杂苯C5H5X（X=N,P,As,Sb,Bi）芳香性的核独立化学位移（NICS）与异构体稳定化能（ISE）研究

应用量子化学方法,通过核独立化学位移(NICS)和异构体稳定化能(ISE)的计算,研究了苯及第五主族元素取代杂苯分子C5H5X(X=N,P,As,Sb,Bi)的芳香性与稳定性.局域轨道定位函数局部最大值的计算结果表明,分子中C—X成键强度与实验稳定性顺序一致.从头算与密度泛函理论对分子的化学位移计算结果各异,计算值与实验值相关分析表明,Hartree-Fock方法对所研究体系的NICS比密度泛函理论具有更好的相关性.在分子环平面上方0.8～0.9处的NICS是芳香性判据的最佳选择,由自然定域分子轨道分解NICS最大处的zz张量值,结果显示π键对分子的芳香性起主要贡献.异构体稳定化能与NICS(max)的zz张量及π键(NICS(max)zzπ)均有很好的相关性,可以表征杂苯分子C5H5X全局芳香性,其顺序为:苯>吡啶>磷杂苯>砷杂苯>锑杂苯>铋杂苯.特别地,对这类分子π轨道的研究发现不包含X原子的π轨道将产生异常大的π键芳香性,这一现象可为分子磁性设计提供理论指导.     

何谓Y-芳香性

一谈到芳香性自然会联想到环状共轭体系。诸如苯、轮烯(中性分子或离子)及其同系物。由于它们具有特定的封闭层电子结构,π(p)电子沿环式周边离域而赋予体系一定的稳定化作用,一般说其周边的π(p)电子数符合Huckel(4n 2)规则。此外,分子轨道通过空间相互作用也可以使π(p)电子离域,从而产生一定的稳定化作用。由此又引伸出了同芳香性(homoaromaticity)与双环芳香性(bicycloaromaticity)。前者的π电子数符合Huckel(4n     

杂硼原子簇B6X-(X=N, P, As, Sb, Bi)稳定性和芳香性研究

利用Gaussian 98程序, 采用从头算和密度泛函理论方法, 对B6X-(X=N, P, As, Sb, Bi)杂硼原子簇进行了理论研究, 优化得到了其稳定平衡构型, 讨论了其振动光谱和稳定性等, 通过自然键轨道(NBO)、分子轨道(MO)和核独立化学位移(NICS)分析, 确定这些杂硼原子簇都有离域的π电子和σ电子成键轨道, 满足4n+2电子规则, 具有芳香性, 与纯B6- 或B62- 原子簇呈反芳香性不同.     

芳基离子及芳基自由基与 环己二烯离子及环己二烯自由基的区别

通过比较芳香亲电取代与芳基重氮盐的水解反应和芳香亲核取代与芳基金属有机试剂参与的反应中芳香部分结构的差别来说明芳基正离子与环己二烯正离子以及芳基负离子与环己二烯负离子的区别。讨论了芳香自由基偶联中的芳基自由基及其对芳香环的自由基加成中的环己二烯自由基的差别。还讨论了芳基离子和自由基结构与芳香性的关系。反应中涉及芳烃芳香环碳原子的sp2杂化轨道形成的σ键断裂时,苯环的6电子大π键不被破坏,根据电子转移的情况,可以形成芳基正离子、芳基负离子或芳基自由基。而亲电试剂、亲核试剂或自由基对芳烃的苯环π键发生的加成反应,都会破坏苯环的6电子大π键,使其失去芳香性,相应地形成环己二烯正离子、环己二烯负离子和环己二烯自由基中间体。     

NO_2的分子结构

众所周知,NO_2是角形分子,具有顺磁性.但是,对分子中单电子是在中心原子N的未成键的σ轨道上还是在大π键轨道上至今仍然没有统一的看法.大多数的教材和文献上目前比较一致的看法是,N原子采取sp~2杂化或介于sp杂化和sp~2杂化之间,分子中有二个σ键和一个П_3~3大π键,单电子占据大π键轨道     

用LOL-π分析展示B3N3六元环的离域π电子和芳香性——推荐一个普适性的计算化学实验

B₃N₃独特的六元环结构是研究非苯芳香性的理想模板。本实验在B3LYP-D3(BJ)/def2-TZVP水平上优化了B₃N₃六元环结构并进行频率验证,用Multiwfn3.7(dev)绘制了其LOL-π填色图,完美展示了六元环的离域π电子分布和非苯芳香性特征。实验普适性和可操作性强,安全性高,易于推广。     

几种典型芳烃杂环配体对双Pd三联苯配合物结构和性质的影响

采用密度泛函方法的M06-L泛函对由不同芳烃杂环(苯、呋喃、噻吩、苯并噻吩、吲哚)及甲基化芳烃杂环配位的双Pd三联苯配合物的结构及配合物中Pd-Pd和Pd…π作用的本质进行了研究.通过分子表面静电势分析、分子中的原子理论、化学键的能量分解分析和自然键轨道分析等方法,讨论了不同芳烃杂环对Pd…π作用模式及Pd-Pd键和Pd…π作用性质的影响.结果表明,芳烃杂环的静电势分布决定Pd_2与芳香环的配位方式;杂环中杂原子种类影响Pd-Pd强度,Pd-Pd键按杂原子O、S、N的顺序化学键逐渐减弱;Pd与芳烃杂环之间的作用(Pd…π)为部分共价相互作用,交换作用决定Pd…π作用的强度和性质.杂环上的-CH_3取代基减弱了Pd-Pd键,增强了Pd…π作用.     

用量子化学从头计算研究苯的芳香性(英文)

用 LEMAO-3G 基组计算苯分子,优选轨道指数调节因子时,考虑到π键和σ键的差异而将ζ_(C2π)和ζ_(C2π)分开优选,得到苯的最佳调节因子组为:ζ(H1S)=1.26,ζ_(C1S)=1.0039,ζ_(C2π)=1.00761,ζ_(C2σ)=1.1043。据此算得苯分子的总能量为-229.167274a.u.,维里系数为1.00000。所得各价轨道的能量和 ESCA 数据基本相符,并与 Fischer-Hjalmars 等很接近于 Hartree-Fock 极限的计算值颇一致,而所用基组则和他们不同.分析上述结果可知:苯的芳香稳定性的原因,不仅在于其环形共轭体系中的离域作用,与之相对立而又相联系的诸轨道“收缩”或“定域”效应也起重大作用.而且σ轨道的离域与定域在其中起着比π轨道更大的作用.当σ-轨道因“动能压力”减小而显著收缩时,π电子轨道仅发生微小的收缩而呈较σ电子更弥散的状态.这一方面使π电子有较大的总能量,因而能很好地传递电子效应;另一方面使σ电子总能量降低更多,从而使苯分子总体有较大稳定性.     

环芳类化合物分子轨道相互作用的研究

建立模型分子描述环芳类分子中二苯环、二乙炔的π轨道间的相互作用,应用多重散主射Ｘα自洽场方法对模型分子的电子结构进行计算,得到分子轨道通过空间相互作用的大小随二苯环、二乙炔间距离的增加呈指数下降,在环芳类经合物分子电子结构研究基础上,分析了分子轨道通过键的相互作用,表明,分子轨道通过空间相互作用与通过键相互作用相互抵消,采用过滤态方法计算环芳类化合物分子前线分子轨道电离能,与实验符合较好。     

芳香性的判据

苯型化合物具有特殊的热稳定性,它们的环上易发生亲电取代反应,难发生加成反应,在结构上,C—C键长介于单、双键之间,在核磁共振光谱上表现出较大的化学位移(δ值),人们把这种特性称之为芳香性。随着量子力学在化学中的应用,进一步从结构上揭开了芳香性的秘密。现在我们知道,在芳香烃分子中的芳环上,每个碳原子各以sp~2杂化轨道相互交盖连     

Electron delocalization in the metallabenzenes: a computational analysis of ring currents

Many metallabenzene complexes appear to exhibit an enhanced thermodynamic stability which has been attributed to the concept of aromaticity. Analysis of the ring currents induced by a magnetic field, either by direct visualization or by considering nuclear or nucleus-independent chemical shielding values (NMR or NICS), have become useful theoretical tools to characterize the aromaticity of many molecules involving the main group elements. We have analyzed 21 metallabenzenes using variations of these techniques, which take account of the large core and metal orbital contributions which often lead to transition-metal-containing systems exhibiting anomalous shielding values. Analysis of individual orbital contributions to both the ring currents and chemical shielding values based upon the ipsocentric and CSGT (continuous set of gauge transformations) methods has shown that complexes such as the 18 electron Ir or Rh(C 5H 5)(PH 3) 2Cl 2 molecules should be classed as aromatic, whereas the 16 electron complexes such as Os or Ru(C 5H 5)(PH 3) 2Cl 2 should not, despite having the same occupancy of pi-MOs. The differences can be directly attributed to the HOMO/LUMO b 2 in-plane (d xy ) molecular orbital, which, when unoccupied, is available to disrupt the delocalized currents typical of aromatic systems. A range of Pd and Pt metallabenzenes with cyclopentadienyl and phosphine ligands is also discussed as having aromatic and nonaromatic character, respectively.     

An investigation of the aromaticity of transition metal heterocyclic complexes by conventional criteria and indices of aromaticity

Conventional criteria and indices of aromaticity, including electronic, geometric, energetic and magnetic aspects have been applied to examine the aromaticity of five typical transition metal heterocyclic complexes, i.e. six-membered osmabezene 1 and iridabenzene 2, five-membered cobaltacyclopentadiene 3 and iridacyclopentadiene 4, and four-membered tungstacyclobutadiene 5. The results show that the cyclic, planar, conjugated and Hückel 4n+2 rule’s criteria in the transition-metal-containing heterocycles of the five complexes studied are all met. Five quantitative aromaticity indices, including Bird aromatic index (I_n), homodesmotic reaction aromatic stabilization energy (HASE), absolute hardness (η), diamagnetic susceptibility exaltation (Λ) and NMR chemical shift (δH), qualitatively lead to a consistent and affirmative conclusion that all of them are aromatic. However, they fail to draw a common conclusion for their relative magnitudes of aromaticity, which proves once again the multidimensional character of aromaticity.     

Osmabenzenes from the reactions of a dicationic osmabenzyne complex

Treatment of the osmabenzyne Os([triple bond]CC(SiMe(3))=C(Me)C(SiMe(3))=CH)Cl(2)(PPh(3))(2) (1) with 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) and thallium triflate (TlOTf) produces the thermally stable dicationic osmabenzyne [Os([triple bond]CC(SiMe(3))=C(Me)C(SiMe(3))=CH)(bipy)(PPh(3))(2)](OTf)(2) (2). The dicationic osmabenzyne 2 reacts with ROH (R = H, Me) to give osmabenzene complexes [Os(=C(OR)CH=C(Me)C(SiMe(3))=CH)(bipy)(PPh(3))(2)]OTf, in which the metallabenzene ring deviates significantly from planarity. In contrast, reaction of the dicationic complex 2 with NaBH(4) produces a cyclopentadienyl complex, presumably through the osmabenzene intermediate [Os(=CHC(SiMe(3))=C(Me)C(SiMe(3))=CH)(bipy)(PPh(3))(2)]OTf. The higher thermal stability of [Os(=C(OR)CH=C(Me)C(SiMe(3))=CH)(bipy)(PPh(3))(2)]OTf relative to [Os(=CHC(SiMe(3))=C(Me)C(SiMe(3))=CH)(bipy)(PPh(3))(2)]OTf can be related to the stabilization effect of the OR groups on the metallacycle. A theoretical study shows that conversion of the dicationic osmabenzyne complex [Os([triple bond]CC(SiMe(3))=C(Me)C(SiMe(3))=CH)(bipy)(PPh(3))(2)](OTf)(2) to a carbene complex by reductive elimination is thermodynamically unfavorable. The theoretical study also suggests that the nonplanarity of the osmabenzenes [Os(=C(OR)CH=C(Me)C(SiMe(3))=CH)(bipy)(PPh(3))(2)]OTf is mainly due to electronic reasons.     

Probing the intrinisic structure and dynamics of aminoborane coordination at late transition metal centers: mono(σ-BH) binding in [CpRu(PR3)2(H2BNCy2)]+

Aminoboranes, H(2)BNRR', represent the monomeric building blocks from which novel polymeric materials can be constructed via metal-mediated processes. The fundamental capabilities of these compounds to interact with metal centers have been probed through the coordination of H(2)BNCy(2) at 16-electron [CpRu(PR(3))(2)](+) fragments. In contrast to the side-on binding of isoelectronic alkene donors, an alternative mono(σ-BH) mode of aminoborane ligation is established for H(2)BNCy(2), with binding energies only ~8 kcal mol(-1) greater than those for analogous dinitrogen complexes. Variations in ground-state structure and exchange dynamics as a function of the phosphine ancillary ligand set are consistent with chemically significant back-bonding into an orbital of B-H σ* character.     

Exploration of the π-electronic structure of singlet, triplet, and quintet states of fulvenes and fulvalenes using the electron localization function

The singlet ground states and lowest triplet states of penta- and heptafulvene, their benzannulated derivatives, as well as the lowest quintet states of pentaheptafulvalenes, either the parent compound or compounds in which the two rings are intercepted by either an alkynyl or a phenyl segment, were investigated at the (U)OLYP/6-311G(d,p) density functional theory level. The influence of (anti)aromaticity was analyzed by the structure-based aromaticity index HOMA, the harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity. The extent of (anti)aromatic character was also evaluated in terms of the π-electron (de)localization as measured by the π component of the electron localization function (ELF(π)). The natural atomic orbital (NAO) occupancies were calculated in order to evaluate the degree of π-electron shift caused by the opposing electron-counting rules for aromaticity in the electronic ground state (S(0); Hückel's rule) and the first ππ* excited triplet state (T(1); Baird's rule). Pentaheptafulvalene (5) shows a shift of 0.5 π electrons from the 5-ring to the 7-ring when going from the S(0) state to the lowest quintet state (Qu(1)). The pentaheptafulvalene 5 and [5.6.7]quinarene 7 were also investigated in their 90° twisted conformations. From our study it is apparent that excitation localization in fulvalenes, but not in fulvenes, to a substantial degree is determined by aromaticity localization to triplet biradical 4n π-electron cycles. Isolated benzene rings in these compounds tend to remain as closed-shell 6π-electron cycles.     

An insight into the local aromaticities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fullerenes

In this work we quantify the local aromaticity of six-membered rings in a series of planar and bowl-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and fullerenes. The evaluation of local aromaticity has been carried out through the use of structurally (HOMA) and magnetically (NICS) based measures, as well as by the use of a new electronically based indicator of aromaticity, the para delocalization index (PDI), which is defined as the average of all the Bader delocalization indices between para-related carbon atoms in six-membered rings. The series of PAHs selected includes C(10)H(8), C(12)H(8), C(14)H(8), C(20)H(10), C(26)H(12), and C(30)H(12), with benzene and C(60) taken as references. The change in the local aromaticity of the six-membered rings on going from benzene to C(60) is analyzed. Finally, we also compare the aromaticity of C(60) with that of C(70), open [5,6]- and closed [6,6]-C(60)NH systems, and C(60)F(18).     

Fiber-optic infrared reflectance spectroelectrochemical studies of osmium and ruthenium nitrosyl porphyrins containing alkoxide and thiolate ligands

We have examined the redox behavior of the osmium and ruthenium compounds (OEP)M(NO)(OEt) and (OEP)M(NO)(SEt) (OEP = octaethylporphyrinato dianion; M = Os, Ru) by cyclic voltammetry and infrared spectroelectrochemistry. The compound (OEP)Os(NO)(OEt) undergoes a single reversible oxidation process in dichloromethane. In contrast, the thiolate compound (OEP)Os(NO)(SEt) undergoes a net irreversible oxidation resulting in formal loss of the SEt ligand. Extended Hückel calculations on crystal structures of these two compounds provide insight into the nature of their HOMOs. In the case of the alkoxide compound, the HOMO is largely metal centered, with 70% of the charge located in the metal's orbital and approximately 25% on the porphyrin ring. However, the HOMO of the thiolate compound consists of a pi bonding interaction between the metal dxz orbital and the px orbital on the sulfur, and a pi antibonding interaction between the metal d orbital and a pi* orbital on NO. The redox behavior of the Ru analogues have been determined, and are compared with those of the Os compounds.     

Quantification of the aromaticity of 2-alkylidenethiazolines subjected to push-pull activity

Through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRSs) of a series of 2-alkylidenethiazolines subjected to push-pull activity have been calculated by the GIAO method employing the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) concept and visualized as iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSSs). The ICSSs were applied to quantify and visualize the degree of aromaticity of the studied compounds, which has been shown to be in excellent correlation with the push-pull behavior, quantified by the quotient (π*/π) method. Dissection of the absolute magnetic shielding values into individual contributions of bonds and lone pairs by the natural chemical shielding-natural bond orbital (NCS-NBO) analysis has revealed unexpected details.     

Interplay of Hückel and Möbius Aromaticity in Metal-Metal Quintuple Bonded Complexes of Cr,Mo, and W with Amidinate Ligand: Ab initio DFT and Multireference Analysis**

The aromaticity of metal-metal quintuple bonded complexes of the type M₂L₂ (M=Cr, Mo, and W; L=amidinate) are studied employing gauge including magnetically induced ring current (GIMIC) analysis and electron density of delocalized bonds (EDDB). It is found that the complexes possess two types of aromaticity: i) Hückel aromaticity through delocalization of ligand π electrons with metal-metal δ-bond-forming 6 conjugated electrons (4π and 2δ) ring; ii) Craig-Möbius aromaticity through delocalization of π electrons of both the ligands with metal d-orbitals in Craig type orientation forming 10π electrons ring with a double twist. Extended transition state natural orbital chemical valence (ETS-NOCV) and canonical molecular orbital natural chemical shielding (CMO-NCS) analysis confirm the Craig-Möbius type arrangement of the orbitals. Furthermore, the unprecedented Hückel and Möbius type aromaticity is confirmed from the plot of the current pathways using 3D line integral convolution (3D-LIC) plots. The metal-metal bond order also increases down the group as justified from the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) analysis. Due to an increase in the π and δ electron conjugation, both the Hückel and Möbius aromaticity increase down the group.