An electrochemical DNA hybridization detection assay based on a silver nanoparticle label

A novel, sensitive electrochemical DNA hybridization detection assay, using silver nanoparticles as the oligonucleotide labeling tag, is described. The assay relies on the hybridization of the target DNA with the silver nanoparticle-oligonucleotide DNA probe, followed by the release of the silver metal atoms anchored on the hybrids by oxidative metal dissolution and the indirect determination of the solubilized Ag(I) ions by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode. The influence of the relevant experimental variables, including the surface coverage of the target oligonucleotide, the duration of the silver dissolution steps and the parameters of the electrochemical stripping measurement of the silver(I) ions, is examined and optimized. The combination of the remarkable sensitivity of the stripping metal analysis at the microelectrode with the large number of silver(I) ions released from each DNA hybrid allows detection at levels as low as 0.5 pmol L(-1) of the target oligonucleotides.     

基于胶体金标记的阳极溶出伏安免疫分析用于免疫球蛋白G的测定

提出了一种基于胶体金标记的阳极溶出伏安免疫分析方法。免疫反应在聚苯乙烯微孔板中以夹心分析模式进行,通过物理吸附将兔抗人免疫球蛋白G(IgG)抗体固定于微孔板上,与相应抗原IgG发生免疫反应后,再通过夹心模式捕获相应的纳米金标记的羊抗人IgG抗体,然后再与金标羊抗人IgG抗体和金标兔抗羊二抗形成的免疫复合物反应,在微孔板上进一步引入大量的纳米金,将金溶解后,在碳糊电极上用阳极溶出伏安法(ASV)对金离子进行检测,溶出峰电流的大小间接与待分析物IgG的浓度成正比。对免疫分析的一些实验条件进行了优化。阳极溶出峰电流与IgG的对数浓度在1.1~1 143 ng/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1 ng/mL。将该方法应用于人血清中IgG浓度的测定,取得了满意结果。     

DNA在纳米金标上的组装、杂交、检测与银增强

利用电化学方法进行DNA的杂交检测.将目标ss-DNA固定在玻碳电极表面, 使其与纳米金标记的互补DNA发生杂化反应, 通过银增强试剂（该种试剂可以使银在纳米金表面沉积, 达到信号增强的效果）在纳米金上沉积银, 形成银包金的核壳结构.在酸性介质中沉积的银被氧化释放, 以离子状态存在于溶液中.用阳极溶出伏安法(ASV)检测银离子从而达到间接检测目标DNA的目的.测定结果表明，ss-DNA的浓度在100～1 000 pmol•L－1 范围内有非常好的线性关系, 检测限为10 pmol•L－1.     

A new strategy for electrochemical immunoassay based on enzymatic silver deposition on agarose beads

A novel, sensitive electrochemical immunoassay in a homogeneously dispersed medium is described herein based on the unique features of agarose beads and the special amplified properties of biometallization. The immunochemical recognition event between human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and goat anti-human IgG antibody is chosen as the model system to demonstrate the proposed immunoassay approach. Avidin-agarose beads rapidly react with the biotinylated goat anti-human IgG antibody to form agarose beads-goat anti-human IgG conjugate (agarose bead-Ab). Agarose bead-Ab, alkaline phosphatase conjugated goat anti-human IgG antibody (ALP-Ab) and the human IgG analyte are mixed to form sandwich-type immunocomplex followed by the addition of the enzymatic silver deposition solution to deposit silver onto the surface of proteins and agarose beads. The silver deposited are dissolved and quantified by anodic stripping voltammetry. The influence of relevant experimental variables was examined and optimized. The logarithm of the anodic stripping peak current depended linearly on the logarithm of the concentration of human IgG in the range from 1 to 1000 ng/ml. A detection limit as low as 0.5 ng/ml human IgG was attained by 3σ-rule. The R.S.D. of the approach is 9.65% for eight times determination of 10 ng/ml human IgG under same conditions. Optical microscope and TEM graphs were also utilized to characterize agarose beads and silver nanoparticles formed.     

Copper-enhanced gold nanoparticle tags for electrochemical stripping detection of human IgG

We demonstrate herein a novel electrochemical protocol for quantification of human IgG based on the precipitation of copper on gold nanoparticle tags and a subsequent electrochemical stripping detection of the dissolved copper. The immunoassay was conducted by following the typical procedure for sandwich-type immunoreaction. Goat anti-human IgG was immobilized on the wells of microtiter plates. The human IgG analyte was first captured by the primary antibody and then sandwiched by secondary antibody labeled with gold nanoparticles. The copper enhancer solution was then added to deposite copper on the gold nanoparticle tags. After dissolved with HNO₃, the released copper ions were then quantified by ASV. The detection limit is 0.5 ng/mL by 3σ-rule. In order to investigate the feasibility of the newly developed technique to be applied for clinical analysis, several standard human IgG serum specimens were also examined by the method. To our knowledge, the copper enhancing procedure is the first time to be developed for immunoassay. The new strategy of using copper-enhanced gold nanoparticle tags for electrochemical stripping detection holds great promise for immunoassay and DNA detection.     

Electrochemical detection of human ferritin based on gold nanorod reporter probe and cotton thread immunoassay device

In this study, a natural cotton thread immunoassay device combined with gold nanorod (GNR) reporter probe is developed for the rapid, sensitive and quantitative electrochemical determination of human ferritin, a lung cancer related biomarker. Human ferritin as an analyte and a pair of monoclonal antibodies are used to demonstrate the proof-of-concept on the cotton thread immunoassay device. An enhancement of the sensitivity is achieved by using gold nanorod as an electroactive report probe compared with a traditional gold nanoparticle (GNP) report probe. The device was capable of measuring 1.58 ng/mL ferritin in 30 min by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) testing, which meet the requirement for clinical diagnosis.     

一种基于纳米金介导生物沉积铂催化氢还原的电化学免疫分析新方法

本文发展了一种基于纳米金介导生物沉积铂并以铂催化氢还原伏安法进行检测的高灵敏电化学免疫分析新方法。该方法采用夹心免疫分析模式,实现了人免疫球蛋白（HIgG）的测定。首先在聚苯乙烯微孔板中固定羊抗HIgG捕获抗体,HIgG捕获后,碱性磷酸酶标记的HIgG抗体修饰的纳米金探针通过与HIgG的形成的夹心复合物而结合在微孔板上。结合的碱性磷酸酶催化抗坏血酸磷酸酯底物水解产生抗坏血酸,后者在纳米金上介导下还原铂离子沉积于纳米金表面。沉积的金属铂用王水溶解并电富集于玻碳电极上。通过测定铂催化氢还原产生的阴极电流,可实现HIgG的高灵敏分析。催化氢还原电流与HIgG浓度对数在0.1~100ng/ml之间呈线性相关性,检测限达22pg/ml。由于铂催化氢还原的高灵敏度及纳米金介导的生物沉积放大反应,该法具有较高的分析灵敏度,且免疫分析微孔板模式使得该法可同时用于大量样品的分析。     

A sensitive immunosensor using colloidal gold as electrochemical label

A sensitive immunosensor using colloidal gold as electrochemical label is described. In this method, the capture protein was first immobilized on a carbon paste electrode surface through passive adsorption to bind quantitatively with corresponding antigen and colloidal gold labeled antibody to perform a sandwich assay. To detect the amount of the colloidal gold captured on the electrode surface, the colloid was first oxidized electrochemically to produce AuCl₄⁻ ions which were adsorbed strongly on the electrode surface. Adsorptive voltammetry was then employed for the determination of the adsorbed AuCl₄⁻ ions. A linear relationship between reduction wave peak current and the antigen concentration (human IgG) from 10 to 500 ng/ml is obtained with a detection limit of 4.0 ng/ml.     

Electrochemical Dissolution of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Metalloimmunoassay

This work demonstrates the use of silver nanoparticles as a simple electrochemical biolabel to induce 10⁶ signal enhancement. We propose a mechanism of measuring the silver nanoparticles on a specific screen‐printed planar carbon electrode, without the requirement for the harsh oxidant or toxic reagents described in prior‐art for gold sol methods. The possible measurement process was validated with orthogonal techniques such as UV/Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The findings were utilized to develop a novel electrochemical sandwich immunoassay where the analyte concentration is directly proportional to ASV oxidation peak of silver. This technique in the future is envisaged to form the foundation of a generic Point of Care platform. The assay was applied to cardiac marker: myoglobin with detection limit of 3 ng/mL.     

Ultrasensitive Immunoassay Based on Amplified Inhibition of the Electrochemical Stripping Signal of Silver Nanocomposite by Silica Nanoprobe

A silver nanocomposite was one‐step synthesized in chitosan solution and used to prepare an immunosensor with the aid of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) assembly. The Ag NPs at the immunosensor exhibited sensitive electrochemical stripping signal in KCl solution. After a sandwich immunoreaction, the current response of the immunosensor decreased due to the formation of antibody‐antigen immunocomplex on its surface, which was greatly amplified by the captured silica nanoprobes and thus enabled an ultrasensitive electrochemical immunoassay method. This method showed excellent analytical performance for human IgG measurement including wide linear range, low detection limit, cheap cost, satisfactory reproducibility and stability.     

Electrochemical Detection of Schistosoma Japonicum Antibody Using Biocatalytic Deposition

Abstract

An ultrasensitive electrochemical immunoassay based on biocatalytic deposition has been proposed for the detection of Schistosoma japonicum antibody (SjAb) in infected rabbit serum. Schistosoma japonicum antigen (SjAg) was immobilized on the gold electrode surface via glutaraldehyde crosslink and then incubated with infected rabbit serum containing SjAb; finally, the goat anti-rabbit IgG labeled with alkaline phosphatase was sandwiched to form the immunocomplex on the gold electrode surface. The alkaline phosphatase converted nonelectroactive substrate into the reducing agent and the latter, in turn, reduced metal ions to form electroactive metallic product on the electrode surface. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was used to quantify the amount of the deposited silver and give the analytical signal for SjAb. Assay conditions such as the antigen concentration and enzymatic silver deposition time were optimized. The electrochemical immunosensor was able to realize a reliable determination of SjAb in the dilution range from 1:5000 to 1:100 with a detection limit of 1:6457 of dilution ratio. The feasibility of the proposed immunosensor for possible clinical applications was also investigated by analyzing real serum samples.     

Immunoblotting techniques with picogram sensitivity in cerebrospinal fluid protein detection

Agarose isoelectric focusing followed by blotting with nitrocellulose, nylon or polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, and immunochemical detection of cerebrospinal fluid IgG with various combinations of antisera, was evaluated. Polyvinylidene difluoride proved to be an easy-to-handle and reliable membrane for protein blotting. Among immunochemical visualization reactions, the most sensitive employed biotinylated goat anti-human IgG followed by streptavidin colloidal gold conjugate and silver enhancement in 20% w/v urea, allowing a sensitivity of less then 1 picogram IgG/band.     

菊酯类农药广谱型免疫层析试纸条的研究及应用

建立了菊酯类农药广谱型免疫层析检测方法,可同时检测水果、蔬菜中12种甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯农药残留。以粒径20 nm的胶体金标记羊抗小鼠IgG抗体于金标垫上,分别固定包被原(检测线,T线)、兔抗山羊 IgG 抗体(质控线, C 线)于硝酸纤维素膜( NC 膜)上,与吸水垫及聚氯乙烯( PVC)底板组合成层析试纸条。10 g样品经乙腈提取,PBS稀释4倍,取100μL与菊酯类农药的单克隆抗体混合后,直接用于试纸条检测。结果表明,试纸条对甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯农药的裸眼观察检测灵敏度为0.5,5.0,5.0和5.0μg/mL,检测时长为8~10 min,采用QuEChERS方法,方法检测灵敏度可提高16倍。对蔬菜和水果的方法验证表明,除辣椒基质干扰呈假阳性外,其它样本的检测结果均与GC方法结果一致。试纸条采用金标羊抗小鼠IgG二抗的方法,使检测结果的重现性更好、更稳定,且抗基质干扰能力强,为菊酯类农药的累积毒性检测提供了新方法。     

Enzyme-catalyzed silver deposition on irregular-shaped gold nanoparticles for electrochemical immunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein

A new and disposable electrochemical immunosensor was designed for detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), as a model analyte, with sensitivity enhancement based on enzyme-catalyzed silver deposition onto irregular-shaped gold nanoparticles (ISGNPs). The assay was carried out with a sandwich-type immunoassay protocol by using ISGNP-labeled anti-AFP antibodies conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP–Ab₂) as detection antibodies. The enzymatically catalytic deposition of silver on the electrode could be measured by stripping analysis in KCl solution due to the Ag/AgCl solid-state voltammetric process. Several labeling protocols including spherical gold nanoparticle-labeled ALP–Ab₂ and ISGNP-labeled ALP–Ab₂ were investigated for determination of AFP, and improved analytical properties were achieved with the ISGNP labeling. With the ISGNP labeling method, the effects of incubation time and incubation temperature for antigen-antibody reaction, and deposition time of silver on the current responses of the electrochemical immunosensors were also monitored. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical immunosensor exhibited a wide dynamic range from 0.01 ng mL⁻¹ to 200 ng mL⁻¹ with a detection limit of 5.0 pg mL⁻¹ AFP. The immunosensor displayed a good stability and acceptable reproducibility and accuracy. No significant differences at the 95% confidence level were encountered in the analysis of 10 clinical serum samples between the developed immunoassay and the commercially available electrochemiluminescent method for determination of AFP.     

A Sensitive Electrochemical Immunosensor for α‐Fetoprotein Detection with Colloidal Gold‐Based Dentritical Enzyme Complex Amplification

A sensitive and specific electrochemical immunosensor was developed with α‐fetoprotein (AFP) as the model analyte by using gold nanoparticle label for enzymatic catalytic amplification. A self‐assembled monolayer membrane of mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) was firstly formed on the electrode surface through gold‐sulfur interaction. Monoclonal mouse anti‐human AFP was covalently immobilized to serve as the capture antibody. In the presence of the target human AFP, gold nanoparticles coated with polyclonal rabbit anti‐human AFP were bound to the electrode via the formation of a sandwiched complex. With the introduction of goat anti‐rabbit IgG conjugated with alkaline phosphatase, the dentritical enzyme complex was formed through selective interaction of the secondary antibodies with the colloidal gold‐based primary antibody at the electrode, thus affording the possibility of signal amplification for AFP detection. Current response arising from the oxidation of enzymatic product was significantly amplified by the dentritical enzyme complex. The current signal was proportional to the concentration of AFP from 1.0 ng mL^?1 to 500 ng mL^?1 with a detection limit of 0.8 ng mL^?1. This system could be extended to detect other target molecules with the corresponding antibody pairs.     

Microdrop analysis of a bead-based immunoassay

The progress to electrochemical detection of a microbead-based immunoassay in small volumes has led to a reduced assay time and lower detection limits. Three electrochemical techniques are described for an immunoassay with detection in a microdrop. The techniques are amperometric detection with a rotating disk electrode (RDE), a microelectrode, and an interdigitated array (IDA) electrode. An enzyme-labeled sandwich immunoassay with mouse IgG as the model analyte is used to demonstrate the three techniques. The microbead assay is carried out in a test tube using a magnet to control bead collection. Once the immunocomplex is formed on the microbead, the beads are transferred to a microdrop where the enzyme, either alkaline phosphatase or β-galactosidase, generates 4-aminophenol (PAP). PAP is oxidized at the electrode with an applied potential of +290 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. For all three techniques, the upper limit of the dynamic range was 1000 ng/ml mouse IgG, and the detection limits were: 50 ng/ml for the RDE, 40 ng/ml for the microelectrode, and 26 ng/ml for the IDA electrode.     

Cadmium sulfide nanocluster-based electrochemical stripping detection of DNA hybridization

A novel, sensitive electrochemical DNA hybridization detection assay, using cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoclusters as the oligonucleotide labeling tag, is described. The assay relies on the hybridization of the target DNA with the CdS nanocluster oligonucleotide DNA probe, followed by the dissolution of the CdS nanoclusters anchored on the hybrids and the indirect determination of the dissolved cadmium ions by sensitive anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a mercury-coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The results showed that only a complementary sequence could form a double-stranded dsDNA-CdS with the DNA probe and give an obvious electrochemical response. A three-base mismatch sequence and non-complementary sequence had negligible response. The combination of the large number of cadmium ions released from each dsDNA hybrid with the remarkable sensitivity of the electrochemical stripping analysis for cadmium at mercury-film GCE allows detection at levels as low as 0.2 pmol L(-1) of the complementary sequence of DNA.     

A novel immunoassay based on the dissociation of immunocomplex and fluorescence quenching by gold nanoparticles

This study reports a novel, simple and sensitive immunoassay using fluorescence quenching caused by gold nanoparticles coated with antibody. The method is based on a non-competitive heterogeneous immunoassay of human IgG conducted by the typical procedure of sandwich immunocomplex formation. Goat anti-human IgG was first adsorbed on polystyrene microwells, and human IgG analyte was captured by the primary antibody and then sandwiched by antibody labeled with gold nanoparticles. The sandwich-type immunocomplex was subsequently dissociated by the mixed solution of sodium hydroxide and trisodium citrate, the solution obtained, which contains gold nanoparticles coated with antibody, was used to quench fluorescence. The fluorescence intensity of fluorescein at 517 nm was inversely proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of human IgG in the dynamic range of 10-5000 ng mL⁻¹ with a detection limit of 4.7 ng mL⁻¹. The electrochemical experiments and the UV-vis measurements were applied to demonstrate whether the immunoglod was dissociated completely and whether the gold nanoparticles aggregated after being dissociated, respectively. The proposed system can be extended to detect target molecules such as other kinds of antigen and DNA strands, and has broad potential applications in disease diagnosis.     

基于硫化镉纳米团簇标记DNA电化学传感的研究

合成了表面具有自由羧基的硫化镉纳米团簇，以乙基-（3-二甲基丙基）碳二 亚胺盐酸盐为偶联活化剂，将其标记于人工合成的5'端氨基修饰的寡聚核苷酸片段 上，制备成CdS纳米团簇标记DNA探针，该寡聚核苷酸片段与大肠杆菌肠毒素基因相 关。在一定的条件下，使基与固定晨玻碳电极表面的待测DNA序列进行杂交反应， 利用阳极溶出示差脉冲伏安法（ASDPV）间接测定Cd的量，实现对互补、非互补 DNA片段的识别和电化学检测，从而对大肠杆菌肠毒素基因片段识别和检测。     

基于纳米金／壳聚糖掺杂碳纳米管修饰金电极非标记免疫传感器的研究

应用吸附法将羊抗人IgG抗体直接固定于纳米金(GNPs)/壳聚糖(Chit)掺杂碳纳米管(CNTs)修饰的金电极表面,制备了用于人IgG抗原检测的非标记电化学免疫传感器.利用循环伏安法和交流阻抗研究了修饰电极表面的电化学特性,用差分脉冲伏安法研究了测试底液的pH值对免疫传感器性能的影响.实验表明,在含不同浓度人IgG的...