适用小分子化合物MALDI分析的基质研究

基质辅助激光解吸电离技术（matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization,MALDI）是20世纪80年代发展起来的一种应用于质谱分析的电离化技术。MALDI技术在生物大分子的分析和检测方面获得了良好的应用。由于受有机基质分子的干扰,MALDI在小分子化合物分析方面的应用受到很大的限制。近年来为解决这一问题,一些用于MALDI分析的新型材料被设计和开发出来。这些新型材料主要包括：碳、硅、纳米金属等无机材料和新型有机分子等。除此之外,在传统基质中添加表面活性剂和对分析物衍生化等方法也被成功应用于小分子化合物的MALDI质谱分析中。本文对这些可应用于小分子化合物分析的新型MALDI基质进行了综述和展望。     

PVK掺杂稀土铕配合物的电致发光中的能量传递过程

将Michler‘s Ketone(MK)作为协同配体与一种β－双酮类稀土配合物Eu(fod)3的氯仿溶液混合，两者有效配合生成一种新的稀土配合物Eu(fod)3MK，它的吸收谱中有一Michler‘s Ketone和Eu(fod)3都不具有的新的吸收峰，吸收边在450nm附近。这一新的吸收峰与PVK的发射谱有很好的重叠，从而使能量可以有效地通过Forster能量转移方式由PVK传递给稀土配合物。将这种新的稀土配合物掺杂到导电聚合物PVK中，并以它们为发光层制成电致发光器件。结果表明：加入协同配体后的光致发光和电致发光中，PVK的发射均被有效抑制。这说明MK贩加入大大提高了由聚合的基质向稀土配合物进行能量传递的效率。     

白僵菌液体培养物中甾体基质和产物的薄层色谱及光密度扫描测定

为测定白僵菌液体培养物中基质Reichsteins化合物S(I)和它的11α-羟基化产物表皮质醇(Ⅱ),我们建立了薄层色谱(TLC)及光密度扫描测定法。现将本方法报告如下。     

稀土配合物杂化发光材料的组装及光物理性质研究进展

稀土配合物兼具无机物稳定性好以及有机物荧光量子效率高的优点,而且具有可设计性,制备简便,容易修饰,荧光性质优异（发射谱带窄、色纯度高、荧光寿命长、量子产率高以及发射光谱范围覆盖可见和近红外光区等）．但配合物的光、热、化学稳定性和机械加工性能相对较差,因而限制了其在很多领域中的实际应用．近年来的研究表明,将稀土配合物引入到各种基质材料中可以改善其稳定性及机械加工性能,并对其光物理性质产生调制作用．根据基质材料的不同,杂化材料可分为无机基质、无机／有机复合基质及有机基质杂化材料．本文综述了这些不同基质稀土配合物杂化发光材料的研究进展,探讨了主客体间相互作用对杂化材料光物理性质及稳定性的影响,为实现稀土配合物杂化发光材料在光学器件领域（LED照明、光纤维、光学放大器及激光等）及生命分析领域的应用提供了重要的理论依据．     

蔬菜农药多残留分析中基质共提物净化方法的研究

首次建立了蔬菜中常见基质干扰物的净化方法.用GC-MS分析样品提取液、确定了蔬菜农药多残留检测常见的基质干扰物.建立常见吸附剂对基质干扰物的吸附模型,以及吸附剂对农药的吸附模型.据此建立了番茄、油菜和尖椒3种蔬菜中102种农药多残留SPE净化方法和气相色谱-质谱/选择离子存储检测方法(gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry/selective ion storage, GC-MS/SIS).样品用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)去除大分子干扰物和部分色素和(或)采用石墨化碳黑(GCB) Florisil混合SPE柱去除色素和脂肪酸.在0.02 mg/kg和0.10 mg/kg两个水平,农药添加回收率为65% ～123%(除久效磷、抗蚜威和蝇毒磷),RSD不大于15%.方法检出限在2 ～30 μg/kg范围.对于其它蔬菜,只要确定样品中的基质干扰物,即可选择合适的吸附剂制备专用的SPE柱.该方法适用于含色素、脂肪酸和大分子干扰物蔬菜样品中的农药多残留分析.     

富集和纯化用于包括基质辅助激光解吸附／电离（MALDI）质谱（MS）分析的化学分析的分析物的方法和装置

本发明公开了首先利用电泳驱动分析物通过滤网基质去除大分子物质的分离低丰度物质的方法和装置，然后保留低丰度物质与捕获膜上的小的捕获位点结合，电泳富集到捕获膜上。捕获膜被风干，并被置于导电的MALDI样品板上。     

基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱分析合成聚合物样品制备的研究进展

基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)在合成聚合物的表征手段中具有不可替代的优点,可以提供聚合物的质量分布、嵌段长度、端基等信息.但由于合成聚合物的离子化效率通常不佳,因此样品制备是分析成功的关键.从基质、基质添加剂以及混样方式3个方面综述了MALDI-TOF质谱分析合成聚合物样品制备的研究进展.     

基于小分子化合物分析的MALDI-TOF MS新型基质研究进展

基质辅助激光解吸附离子化-飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)是一种新型的软电离生物质谱,近十年来得到了快速发展,在小分子化合物的分析检测中发挥了重要作用。其基质的选择一直是关注的重点,目前,研究者们已开发出多种新型MALDI-TOF MS基质,主要分为纳米材料和新型有机化合物两大类,基质性能的完善与提高使得MALDI-TOF MS的检测结果有了更高的准确度和灵敏度,更小的背景噪音,更干净的谱图,但目前尚处于研究阶段,现阶段仍无法替代传统有机基质。该文通过对新型基质的研究进展进行整理,总结出不同种类基质的优点、特性及适用对象,并对未来的MALDI-TOF MS基质研究作出了展望。     

钡矿石的物相分析

关于钡的物相分析,仅见到龚美菱等制定的测定钡碳酸盐、重晶石和钡长石的物相分析方法。为配合某矿区物质成分研究,我们进行了钡矿石的化学物相分析研究,拟定了分析钡的碳酸盐、氟碳酸盐、重晶石、钡铁钛石、包头矿等五相的分析方法,经生产实践表明本方法基本上满足了地质及矿物物质成分研究的要求,比地质上原来用的颗粒矿物定量法,精     

烟草抽取物的GC-MS分析

烟叶广为世界各国种植.烟叶产地不同,品质差异甚大;成品烟中调配香精的不同,也在很大程度上影响烟民的品味.因此,有必要研究不同品种烟叶中化学成分差异及调配香精的组成.我们对成品烟丝和调配前的烟丝共50种样品的二氯甲烷抽取物进行了GC-MS分析和部分成分的标准品验证.结果发现样品中化学成分的种类和含量都有较大的差别,抽取物中鉴定出成分最多的有50余种,包括呋喃甲醛、苯乙醛、苯乙醇、尼古丁、茄酮、大麻酮、香叶基丙酮、金合欢基丙酮、忻植二烯、叶绿醇等重要香精和烟中固有成分,为研究不同烟种成分提供了大量参考数据,同时也为调配香精提供可靠依据.     

Parameters contributing to efficient ion generation in aerosol MALDI mass spectrometry

The Bioaerosol Mass Spectrometry (BAMS) system was developed for the real-time detection and identification of biological aerosols using laser desorption ionization. Greater differentiation of particle types is desired; consequently MALDI techniques are being investigated. The small sample size ( approximately 1 microm3), lack of substrate, and ability to simultaneously monitor both positive and negative ions provide a unique opportunity to gain new insight into the MALDI process. Several parameters known to influence MALDI molecular ion yield and formation are investigated here in the single particle phase. A comparative study of five matrices (2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, ferulic acid, and sinapinic acid) with a single analyte (angiotensin I) is presented and reveals effects of matrix selection, matrix-to-analyte molar ratio, and aerosol particle diameter. The strongest analyte ion signal is found at a matrix-to-analyte molar ratio of 100:1. At this ratio, the matrices yielding the least and greatest analyte molecular ion formation are ferulic acid and alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, respectively. Additionally, a significant positive correlation is found between aerodynamic particle diameter and analyte molecular ion yield for all matrices. SEM imaging of select aerosol particle types reveals interesting surface morphology and structure.     

Online deposition of nano‐aerosol for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

An online nano‐aerosol sample deposition method for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry is described in which matrix and analyte particles between 50 and 500 nm are aerodynamically focused onto a tight spot, ca. 200 µm in diameter, on the target plate under vacuum. MALDI analysis of the target is performed without additional sample preparation. The method is evaluated with insulin as the analyte and alpha‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) as the matrix. Two preparation modes are compared with conventional dried‐droplet deposition: mixture deposition where a single layer is deposited consisting of particles that contain both matrix and analyte, and layered deposition where an underlayer of matrix particles and an overlayer of analyte particles are deposited separately. Desalting is performed by adding ammonium sulfate to the solution used to generate the matrix aerosol. With mixture deposition, the optimum matrix‐to‐analyte mole ratio is about 500:1 compared with 5000:1 for the conventional dried‐droplet method. With layered deposition, the thicknesses of the matrix and analyte layers are more important determinants of the analyte signal intensity than the matrix‐to‐analyte mole ratio. Analyte signal intensities are independent of matrix layer thickness above 200 nm, and the optimum analyte signal is obtained with an analyte layer thickness of about 100 nm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence Factors on Particle Growth for On-line Aerosol Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

An evaporation/condensation flow cell was developed and interfaced with the matrix-assistedlaser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometer for on-line bioaerosoldetection and characterization, which allows matrix addition by condensation onto the laboratory-generated bioaerosol particles. The final coated particle exiting from the con-denser is then introduced into the aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer or home-built aerosol laser time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and its aerodynamic size directly effects on the matrix-to-analyte molar ratio, which is very important for MALDI technique. In order to observe the protonated analyte molecular ion, and then determine the classification of bi-ological aerosols, the matrix-to-analyte molar ratio must be appropriate. Four experimental parameters, including the temperature of the heated reservoir, the initial particle size, its number concentration, and the matrix material, were tested experimentally to analyze their influences on the final particle size. This technique represents an on-line system of detec-tion that has the potential to provide rapid and reliable identification of airborne biological aerosols.     

Suppression of matrix ions in ultraviolet laser desorption: Scanning electron microscopy and raman spectroscopy of the solid samples

Suppression of low-mass ion peaks in matrix-assisted ultraviolet laser desorption has been found to occur at low matrix-to-analyte molar ratios when using nicotinic acid as matrix, independent of the angle of illumination. Microscopic Raman scattering spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the matrix–analyte solid-state composition. The matrix-to-analyte molar ratios employed in preparing the solutions are reliable guides to the relative amounts of matrix and analyte molecules in the solid crystals, given the method of sample preparation employed involving drying under a stream of nitrogen. A qualitative model based on the proton supply-and-demand argument is tentatively proposed to explain the suppression phenomenon.     

Aerosol Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry

A new method of liquid sample introduction for a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) has been developed by applying the method of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization to aerosols. Analyte biomolecules are dissolved in a methanol solvent along with a UVabsorbing matrix and formed into an aerosol with a pneumatic nebulizer. The aerosol particles are dried in a heated skimmer tube before ionization by pulsed 355-nm UV laser radiation. Mass analysis is achieved in a linear TOF-MS. Results for the ionization of bovine insulin (5733.5 Mw) are reported.     

Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization to on-line aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectra were obtained from single biological aerosol particles using an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS). The inlet to the ATOFMS was coupled with an evaporation/condensation flow cell that allowed the aerosol to be coated with matrix material as the sampled stream entered the spectrometer. Mass spectra were generated from aerosol composed either of gramicidin-S or erythromycin, two small biological molecules, or from aerosolised spores of Bacillus subtilis var niger. Three different matrices were used: 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol, picolinic acid and sinapinic acid. A spectrum of gramicidin-S was generated from approximately 250 attomoles of material using a molar ratio of 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol to analyte of approximately 20:1. A single peak, located at 1224 Da, was obtained from the bacterial spores. The washing liquid and extract solution from the spores were analyzed using electrospray mass spectrometry and subsequent MS/MS product ion experiments. This independent analysis suggests that the measured species represents part of the B. subtilis peptidoglycan. The on-line addition of matrix allows quasi-real-time chemical analysis of individual, aerodynamically sized particles, with an overall system residence time of less than 5 seconds. These results suggest that a MALDI-ATOFMS can provide nearly real-time identification of biological aerosols. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Size-selected (2-10 nm) gold nanoparticles for matrix assisted laser desorption ionization of peptides

In this report, first use of size-selected gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as matrixes for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is described for peptides and proteins. In comparison with conventional organic acid MALDI matrixes, the optimum matrix-to-analyte ratio with AuNP matrixes is reduced by 10-14 orders of magnitude. Significant differences in the relative abundances of the ions observed in positive and negative mode MALDI-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) are revealed as the AuNP size distribution is decreased from 10 to 2 nm, whereby 2-nm AuNPs exhibit quantum confinement effects prevalent in quantum dots. AuNP matrixes allow for selective analyte ionization, as demonstrated in the selective MALDI-TOFMS of phosphotyrosine in a background of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine peptides.     

The influence of laser-particle interaction in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma spectrometry

Particles produced by previous laser shots may have significant influence on the analytical signal in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma (LA-ICP) spectrometry if they remain close to the position of laser sampling. The effects of these particles on the laser-induced breakdown event are demonstrated in several ways. LIBS-experiments were conducted in an ablation cell at atmospheric conditions in argon or air applying a dual-pulse arrangement with orthogonal pre-pulse, i.e., plasma breakdown in a gas generated by a focussed laser beam parallel and close to the sample surface followed by a delayed crossing laser pulse in orthogonal direction which actually ablates material from the sample and produces the LIBS plasma. The optical emission of the LIBS plasma as well as the absorption of the pre-pulse laser was measured. In the presence of particles in the focus of the pre-pulse laser, the plasma breakdown is affected and more energy of the pre-pulse laser is absorbed than without particles. As a result, the analyte line emission from the LIBS plasma of the second laser is enhanced. It is assumed that the enhancement is not only due to an increase of mass ablated by the second laser but also to better atomization and excitation conditions favored by a reduced gas density in the pre-pulse plasma. Higher laser pulse frequencies increase the probability of particle-laser interaction and, therefore, reduce the shot-to-shot line intensity variation as compared to lower particle loadings in the cell. Additional experiments using an aerosol chamber were performed to further quantify the laser absorption by the plasma in dependence on time both with and without the presence of particles. The overall implication of laser-particle interactions for LIBS and LA-ICP-MS/OES are discussed.     

Gas-phase ionization/desolvation processes and their effect on protein charge state distribution under matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization conditions

The charge state distribution of proteins was studied as a function of experimental conditions, to improve the understanding of the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mechanisms. The relative abundances of the multiply-charged ions appear to be a function of the matrix chosen, the laser fluence and the matrix-to-analyte molar ratio. A correlation is found between the matrix proton affinity and the yield of singly- versus multiply-charged ions. These results are in good agreement with a model in which gas-phase intracluster reactions play a significant role in analyte ion formation. A new model for endothermic desolvation processes in ultraviolet/MALDI is presented and discussed. It is based upon the existence of highly-charged precursor clusters and, complementary to the ion survivor model of Karas et al., assumes that two energy-dependent processes exist: (i) a soft desolvation involving consecutive losses of neutral matrix molecules, leading to a multiply-charged analyte and (ii) hard desolvation leading to a low charge state analyte, by consecutive losses of charged matrix molecules. These desolvations pathways are discussed in terms of kinetically limited processes. The efficiency of the two competitive desolvation processes seems related to the internal energy carried away by clusters during ablation.     

The effect of multi-component aerosol particles on quantitative laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: Consideration of localized matrix effects

Spectral measurements were performed in a laser-induced plasma to assess the changes in sodium or magnesium analyte emission response from particle-derived sources with the addition of concomitant mass to the aerosol particles. Temporally resolved measurements revealed up to a 50% enhancement in analyte emission with the addition of the elements copper, zinc or tungsten at mass ratios from 1:9 to 1:19, although the enhancement generally diminished by delay times of 60 μs. Additional measurements in magnesium–cadmium aerosol particles were performed to assess the temporal profile of plasma temperature in the spatial vicinity of the aerosol particles using the ion-to-neutral emission ratios. These measurements revealed a general increase in localized plasma temperature with increasing delay time, which is attributed with an initial suppression of plasma temperature about the aerosol particles as plasma energy is required to vaporize and ionize the aerosol particle mass. These measurements provide direct evidence of a matrix effect for aerosol particles, which is attributed primarily to perturbations in the localized plasma properties. These perturbations are minimized at longer plasma delay times; hence quantitative LIBS analysis of aerosol particles should be performed with careful attention given to the temporal plasma evolution. The data further elucidate the complex interactions between the plasma gas and the aerosol particles, during which the finite time-scales of particle dissociation, and heat and mass transfer are equally important.