 1 and 522 +/- 11 ppm (wt), respectively. The TC/EA-MS technique allows routine analysis of sample sizes as small as 0.01 microL H2O. For natural minerals, absolute reproducibilities for D values are +/-0.5 to +/-2 (1) and relative uncertainties for total H2O concentrations are at levels of +/-1% to +/-3% (1). Therefore, this online method can be used for the quantitative determination of H isotope composition and H2O concentration of either hydrous or anhydrous minerals.     

Rotational spectra of the Xe-(H2O)2 van der Waals trimer: xenon as a probe of electronic structure and dynamics

Rotational spectra of three isotopomers of the Xe-(H2O)2 van der Waals trimer were recorded using a pulsed-nozzle, Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. Nine [nine, four] a-type and twelve [eleven, seven] b-type transitions were measured for the 132Xe-(H2O)2 [129Xe-(H2O)2, 131Xe-(H2O)2] isotopomer. The determined rotational and centrifugal distortion constants were used to extract information about the structure and vibrational motions of the complex. The nuclear quadrupole hyperfine structures due to the 131Xe (nuclear spin quantum number I=3/2) nucleus were also detected. The large value of the off-diagonal nuclear quadrupole coupling constant chiab in particular provides detailed insight into the electronic environment of the xenon atom and the orientations of the water molecules within the complex. An effective structure that best reproduces the experimental 131Xe nuclear quadrupole coupling constants is rationalized by ab initio calculations. An overall goal of this line of work is to determine how the successive solvation of a xenon atom with water molecules affects the xenon electron distribution and its intermolecular interactions. The results may provide molecular level interpretations of 129Xe NMR data from, for example, imaging experiments.     

Analysis of cement by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and volumetric method

A new method to determine the composition of cement raw mix and cement is devised. The sample was fused with a mixture of sodium carbonate and lithium tetraborate (3:1) at 925 degrees C for 10 min. The fusion cake was dissolved in hydrochloric acid. The concentration of analyte in solution was either determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry or titrimetry. The proposed method is quick and the analysis for interested oxides (SiO(2), Al(2)O(3), Fe(2)O(3), and CaO) can be completed within 1 hr. The accuracy and precision are comparable to that of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.     

A modified standard addition method in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

A modified standard addition method for single element determination by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has been studied. The attenuation properties of the standard added samples are kept constant by adding decreasing amounts of an attenuation modifier along with increasing amounts of a standard. In this way the standard addition curve will be a straight line in cases where the ordinary standard addition curve is non-linear, and linear regression can be used to evaluate the concentration of the analyte. Standard additions of oxides of a number of elements, with and without modifier, have been made to cellulose powder or a mixture of aluminium oxide and polyethylene as matrices in order to test the method. The method has been applied to the determination of zinc in fly-ash from a steel work and of iron in cement. The fly-ash contained about 5% of zinc and the cement samples between 2 and 5% of Fe(2)O(3). The results were compared with those obtained by ICP-AES after decomposition of samples in lithium tetraborate or lithium metaborate and dissolution of the melt in 10%(v/v) nitric acid. The results agreed within 2%, relative, for fly-ash and within 3-6%, relative, for cement samples.     

A computer controlled photon counting flame emission spectrometer

An automated emission spectrometer has been developed around a simple commercial instrument. The manner in which a computer is used for control and the way data are acquired and assimilated are discussed. The interfacing to the computer is described, sample programs are illustrated and methods of analyses are given. Sensing is achieved through photon counting. The linearity of the system has been examined and it was found that, for lithium, quantitative results can be obtained with an accuracy of 1 per cent for a concentration range of four orders of magnitude. The time required for analysis is discussed and, although the spectrometer is serial in nature, the increased information rate obtained through photon counting results in high speed data acquisition.     

Quantitatively resolving mixtures of isobaric compounds using chemical ionization mass spectrometry by modulating the reactant ion composition

Acrolein (C(3)H(4)O) and 1-butene (C(4)H(8)) can both be individually detected by proton transfer chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CI-MS). However, because these compounds are isobaric, mixtures of these two compounds cannot be resolved since both compounds react with H(3)O(+) via a proton-transfer reaction to form a protonated molecule that is detected at a nominal mass-to-charge ratio of 57 (m/z 57). While both compounds react with H(3)O(+) only acrolein reacts to any significant extent with H(3)O(+)(H(2)O). Recognizing that the electrical potential applied to a drift tube reaction mass spectrometer provides a simple and effective means for varying the relative intensity of the H(3)O(+) and H(3)O(+)(H(2)O) reactant ions we have developed a method whereby we make use of this reactivity difference to resolve mixtures of these two compounds. We demonstrate a technique where the individual contributions of acrolein and 1-butene within a mixture can be quantitatively resolved by systematically changing the reagent ion from H(3)O(+) to H(3)O(+)(H(2)O) through control of the electric potential applied to the drift tube reaction region of a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer.     

Carbonation study and determination of cement to sand ratio in hardened cement mortar by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The determination of cement and sand content in an aged cement mortar is a challenging problem for civil engineers. Techniques like x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are well established, which can give some insight of the hydrated products. The present study is an attempt to use x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique for the evaluation of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), sand (aggregate) composition and carbonation study in hardened cement mortar. Carbonation analysis and cement to sand ratio for all mortar compositions has been determined and studied in detail in the present work. The C 1s spectra of cement mortar with ratios 1:1, 1:3 and 1:6 shows carbonate formation on the surface with 21, 40 and 32 atomic percent, respectively. An increase in SiO₂ content corresponding to sand is observed for all three mortar mix. The formation of silica gel due to carbonation has not been observed in the mortar samples. The cement to sand ratio for all three mortar mixes is found to be in 20–30 percent error limit due to the heterogeneous nature of the mortar system.     

Citric acid traps to replace sulphuric acid in the ammonia diffusion of dilute water samples for 15N analysis

The analysis of 15N in aqueous samples requires the concentration of dissolved nitrogen (N) into a small volume that can be analysed by mass spectrometry. This is conveniently achieved by the NH3 diffusion technique, where NH4+ is captured on small acidified filters enclosed in PTFE. NO3- can be analysed the same way by reducing it to NH4+ with Devarda's alloy. H2SO4 is commonly used for the acidification of the filters. During combustion, however, this acid leads to the production of SO2 and elemental sulphur, which both have detrimental effects on the mass spectrometer. We propose here to replace H2SO4 with citric acid because it is combusted completely to CO2 and H2O in the elemental analyser before entering the mass spectrometer. Citric acid was found to give comparable results in terms of N recovery and 15N values, both for NH4+ and for NO3- samples. Blank samples revealed that N contamination was slightly lower using citric instead of sulphuric acid as acidifier of the glass filters. NH4+ samples first concentrated over cation-exchange columns were strongly acidic and several methods were tested to raise the pH for the subsequent diffusion. These samples gave incomplete N recoveries, but this problem was independent of the acid used on the filters and of the final pH of the sample. Complete recovery was achieved only by increasing the volume of the eluate from the columns. Citric acid can thus generally be recommended instead of H2SO4 for ammonia diffusion.