Effect of thermal annealing of poly(3-octylthiophene) films covered stainless steel on corrosion properties

The effect of thermal annealing of poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) coatings on the corrosion inhibition of stainless steel in an NaCl solution was investigated. P3OT was synthesized by direct oxidation of the 3-octylthiophene monomer with ferric chloride (FeCl₃) as oxidant. P3OT films were deposited by drop-casting technique onto 304 stainless steel electrode (304SS). 304SS coated with P3OT films were thermally annealed during 30 h at different temperatures (55°C, 80°C, and 100°C). The corrosion resistance of stainless steel coated with P3OT in 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution at room temperature was investigated by using potentiodynamic polarization curves, linear polarization resistance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicated that the thermal treatment at 80°C and 100°C of P3OT films improved the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel in NaCl solution; the speed of corrosion diminished in an order of magnitude with regard to the 304SS. In order to study the temperature effect in the morphology of the coatings before and after the corrosive environment and correlate it with corrosion protection, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used. Morphological study showed that when the films are heated, the grain size increased and a denser surface was obtained, which benefited the barrier properties of the film.     

Poly(3-octylthiophene) and polystyrene blends thermally treated as coatings for corrosion protection of stainless steel 304

The effect of thermal annealing of poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) and polystyrene (PS) blend coatings on the corrosion inhibition of stainless steel in a 0.5 M NaCl solution was investigated. P3OT was synthesized by direct oxidation of the 3-octylthiophene monomer with ferric chloride (FeCl₃) as oxidant. Stainless steel electrodes with mirror finish were coated with P3OT/PS blend by drop-casting technique. In order to study the temperature effect on the function like physical barrier against the corrosive species of P3OT/PS polymeric blend, the coatings were thermally annealed at three different temperatures (55?°C, 80?°C, and 100?°C). The corrosion behavior of P3OT/PS-coated stainless steel was investigated in 0.5 M NaCl at room temperature, by using potentiodynamic polarization curves, linear polarization resistance (LPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The LPR values indicated that, at 100?°C, P3OT/PS coatings showed a better protection of the 304 stainless steel in 0.5 M NaCl; the corrosion rate diminished in two orders of magnitude with regard to the bare stainless steel. The superficial morphology of the coatings before and after the corrosive environment was researched by atomic force microscopy, optic microscopy, and scanning electronic microscopy. Morphological study showed that the increased temperature benefited the integration of the two polymeric phases, which improved the barrier properties of the coatings. The coating/metal adhesion and the coating thickness were evaluated. The temperature increases the adhesion degree coating/substrate; thus, the coating annealed at 100?°C showed the best adhesion.     

Effects of serum proteins on corrosion behavior of ISO 5832–9 alloy modified by titania coatings

Stainless steel ISO 5832–9 type is often used to perform implants which operate in protein-containing physiological environments. The interaction between proteins and surface of the implant may affect its corrosive properties. The aim of this work was to study the effect of selected serum proteins (albumin and γ-globulins) on the corrosion of ISO 5832–9 alloy (trade name M30NW) which surface was modified by titania coatings. These coatings were obtained by sol–gel method and heated at temperatures of 400 and 800 °C. To evaluate the effect of the proteins, the corrosion tests were performed with and without the addition of proteins with concentration of 1 g L^?1 to the physiological saline solution (0.9 % NaCl, pH 7.4) at 37 °C. The tests were carried out within 7 days. The following electrochemical methods were used: open circuit potential, linear polarization resistance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In addition, surface analysis by optical microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) method was done at the end of weekly corrosion tests. The results of corrosion tests showed that M30NW alloy both uncoated and modified with titania coatings exhibits a very good corrosion resistance during weekly exposition to corrosion medium. The best corrosion resistance in 0.9 % NaCl solution is shown by alloy samples modified by titania coating annealed at 400 °C. The serum proteins have no significant effect onto corrosion of investigated biomedical steel. The XPS results confirmed the presence of proteins on the alloy surface after 7 days of immersion in protein-containing solutions.     

Exploring the relationship between the surface chemistry and the corrosion behavior of electropolymerized polypyrrole films deposited on the surgical ISO 5832-1 stainless steel

In the present work, electropolymerized polypyrrole (PPy) films were obtained on the surface of the surgical ISO 5832-1 stainless steel. The films were obtained from solutions containing 0.1M and 0.5M of the monomer by cyclic voltammetry deposition. The correlation between the surface chemistry of the as-deposited films and the corrosion behavior of the coated substrate is explored. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study the chemical state of the main elements in the PPy films. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization tests were employed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the PPy-coated samples. The tests were conducted in phosphate-buffered saline solution at 37°C. The measured corrosion current densities were dependent on the doping level of the PPy film and decreased with the reduction of the doping level of the PPy layer.     

Effects of thermal treatment on hydrophilicity and corrosion resistance of Ti surface

Surface treatment of titanium (Ti) surface has been extensively studied to improve its properties for biomedical applications, including hydrophilicity, corrosion resistance, and tissue integration. In this present work, we present the effects of thermal oxidation as surface modification method on metallic titanium (Ti). The Ti foils were oxidized at 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C under air atmosphere for 3 hours, which formed oxide layer on Ti surface. The physicochemical properties including surface chemistry, roughness, and thickness of the oxide layer were evaluated in order to investigate how these factors affected surface hydrophilicity, microhardness, and corrosion resistance properties of the Ti surface. The results revealed that surfaces of all oxidized samples were modified by formation of titanium dioxide layer, of which morphology, phase, and thickness were changed according to the oxidized temperatures. Increasing oxidation temperature led to the formation of thicker oxide layer and phase transformation of anatase to rutile. The presence of the oxide layer helped the improvement of corrosion resistance and microhardness. The most improvement in surface roughness was found in the specimens treated at 400°C, which significantly improved surface hydrophilicity. But both surface roughness and hydrophilicity reduced when oxidized at 500°C and 600°C, suggesting that hydrophilicity was dominated by the surface roughness. In addition, this surface treatment did not reduce the biocompatibility of the metallic Ti substrates against murine osteoblasts (MC3T3).     

A study on the electrochemical polymerization, characterization, and corrosion protection of o-toluidine on steel

Poly(o-toluidine) (POT) coatings were electrochemically synthesized on 304 stainless steel using cyclic voltammetric method. These coatings were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The corrosion performance of POT coating in aqueous 3 wt% sodium chloride was assessed by the electrochemical techniques such as open circuit potential measurements, potentiodynamic polarization technique, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results reveal that POT coating on 304 stainless steel prevents general and localized corrosion, and reduces the exchange current density almost by a factor of 45 than bare 304 stainless steel.     

Effect of sulfate and dissolved hydrogen on oxide films on stainless steel in high-temperature water

In the present paper, we focus on the influence of sulfate ion impurity and dissolved hydrogen on the protective ability of the oxide film on stainless steel in high-temperature water. For the purpose, the electrical and electrochemical properties of oxide films formed on AISI 316L NG in simulated boiling water reactor crack conditions (10 ppm sulfate purged with N₂ + 0.01 or 0.5% H₂) were characterized by in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In addition, the surface and in-depth composition of the oxide films has been estimated by ex situ Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The quantitative assessment of the protective ability of the oxide is based on an interpretation of the electrochemical impedance data per the mixed-conduction model. A novel procedure for the estimation of kinetic and transport parameters that involves comparison of the model equations to both EIS and AES results is proposed and tested. Based on the parameter values, the effect of sulfate and dissolved hydrogen on the processes of film growth and dissolution is discussed in view of an approach to the initiation of stress corrosion cracks.     

Study on the Inhibition of Mild Steel Corrosion by Cationic Gemini Surfactant in 1 M HCl

The cationic gemini surfactant 1,2-bis(N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium)ethane dibromide (14-2-14) was synthesized using a previously described method. The surfactant was characterized using ¹H NMR. The corrosion inhibition effect of 14-2-14 on mild steel in 1 M HCl at temperatures 30–60°C was studied using weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Morphology of the corroded mild steel specimens was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the studies show that gemini surfactant is an efficient inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl; the maximum inhibition efficiency (IE) of 98.06% is observed at surfactant concentration of 100 ppm at 60°C. The %IE increases with the increasing inhibitor concentration and temperature. The adsorption of inhibitor on the mild steel surface obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. SEM studies confirmed smoother surface for inhibited mild steel specimen.     

Inhibition of mild steel corrosion in 5 % HCl solution by 5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione

A new corrosion inhibitor, namely 5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (5-HTT), has been synthesized and its influence on corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 5 % HCl solution has been studied using weight loss method and electrochemical measurements. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements clearly reveal that the investigated inhibitor is of mixed type, and it inhibits the corrosion of the steel by blocking the active site of the metal. Changes in impedance parameters were indicative of adsorption of 5-HTT on the metal surface, leading to the formation of protective films. The degree of the surface coverage of the adsorbed inhibitors was determined by weight loss measurements, and it was found that the adsorption of these inhibitors on the mild steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The effect of the temperature on the corrosion behavior with addition of 5 × 10^?4 M of the inhibitor was studied in the temperature range 30–60 °C. The reactivity of this compound was analyzed through theoretical calculations based on density functional theory to explain the different efficiency of these compounds as a corrosion inhibitor.     

Structure,hydrophilicity and corrosion resistance of sol–gel derived Ag-containing TiO2 film on plasma nitrided 316L stainless steel

Pure and Ag-containing TiO₂ films (Ag/Ti = 3.3 at.%) are coated on plasma nitrided 316L stainless steel by sol–gel method for biomedical applications. The addition of Ag does not cause obvious change in TG–DSC curves of the dried gels. The rough surface generated by plasma nitriding and the addition of Ag improve structural integrity of the TiO₂ films. X-ray diffraction reveals N loss and oxidation of the nitride layer during calcination treatment, and peaks of Ag or its oxides are not detected. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicates that Ag presents as metallic state in the film. Water contact angles of the coating samples decrease with UV irradiation treatment. The potentiodynamic polarization tests in a Ca-free Hank’s balanced salt solution show that the TiO₂ coated samples have decreased corrosion resistance due to N loss and oxidation of the nitride layer. The methods for crystallization of TiO₂ gel layers with minimized or avoided structural changes of the nitride layer will be tried in order to improve corrosion resistance of the duplex treated 316L stainless steel.     

Morphology and performance of CoOOH films synthesized via electrochemical oxidation: substrate effects

In the present work, CoOOH films are synthesized from the electrochemical oxidation of α-Co(OH)₂ as precursor. The substrate influences on the material electrochemical properties are studied. The samples are structural and morphologically characterized using techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques are used for the electrochemical characterization. The films deposited on steel substrate grew in the vertical hexagonal platelet form. Meanwhile, films on Ti plate presented morphology in agglomerated sphere form. After electrochemical oxidation, the film initial morphology is maintained. The films deposited on steel plate have a structure which favors charge storage showing a high specific capacity value (110.92 mA h g^?1) and cyclic stability of 92% after 1000 cycles. Finally, the relaxation time constant value calculated was 5.6 s. This fact is making this material as a possible good candidate for application as electrode material or additive for other materials, in energy storage devices.     

Simple chemical route for nanorod-like cobalt oxide films for electrochemical energy storage applications

We used a simple chemical synthesis route to deposit nanorod-like cobalt oxide thin films on different substrates such as stainless steel (ss), indium tin oxide (ITO), and microscopic glass slides. The morphology of the films show that the films were uniformly spread having a nanorod-like structure with the length of the nanorods shortened on ss substrates. The electrochemical properties of the films deposited at different time intervals were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The film deposited after 20 cycles on ss gave the highest specific capacity of 67.6 mAh g^?1 and volumetric capacity of 123 mAh cm^?3 at a scan rate 5 mV s^?1 in comparison to 62.0 mAh g^?1 and 113 mAh cm^?3 obtained, respectively, for its counterpart on ITO. The film electrode deposited after 20 cycles on ITO gave the best rate capability and excellent cyclability with no depreciation after 2000 charge–discharge cycles.     

Electrochemical and structural characterization of sputter-deposited Mg–Nb and Mg–Nb–Al–Zn alloy films

Nanocrystalline Mg–Nb and Mg–Nb–Al–Zn alloy films were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering on glass and quartz substrates in a wide range of niobium concentrations from 6 to 80 at.%. Structural, electrochemical and corrosion properties of the films were studied by X-ray diffraction, dc voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. Development of body-centred cubic Nb structure in the Mg–Nb alloy matrix yielded the effects of lattice contraction, grain refining and electrochemical passivity. The measurements showed high corrosion resistance of the films in alkaline solutions when niobium content was one third or more. An increased corrosion resistance was achieved by introducing minor amounts of Al (ca. 2 at.%). In particular, such Al effect was pronounced at lower Nb concentrations (20 to 30 at.%). Semiconductor properties of spontaneously formed oxide on Mg–Nb alloy were studied by Mott–Schottky plots, which indicated highly doped n-type oxide structures on Mg–Nb surface. The paper fills some gap in understanding of niobium–magnesium systems, which show potential for applications in hydrogen storage, switchable mirrors and corrosion protection.     

Characterization of the Corrosion of Nanostructured 17-4 PH Stainless Steel by Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT)

Abstract

The corrosion properties of nanostructured 17-4PH stainless steel facilitated by a surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) process were studied using electrochemical measurements in 0.6?M NaCl aqueous solution. The microstructure of the surface layer was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated the formation of a nanostructured surface layer on the surface of the material. By the combination of SMAT and low-temperature annealing processes, the potentiodynamic polarization measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra demonstrated an improvement in the corrosion resistance of 17-4PH stainless steel with a reduced corrosion current density of 0.241?mA/cm² and a higher chromium content. The improved corrosion resistance may be attributed to the formation of nucleation sites through which chromium may freely move from the matrix to the upper surface and thereby form a protective oxide layer on the surface of the material.     

新型十二烷基三甲氧基硅烷/氧化石墨烯复合膜对430不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响

使用一步电沉积法在430不锈钢上制备出十二烷基三甲氧基硅烷(DTES)/氧化石墨烯(GO)复合膜。 拉曼光谱(Raman)与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试表明,氧化石墨烯均匀地混合在硅烷膜中,并用电化学交流阻抗与极化曲线方法对这种复合膜所保护的430不锈钢进行耐蚀性能测试。 结果显示,在3.5%NaCl溶液中,430不锈钢会发生腐蚀反应,而存在硅烷复合膜的430不锈钢的耐蚀性能显著地提高。 研究表明,由于氧化石墨烯出色的阻隔性能一定程度上弥补了硅烷膜的缺陷,而且延长了腐蚀介质通过硅烷基质的路径,因此复合膜有着对基底物质更强的保护性能。     

High temperature oxidation of Cr–Mo–V tool steel in carbon dioxide

This study aims to examine the oxidation resistance and kinetics of Cr, Mo, and V containing tool steel (Calmax) when exposed in CO₂ high temperature environment by thermogravimetric measurements, X-ray diffraction analysis, and microscopic observation. The tool steel samples begin to oxidize at 480 °C while over 600 °C, the oxidation rate increases significantly. Finally, at 900 °C, the oxidation rate is significantly high. The activation energy of the oxidation was calculated as 160.1 kJ mol^?1. Microscopically, the thickness of the scale was found to increase with the exposure temperature, and the as formed scales consisted of two distinguishable oxide layers.     

Graphene oxide decorated bimetal (MnNi) oxide nanoflakes used as an electrocatalyst for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media

Precious non-noble metals have been constantly attracting research attention in order to realize an inexpensive, extra active and more stable electrocatalysts in terms of various oxidation states and structures for their applications in oxidation (splitting) of water. In the present work graphene oxide incorporated, MnO₂-NiO composite metal oxide nanoflakes were synthesized on the stainless steel substrate using efficient electrodeposition route in alkaline media and drop casting method with further annealing treatment at 400 °C for 4 h. Initially MnO₂-NiO nanoflakes were deposited using different cyclic sweep rates, later graphene oxide suspension was drop casted on the MnO₂-NiO nanoflakes and subsequently subjected to annealing at 200 °C for 2 h. The prepared electrode material is denoted as GO/MnO₂-NiO/SS and used as an electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Energy dispersive electron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy were used to study the crystalline nature and morphologies of the deposited films. The electrochemical properties of the electrode material were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry. The electrode exhibits low overpotential and small Tafel slope of 379 mV and 47.84 mVdec⁻¹ at the current density of 10 mA cm⁻² in alkaline (KOH) medium. In addition, the electrode shows a long time stability of 28800 s. Hence, the present study suggests that the GO incorporated Mn-Ni bimetal oxide modified electrode is suitable electrode material for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), owing to its facile preparation, inexpensive, easy handling and high active nature.     

聚吡咯/聚苯胺复合型导电聚合物防腐蚀性能

采用循环伏安法,在含吡咯和苯胺的0.3 mol/L草酸水溶液中制备了聚吡咯/聚苯胺(PPy/Pani)的复合型导电聚合膜。采用红外光谱、极化曲线、自腐蚀电位-时间曲线、扫描电子显微镜和电化学阻抗谱研究了共聚膜的防腐蚀性能。结果表明,在1 mol/L H2SO4中,PPy、Pani与不锈钢基体发生氧化还原反应,促进不锈钢表面发生钝化;当苯胺与吡咯浓度比为1∶3时,制备得到的复合型导电聚合膜所保护的不锈钢自腐蚀电流最小,自腐蚀电位最高,保护时间最长。PPy、Pani及其共聚膜在3.5%NaCl溶液中电化学阻抗谱表明,所制备的PPy、Pani及其共聚物膜与不锈钢基体发生氧化还原反应,使其表面钝化;当Cl-到达不锈钢表面时,破坏钝化膜导致不锈钢腐蚀。     

不锈钢钝化膜耐蚀性与半导体特性的关联研究

通过极化曲线、交流阻抗谱和钝化膜半导体特性等电化学测量，研究了经电化学阳极氧化处理的不锈钢钝化膜在0.5 mol•L^-1 NaCl溶液中耐蚀性能与其半导体特性的关系，进一步探索电化学改性处理不锈钢钝化膜的耐蚀机理. 结果表明，不锈钢钝化膜在负于平带电位范围表现为p型半导体，在高于平带电位范围表现为n型半导体，这主要与组成钝化膜的Fe和Cr氧化物半导体性质有关. 与自然条件下形成的不锈钢钝化膜比较，发现经过电化学阳极氧化后不锈钢钝化膜具有较低的施主与受主浓度，平带电位负移，说明阴离子在钝化膜表面发生吸附. 低的施主与受主浓度及钝化膜表面负电荷的增强，可有效排斥侵蚀性Cl^－在钝化膜表面的特性吸附，有利于提高不锈钢的耐局部腐蚀性能.     

Post‐oxidizing effects on surface characteristics of salt bath nitrocarburized AISI 02 tool steel type

The effect of post‐oxidizing treatment on the characteristics of modified surface layers produced by salt bath nitrocarburizing on the industrial American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 02 tool steel types is investigated. Nitrocarburizing treatment is performed for 6 h and 8 h at 570 °C and post‐oxidizing treatment for 30, 60 and 90 min at 520 °C, using argon–steam mixture. Formed layers are characterized by their basic properties such as thickness layer, depth, surface hardness and wear resistance. Detailed estimation of the modified metal surface quality, in terms of chemical composition, formed phases, microstructures and diffusion mechanisms are performed by metallographic techniques, EDX, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and glow discharge optical electron spectroscopy (GDOES). The corrosion resistance was investigated in 0.4 M H₂SO₄ solutions, using steady‐state electrochemical polarization methods. The obtained results revealed the existence of a superficial oxide layer which consists of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and hematite (Fe₂O₃) and the presence of an ε‐phase associated with a small amount of γ′‐phase. Important improvements in wear, microhardness and corrosion resistance occur after these treatments and it is specifically concluded that the sole application of a nitrocarburizing treatment does not significantly ameliorate the corrosion resistance of the as‐received steel. In fact, post‐oxidation treatment contributes to increase corrosion resistance by forming a dense magnetite layer and at the same time, it partially covers the compound layer pores. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.