中药微量元素研究的回顾与展望

对中药微量元素研究情况进行了回顾，指出当前中药微量元素的研究存在下列问题：1．片面强调微量元素的作用，忽略了中药中其它成分；2．忽略了中药中微量元素的存在形式和存在状态；3．推测微量元素的功效；4．取样欠代表性，样品制备欠规范化，测定方法急待统一，建议开创微量元素研究新思路，以期中药微量元素研究获得突破性进展。     

微量元素研究对中药研究和应用的指导作用

通过对微量元素与中药材的栽培，中药的炮制加工，中成药的工艺研究及中药的合理应用之间相关性的综述，阐明了微量元素研究对中药研究和应用的指导意义，同时也给研究人员对微量元素的研究提出了新课题。     

中药微量元素研究中若干热点课题

评进了当前中药徽量元素研究中的若干热点课题；1．微量元素与中药品种、产地的关系；2．微量元素与中药性味、归经，功效的关系；3．中药微量元素的存在状态；4．中药内有机成分与微量元素的相互关系；5．微量元素对中西药配伍的影响；6．微量元素的毒副作用．共引用文献29篇．     

一种平衡性的中药微量元素制剂—“新微宝”

从中药单方验方中筛选出十余种富含人有益微量元素的中药材，经科学提取织经加工成含锌、硒、碘、铁、锰、铜等十余种微量元素及中药有要有效的成分的中药微量元素复方制新－－“新微宝”，主治缺锌综合症及作为慢性疾病和健康人的微量元素增补剂，能克服单一补锌制剂对其它微量元素吸收产生的拮抗效应，是一种新型平衡性的中药微量元素制剂。     

中医治疗与微量元素浅析

近年来，许多学者研究发现中医虚证与微量元素含量变化有关，中药研究也按这一思路进行了中药与微量元素的研究，但试图以中药补充病理状态下机体微量元素的不足是不可取的，不如通过食物补充。因此，中药治疗虚证之微量元素失调，应采用具富集某种微量元素作用的中药，同时必须在治疗中突出中医特色。     

微量元素与中药功效关系的探讨

中药中含有丰富的微量元素，其种类和含量与中药功效有着密切的关系。从微量元素与中药的滋补作用，解热作用．抗菌消炎作用和止血作用等四方面，论述了微量元素与中药功效的关系。     

中药微量元素锌,铜,铁,锰的研究

简介了微量元素的概念及进行中药微量元素研究的重要意义，回顾了近十多年来中药微量元素锌，铜，铁和锰的研究概况，引用参考文献３３篇。     

中药微量元素研究的最新进展和展望

阐述了微量元素与中药的提出了中药微量元素的正确研究思路，回顾了中药中化学物种形态与生活物活性关系研究所取得的进展，并指出了有发展前途的研究方向。     

中国的中药微量元素研究I．微量元素：一切中药的基本成分

上世纪80年代开始,在中国开展了大规模的中药微量元素研究活动。30多年来的实践证明,微量元素是一切中药的基本成分;微量元素是中药有效药成分的核心组分;微量元素是中药性效量化的物质基础;微量元素是沟通中药传统理论与现代化学物理理论的桥梁。从中药微量元素含量的测定及中药微量元素与中药药效关系初探两个方面论述微量元素是一切中药的基本成分。     

中国的中药微量元素研究 Ⅰ.微量元素:一切中药的基本成分

上世纪80年代开始,在中国开展了大规模的中药微量元素研究活动。30多年来的实践证明,微量元素是一切中药的基本成分;微量元素是中药有效药成分的核心组分;微量元素是中药性效量化的物质基础;微量元素是沟通中药传统理论与现代化学物理理论的桥梁。从中药微量元素含量的测定及中药微量元素与中药药效关系初探两个方面论述微量元素是一切中药的基本成分。     

Influence of Mg^2＋ on Initial Stages of CaCO3 Scale Formed on Metal Surface

Magnesium ions, which exist in formation water and injection water under downhole conditions in the oil and gas production industry, are a key determinant in the CaCO3 scale formation. Many studies have focused their attention on the effect of magnesium on the kinetics, the morphology and the content of Mg in the Ca-CO3 scale. Little attention has been paid to the effect of Mg^2 on the initial stages of CaCO3 formation on a metal surface. In this study, an electrochemical technique was used to study the influence of Mg^2 on the ini-tial stages of CaCO3 scale formed on a metal surface. With this electrochemical technique, the reduction of the dissolved oxygen in an analysis solution is considered on the surface of a rotating disk electrode (RDE) un-der potentiostatic control. The rate of oxygen reduction on the surface of the RDE enables the extent of sur-face coverage of scale to be assessed. With this electrochemical technique, a new insight into the effect of Mg^2 on CaCO3 scale formed on a metal surface is given.     

Fluorimetric reaction detectors for high-performance liquid chromatography Part 2. Reactor materials and effects of variable dynamic dimensions

Summary Using selected steroid pairs some effects of the coupling of liquid chromatographic separations with derivatization after separation on band broadening are investigated. Derivatization with isonicotinoylhydrazid in organic solvents and the multi-step reaction of ketosteroids to form dihydrolutidin derivatives in aqueous solution are given as examples. The dependence of the resolution on the reactor materal, on the design of the reactor, on the linear velocity of the liquid stream in the reactor and on the ratio of the flow rate in the HPLC column and the reactor are examined.Part 1. Selection of Chemical reactions     

我国稀土生物无机化学研究进展

我国稀土生物无机化学研究的特点是紧密结合稀土在农用及药物中应用所提出急需回答的问题, 经过长期的工作, 已在稀土的跨细胞膜运转, 稀土进入动物体内后的物种分布, 稀土与细胞膜的作用, 稀土对血红蛋白结构与载氧功能的作用, 稀土对骨细胞及骨结构的影响以及稀土在大鼠肝脏中的积累等方面取得了满意的结果. 从而可以为今后开展稀土元素在农用及药用中危险性评价的基础数据, 同时亦将促进稀土细胞化学的发展.     

Studies of the adsorption of oligomers and surfactants on carbon and steel surfaces in a hydrocarbon medium

The adsorption isotherms for an (amino) terminally functionalised, oligomeric polyisobutylene and for a series of alkylpropoxylate or alkylbutoxylate surfactant molecules on carbon particles, in isooctane, have been obtained. The isotherms on carbon show that the oligomer is the most strongly adsorbing species. The surfactants show some evidence of forming aggregates on the carbon surface at higher concentrations. Analysis of the adsorption isotherms indicate that the size of these aggregates is similar on the carbon particles and on steel balls, reported previously, but that in some cases the actual adsorbed amounts on the two surfaces differ considerably. Ellipsometric studies carried out in situ on steel surfaces in isooctane show that only the polymer gives a relatively thick adsorbed layer. Addition of surfactant reduces the adsorption of the oligomer. There are some differences between the thickness values reported previously using AFM, compared to those found in the current work using ellipsometry, but in both cases it would seem that some degree of multilayer adsorption is occurring for the oligomer on steel in isooctane.     

多相聚合物体系相界面研究进展

综述了多相聚合物体系相界面的形成、界面层状态的表征、界面层性质及其对体系性能的影响。重点论述了不同类型增容剂对界面行为的影响，其中对嵌段型增容剂的分子量、浓度等因素对界面行为的影响建立了定量关系；而对接枝型和无规增容剂对界面行为的影响研究较少，有待发展。指出了在界面张力、界面层厚度与多相聚合物体系性能，尤其是力学性能之间建立量化关系是高分子物理领域一个可以期待的发展方向。     

In Vitro Studies on Therapeutic Effects of Cannabidiol in Neural Cells: Neurons,Glia, and Neural Stem Cells

(‒)-Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the major phytocannabinoids extracted from the Cannabis genus. Its non-psychoactiveness and therapeutic potential, partly along with some anecdotal—if not scientific or clinical—evidence on the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases, have led researchers to investigate the biochemical actions of CBD on neural cells. This review summarizes the previously reported mechanistic studies of the CBD actions on primary neural cells at the in vitro cell-culture level. The neural cells are classified into neurons, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neural stem cells, and the CBD effects on each cell type are described. After brief introduction on CBD and in vitro studies of CBD actions on neural cells, the neuroprotective capability of CBD on primary neurons with the suggested operating actions is discussed, followed by the reported CBD actions on glia and the CBD-induced regeneration from neural stem cells. A summary section gives a general overview of the biochemical actions of CBD on neural cells, with a future perspective. This review will provide a basic and fundamental, but crucial, insight on the mechanistic understanding of CBD actions on neural cells in the brain, at the molecular level, and the therapeutic potential of CBD in the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases, although to date, there seem to have been relatively limited research activities and reports on the cell culture-level, in vitro studies of CBD effects on primary neural cells.     

Nano-emulsions: New applications and optimization of their preparation

Nano-emulsions, as non-equilibrium systems, present characteristics and properties which depend not only on composition but also on the preparation method. Although interest in nano-emulsions was developed since about 20 years ago, mainly for nanoparticle preparation, it is in the last years that direct applications of nano-emulsions in consumer products are being developed, mainly in pharmacy and cosmetics. These recent applications have made that studies on optimization methods for nano-emulsion preparation be a requirement. This review is focused on the most recent literature on developments of nano-emulsions as final application products and on the optimization of their preparation.     

Removal of copper from aqueous solutions by adsorption on activated carbons

The adsorption isotherms of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions in the concentration range 40–1000 mg l⁻¹ on two samples of granulated and two samples of activated carbon fibres containing varying amounts of associated oxygen have been reported. The adsorption isotherms are type I of BET classification showing initially a rapid adsorption tending to be asymptotic at higher concentrations. The amounts of oxygen associated with the carbon surface has been enhanced by oxidation with nitric acid and ammonium persulphate in the solution phase and with oxygen gas at 350°C and decreased by degassing of the oxidized carbon samples at 400, 650 and 950°C. The adsorption of Cu(II) ions increases on oxidation and decreases on degassing. The increase in adsorption on oxidation depends on the nature of the oxidative treatment while the decrease in adsorption on degassing depends on the temperature of degassing. This has been attributed to the increase in the carbon–oxygen acidic surface groups on oxidation and their decrease on degassing. Suitable mechanisms consistent with the results have been proposed.     

The formation and production of nano and micro particles on clays under environmental-like conditions

Summary Metal ions are adsorbed in the interlayer space and on the edges of clay minerals, leading to the uniform distribution of metal ions on atomic scale. However, additional processes can be resulted in the formation of nano and micro particles in the interlayer space as well as on the outer surfaces. The formation of nano and micro particles on clay minerals under environmental conditions are discussed here in metal ions (manganese, lead, zinc, and silver ions)/bentonite systems. Two-dimensional nano layer is formed in the interlayer space by the oxidation of manganese ions under atmospheric conditions. Three-dimensional particles are formed on the surfaces initiating by the metal ion adsorption on the deprotonated edge sites. The formation of micro particles on the surface can also be followed by the redox reaction of metal ions.     

Study of the initial stage of manganese dioxide electrodeposition on a rotating ring-disk electrode

The initial stage of electrodeposition of manganese dioxide has been studied on the platinum disk electrode and on the ring-disk electrode. Two current maxima were observed on the anodic voltammograms. It has been shown that the first rise in the current is associated with the formation of manganese dioxide (MD) nuclei on the electrode surface, and the second with their growth at the border between MnO₂ and bare platinum due to an increase in the perimeter of the nuclei. Electrodeposition on bare platinum proceeds at a higher rate than on the surface of growing MD. This is explained by the difference in the reaction mechanisms on these substrates. The first stage of the process on the growing MD is the chemisorption of Mn(II) ions with the formation of Mn(III) ions, which are then electrochemically oxidized to MD. Chemisorption is the slowest step in the whole process.