石嘴山电厂煤中微量元素的迁移释放行为

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）和原子荧光光谱（AFS）对中国西北部石嘴山电厂的原煤、底灰和飞灰中Hg、As、Se、Pb、Cr、Cd、Mo、Ni、Co、U和Th 11种微量元素的含量进行了测定。根据底灰和飞灰的产率, 结合微量元素在底灰和飞灰中的含量计算了电厂燃煤过程中微量元素的挥发性。结果表明, Hg、Cd、Se、As四种元素在燃煤过程的挥发率均在50%以上, 最高可达70%。通过对底灰和飞灰在酸性介质下的柱淋滤实验研究了底灰和飞灰中微量元素在60h内的迁移释放行为。Mn、Ni、Co、As四种元素的最大淋出率均超过2.0%, 最高接近10.0%, 并且还未达到淋滤平衡。根据微量元素的挥发和淋滤释放特性建立了电厂煤中有害微量元素在燃烧和淋滤过程中的释放分配模型。结果显示, 燃煤过程中的挥发是微量元素释放的主要形式, 部分元素的淋滤释放也可对周围水环境造成污染。
     

酸洗污泥与煤共燃烧过程中重金属的迁移分布研究

采用高温管式炉系统进行酸洗污泥与煤共燃烧实验。对共燃烧后As、Cr、Ni、Cd、Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn、Sb、Se重金属元素在烟气、飞灰及炉渣中的分配率进行分析。结果表明,Cd、Se、Zn是易挥发重金属,主要分布在烟气和飞灰中。Cd在烟气中的最大分配率为61%;Se在烟气中的分配率为38.58%~94.612%;Zn在低、高温段分别主要分布在烟气和飞灰中。As、Cu、Pb、Sb是半挥发重金属,Pb在炉渣中的分配率较稳定,分配率为42.67%~64.76%,在烟气和飞灰中的分配率波动较大,其分配率分别是14.176%~45.79%和9.78%~32.55%;Sb在烟气中的最大分配率为37.64%;温度升高反而会抑制As、Cu挥发,这与高温下As、Cu易与矿物质反应生成络合物有关。Ni、Cr、Mn属于难挥发重金属,绝大部分残留在炉渣中,且分配率对温度变化不敏感。赋存于炉渣中的Cr、Ni分别超过95%和97%;随着温度升高,Mn在炉渣中的分配率由71.46%增加到96.89%。     

生物质气化发电厂灰渣中微量元素的分布与富集规律

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪，研究了生物质气化发电厂灰渣中元素As、Al、Br、Ca、Cd、Cl、Cr、Cu、F、Fe、Ga、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、P、Pb、S、Si、Sr、Ti、Zn在气化器底灰、淋洗器灰和旋风分离器灰中的质量分数，并分析了这些元素在不同粒径3种灰渣中的分布规律。结果表明，大部分极易挥发的元素，如卤族元素、碱金属元素主要在淋洗器中存在，表明了它们在飞灰颗粒中的富集。旋风分离器灰在灰渣中所占比例为10%左右，以粗灰为主，灰中Fe、Si、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd为多；表明了此灰中重金属元素积累。在气化炉底灰中以K、S、Mn、Cu为主。元素随颗粒物粒径大小和元素性质的不同，呈现不同的富集规律。     

藏药材白花龙胆花中微量元素的分析

对藏药材白花龙胆花中17种微量元素（Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Co、Ni、Se、Cr、Mg、Ca、K、Na、P、As、Hg、Pb、Cd）的含量作了测定。结果表明,白花龙胆花中含有较高的人体必需微量元素和常量元素,其中常量元素K、Ca、Na、Mg和微量元素Zn、Fe、Mn的含量均较高。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定正山小种红茶中18种微量元素

采用微波消解样品,应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定正山小种红茶中Na、Mg、K、Ca、Fe、Al、Zn、Mn、Cu、Ge、Cd、Cr、Ni、Se、Mo、Hg、As和Pb 18种元素。对于所测元素校准曲线的相关系数0.9990,回收率范围为90.1%～108.1%,相对标准偏差为1.54%～7.57%。正山小种红茶中Na、Mg、K、Ca、Fe、Al、Zn、Mn、Cu、Ge、Cd、Cr、Ni、Se、Mo、Hg、As和Pb 18种元素可用ICP-MS法同时测定,方法简便、快速、准确,灵敏度高。     

食用菌中微量元素分析及营养价值与食品安全评价

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法,测定香菇、金针菇、白玉菇、杏鲍菇和茶树菇5种食用菌中必需微量元素(Mg、Ca、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Se、Sr)和有害元素(As、Cd、Pb)的含量。以微量元素为指标,评价5种食用菌的营养价值和食用安全性。结果表明,5种食用菌均含有丰富Mg、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn,及少量V、Co、Ni、Se、Sr、As、Cd和Pb,且重金属As、Cd和Pb含量均低于国家标准(GB7096-2003)中关于食用菌规定的总量,食用安全。统计回归分析表明,香菇与其它4种食用菌同属真菌,因此微量元素含量相关系数R0.6,但P值均大于0.05,说明微量元素含量因科属的不同而有较大差异,但影响不显著。     

火焰原子吸收法测定灰兜巴中微量金属元素

用火焰原子吸收法测定灰兜巴中微量金属元素的含量,探讨灰兜巴中微量金属元素与治疗糖尿病的相关性。采集灰兜巴以及灰兜巴连接的老茶叶和土壤试样,水煮提取、纱布过滤、静止后取其上层液,用HNO3-HClO4消解,再用稀HNO3溶解,定容,离心,取其上清液,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定Zn、Cr、Se、Mg、Mn、Co、Cu、Ni和Cd 9种元素的含量。结果表明糖尿病人常偏高的Cu、Ni和Cd元素在灰兜巴中含量相对较低,而糖尿病人常偏低的Zn、Cr、Se、Mg、Mn和Co元素在灰兜巴中的含量相对较高。灰兜巴中Zn、Cr、Se、Mg、Mn、Co、Cu、Ni和Cd等重要微量金属元素的含量很适合糖尿病人,灰兜巴中的微量元素在缓解、治疗糖尿病方面可能发挥了重要作用。     

马家塔矿煤层中有害痕量元素的质量分数特性

应用仪器中子活化（INAA）、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP AES）和原子吸收光谱（AAS）对神华集团马家塔露天矿2-2#煤层中Hg、As、Se、Pb、Be、Cr、Cd、Ni、Th、U、Mn、Mo、Co、Sb和Br共15种有害痕量元素的质量分数进行测定。结果表明，绝大部分痕量元素的质量分数都明显低于中国煤中元素质量分数的平均值，只有Hg和Mn的质量分数偏高，其中Hg的质量分数异常高；通过分析痕量元素在煤层垂向剖面上的质量分数变化特性，揭示出痕量元素在煤层中分布的非均一性,分析了影响痕量元素分布与富集的因素；通过痕量元素之间以及与黄铁矿硫、Fe、Al、Ca、P的聚类分析，研究了痕量元素之间以及与煤中不同矿物组分之间的亲和特性。     

云当归与土壤中微量元素的测定及其相关性分析

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法对云当归以及土壤中11种微量元素进行了分析.结果显示,土壤中微量元素的含量依次为Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Fe＞Mg＞Mn＞Ni＞Cr＞ Cd＞ As＞ Hg;云当归中Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn中含量较高,而As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg等元素中含量相对较低,均低于药典标准.土壤中As与Cr、Pb与Zn存在极显著正相关(r=0.785,0.808);Mn与Cr存在极显著负相关(r=-0.733),As与Cu存在显著负相关(r=-0.631).云当归中Fe与Ni极显著正相关(r=0.731),Cd与Cu极显著负相关(r＝-0.714);Zn与Hg显著相关(r=0.655),Ni与As、Fe与Pb、Fe与Cd显著负相关(r=-0.658,-0.637,-0.673).云当归与土壤中的As存在显著相关(r=0.707).     

青藏高原多年冻土区高寒草甸植物群落主要植物化学元素含量特征

分析了青藏高原北麓河地区29种高寒植物15个元素含量的特征。结果表明,这些植物中元素平均含量>400μg/g的元素有Ca,Mg,Na,K,Fe,10～100μg/g的有Mn,Cr,Zn,Cu,<10μg/g的有Ni,Co,As,Pb,Cd,Hg;种间同种元素的含量变化规律不统一。相关性分析表明,Cu与Cd,Fe与Cd和Hg,Cr与Ni,Co和Mg极显著正相关,Cr和Ca极显著负相关;聚类分析表明,Na,As元素对本区植物聚类的影响最大,莎草科、禾本科、菊科科内植物元素含量相似。     

The certification of the contents of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se, Tl and Cr in a city waste incineration ash

Summary The analysis of ashes being of increasing importance, a reference material was prepared from fly ash of a city waste incinerator. The procedures of preparation, homogeneity and stability testing are described as well as the way of certification of elements of major importance: Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se and Tl.

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Zertifizierung der Gehalte an Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se, Tl und Cr in einer Stadtmüll-Verbrennungsasche

Zusammenfassung Da die Analyse von Aschen zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnt, wurde von der Flugasche einer Stadtmüll-Verbrennungsanlage ein Referenzmaterial hergestellt. Die Methoden der Herstellung sowie der Homogenitätsund Stabilitätsprüfung werden beschrieben und die Art der Zertifizierung der Elemente von hauptsächlicher Bedeutung aufgezeigt (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se, Tl).

     

煤中有害元素的洗选洁净潜势

基于8个洗煤厂实采煤样的测试分析以及2个煤样的模拟洗选实验，对煤炭洗选过程中灰分、硫分及20种有害微量元素的脱除率进行了研究，并系统地探讨了这些有害元素的洁净潜势。结果表明：物理洗选不但能降低煤中的灰分与硫分，还能不同程度地脱除煤中有害微量元素；预测在物理洗选过程中，多数煤中灰分以及有害微量元素As、Co、Cu、Cr、Hg与Mn的脱除率大于50％，硫分的脱除率大于30％，其它有害微量元素Ba、Be、Cd、Cl、Mo、Ni、P、Pb、Sb、Se、Th、U、V与Zn的脱除率相对较低或表现出一个宽的变化范围。     

Identification of organically associated trace elements in wood and coal by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) was used to extract samples of wood (forest residue) and coal; the extracts were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using two different sample preparation methods, in order to identify trace elements associated with the organic part of the samples. A sample of fly ash was similarly extracted and analysed in order to assess the behaviour of the mineral matter contained within the wood and coal samples. 32% of the biomass was extracted at the higher temperature and 12% at room temperature while only 12% of the coal was extracted at the higher temperature and 3% at room temperature. Less than 2% of the ash dissolved at the higher temperature. Size exclusion chromatograms of the extracts indicated the presence of significant amounts of large molecular mass materials (>1000 mu) in the biomass and coal extracts but not in the ash extract. Trace element analyses were carried out using ICP-MS on the acid digests prepared by 'wet ashing' and microwave extraction. Sixteen elements (As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V and Zn) were quantified, in the samples before extraction, in the extracts and in the residues. Concentrations of trace elements in the original biomass sample were lower than in the coal sample while the concentrations in the ash sample were the highest. The major trace elements in the NMP extracts were Ba, Cu, Mn and Zn from the forest residue; Ba, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn from the coal; Cu and Zn from the ash. These elements are believed to be associated with the organic extracts from the forest residue and coal, and also from the ash. Be and Sb were not quantified in the extracts because they were present at too low concentrations; up to 40% of Mn was extracted from the biomass sample at 202 degrees C, while Se was totally extracted from the ash sample. For the forest residue, approximately 7% (at room temperature) and 45% (at 202 degrees C) of the total trace elements studied were in the extract; for the coal, approximately 8% (at room temperature) and 23% (at 202 degrees C) were in the extract. For the ash, only 1.4% of the trace elements were extracted at 202 degrees C, comprising 25% of Cd but less than 1% of Pb.     

Certification of the contents of some heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in three types of sewage sludge

Summary The element contents of Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn of three different types of sewage sludge were certified. The preparation, the homogeneity and the stability are reported. The certified contents as well as values for Cr and Se and for the aqua regia soluble contents of Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn are given.

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Zertifizierung von Schwermetallspuren (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb und Zn) in drei Klärschlammproben

Zusammenfassung In drei verschiedenen Klärschlammproben wurden die Elementgehalte an Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb und Zn zertifiziert. Es wird berichtet über die Herstellung, Homogenität und Stabilität. Die zertifizierten Gehalte sowie der Gehalt von Cr, Se und der Gehalt an königswasserlöslichem Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb und Zn werden angegeben.

     

Assessment of trace elements characteristics and human health risk of exposure to ambient PM2.5 in Hangzhou,China

A method for simultaneously determining the trace elements in particulate matter (PM) (PM2.5) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was established. The PM2.5-loaded filter samples were digested under the optimised conditions including a mixture of HNO₃–HCl–HF with ultrasonication proceeding at 70°C for 2 h. Recoveries of 90.83–103.33% were achieved for 20 elements (Co, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sb, La, Ce, Sm, W etc.) in NIST standard reference material 1648a (urban PM). PM2.5 samples were collected at urban site in Hangzhou from August 2015 to November 2015. PM2.5 concentrations of 15% sampling days exceeded the daily limitation and the mean concentrations of PM2.5 from August to November reached the 66.4% of the limitation. PM2.5 concentrations in summer were higher than that in autumn. The concentration of Zn was highest, following with Al, Pb, Mn, Cu and As. Significant enrichment was observed in Mn, Zn, Pb, Ag, V, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Hg, Co, Cd and W, which was probably induced by vehicular exhaust, oil and residual fuel combustion and industrial emissions. The daily mass concentrations of PM2.5 and elements fluctuated significantly. Rainfall could significantly reduce the concentration of Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Hg, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sb, La, Ce, Sm and Pb, and the risk levels of carcinogenic elements and non-carcinogenic elements in rain day were significantly lower (43.7–81.4%) than those in non-rain day. The risk levels of Co, Cd and As could lead to adverse health outcomes through the respiratory system, which should deserve more attention, while the risk levels of Ni and non-carcinogenic elements (Hg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, V) were under average risk acceptance.