微生物法生产1,3-丙二醇的代谢及关键酶研究进展

微生物法生产1,3-丙二醇具有条件温和、环境友好的特点,是目前研究的热点。本文着重介绍了微生物法生产1,3-丙二醇所涉及的菌种和代谢过程,系统阐述了1,3-丙二醇代谢过程中关键酶的性质特点及有关基因,并展望了未来的发展趋势。     

生物柴油及1,3-丙二醇联产工艺产业化进展

生物柴油作为可再生的清洁能源,已在美国、欧盟等多个国家和地区推行使用.在生物柴油的生产过程中,最高可得到约10%的副产物甘油,副产物甘油的去向将成为生物柴油大规模产业化发展所面临的严峻问题.1,3-丙二醇是一种重要的化工原料,作为合成新型聚酯PTT的原料,1,3-丙二醇已引起人们的广泛关注.以生物柴油副产物甘油为原料耦合生产1,3-丙二醇,不仅解决了生物柴油副产物甘油的出路问题,同时降低了1,3-丙二醇的生产成本.本文详细介绍了生物柴油及1,3-丙二醇生产技术及联产工艺的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

生物柴油及1,3-丙二醇联产工艺产业化进展

生物柴油作为可再生的清洁能源,已在美国、欧盟等多个国家和地区推行使用。在生物柴油的生产过程中,最高可得到约10%的副产物甘油,副产物甘油的去向将成为生物柴油大规模产业化发展所面临的严峻问题。1,3-丙二醇是一种重要的化工原料,作为合成新型聚酯PTT的原料,1,3-丙二醇已引起人们的广泛关注。以生物柴油副产物甘油为原料耦合生产1,3-丙二醇,不仅解决了生物柴油副产物甘油的出路问题,同时降低了1,3-丙二醇的生产成本。本文详细介绍了生物柴油及1,3-丙二醇生产技术及联产工艺的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

生物柴油及1,3-丙二醇联产工艺产业化进展

生物柴油作为可再生的清洁能源,已在美国、欧盟等多个国家和地区推行使用.在生物柴油的生产过程中,最高可得到约10%的副产物甘油,副产物甘油的去向将成为生物柴油大规模产业化发展所面临的严峻问题.1,3-丙二醇是一种重要的化工原料,作为合成新型聚酯PTT的原料,1,3-丙二醇已引起人们的广泛关注.以生物柴油副产物甘油为原料耦合生产1,3-丙二醇,不仅解决了生物柴油副产物甘油的出路问题,同时降低了1,3-丙二醇的生产成本.本文详细介绍了生物柴油及1,3-丙二醇生产技术及联产工艺的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

丙烯醇反马氏水合制备1,3-丙二醇

1,3-丙二醇具有很高的经济价值，是合成纤维聚对苯二甲酸丙二酯的重要原料。基于甘油甲酸介入法获得的丙烯醇作为平台分子，通过丙烯醇与TiCl4-NaBH4反应，首次实现常温常压下1,3-丙二醇的制备, 为1,3-丙二醇的合成提供了一条新的路径。在最优条件下，1,3-丙二醇的产率68.73%，推测反应机理为：TiCl4和NaBH4发生反应，生成中间体 “BH3”，进而实现了丙烯醇反马氏水合制备1,3-丙二醇。     

双金属催化剂选择氢解甘油定向制备1,3-丙二醇：活性位、构效关系及机理

1,3-丙二醇是聚酯工业中最重要的单体之一。以甘油为原料,通过催化转化制备得到1,3-丙二醇具有重要的应用价值。本文对近年来甘油氢解制1,3-丙二醇的关键双金属催化剂研究进展进行综述,着重介绍了高效且颇具工业应用前景的Pt-W催化体系。通过综述Pt-W体系中具有不同微观结构和化学环境的W物种与Pt之间的相互作用及Pt-W双位点催化甘油氢解的构效关系,总结了原位生成的B酸活性物种对催化活性、选择性和稳定性的影响,讨论了原位B酸的来源及催化机制,最后对甘油选择氢解制1,3-丙二醇的催化剂发展进行了展望。     

沸石咪唑酯骨架结构材料ZIF-71用于低浓度生物基2，3-丁二醇/1，3-丙二醇的吸附分离性能

1,3-丙二醇是一种重要的化工原料,生物发酵法生产1,3-丙二醇往往会产生副产物2,3-丁二醇,限制了生物基1,3-丙二醇的进一步工业化应用。1,3-丙二醇与2,3-丁二醇亲水性强,导致其在低浓度发酵液中分离困难。基于2,3-丁二醇比1,3-丙二醇具有长的碳链和大的极化率,本文采用含有―Cl基团（憎水且具有大的极化率）的ZIF-71吸附分离水中低浓度的2,3-丁二醇/1,3-丙二醇。结果表明,ZIF-71对双组分2,3-丁二醇/1,3-丙二醇（50 g/L,50 g/L）中2,3-丁二醇的静态竞争吸附容量为123.6 mg/g,对2,3-丁二醇/1,3-丙二醇分离选择性高达7.6,分离效果优于沸石材料Beta。在3次循环吸附-解吸实验中ZIF-71依旧保持着稳定的结构和对2,3-丁二醇的选择性吸附能力。通过分子模拟,揭示了ZIF-71对1,3-丙二醇和2,3-丁二醇的吸附分离机制。ZIF-71与1,3-丙二醇之间主要通过弱的范德华力作用;而ZIF-71与2,3-丁二醇之间则是通过强的范德华力与弱的氢键协同作用,从而对2,3-丁二醇产生选择性吸附。可以看出, ZIFs材料有望成为选择性吸附分离低浓度副产物2,3-丁二醇的吸附剂,推动生物法制1,3-丙二醇的工业化发展。     

改善细胞通透性促进1,3-丙二醇生物合成

克雷伯杆菌发酵生产1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PD)的过程中, 通过加入表面活性剂可改善细胞通透性, 以减少产物和副产物对细胞生长与代谢的抑制作用, 从而促进细菌生长和1,3-PD产出. 对比研究了吐温-80 (Tween-80)、曲拉通X-100 (Triton X-100)、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚-10 (OP-10)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)等对发酵中甘油脱氢酶(GDH)、1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶(PDOR)和甘油脱水酶(GDHt)等3种关键酶活的影响. 实验表明OP-10能较好改善细胞通透性, 胞内释放核酸浓度随添加OP-10量的增加有明显提高. 低浓度的OP-10对GDH, PDOR活性及细胞生长有较好的促进作用; 发酵8～12 h时添加1.0 g•L－1的OP-10可使1,3-PD浓度和摩尔转化率有较大提高. 结合透射电镜发现非离子表面活性剂OP-10损伤膜结构, 致细胞通透性改变, 有利于充分发挥细胞内酶的催化活性, 对细菌生长和1,3-丙二醇的合成有较大促进作用.     

Pt/WO_3/ZrO_2催化甘油选择性氢解制备1,3-丙二醇

甘油是产量巨大的生物质.将之转化为有用化合物的研究,有重要的工业应用价值.甘油的氢解可生成一系列的C-3醇,如正丙醇、异丙醇、1,2-丙二醇以及1,3-丙二醇等.其中,1,3-丙二醇是合成聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯(PPT)的重要有机中间体.因此,选择性氢解甘油合成1,3-丙二醇,是一个重要的研究课题.最近,在研究Pt/WO_3/Zr O_2催化下的甘油氢解反应时发现,通过调控催化剂载体中氧化钨含量,可以调节催化剂的酸碱度,从而在保持较高1,3-丙二醇选择性的同时,显著提高反应的转化率.这一技术提高了合成效率,有潜在的工业应用价值.     

Pt/WO3/ZrO2 催化甘油选择性脱羟基制 1,3-丙二醇反应的溶剂效应

 考察了不同溶剂中 Pt/WO3/ZrO2 催化剂催化甘油加氢制 1,3-丙二醇的反应性能. 结果表明, 质子溶剂乙醇和水有利于甘油转化为 1,3-丙二醇. 含有乙醇或水的二元混合溶剂表现出明显的溶剂组分协同效应, 使用混合溶剂时 1,3-丙二醇选择性超过使用单一溶剂, 而且混合溶剂的组成对反应性能影响很大.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.