盒状主体缺电子联吡啶大环的性质、应用和制备

详细描述了盒状主体缺π电子联吡啶大环CPQT的结构和性质,总结比较了它的各种制备方法,并对其与富π电子氢醌醚链衍生物自组装合成索烃、轮烷和准轮烷等方面的应用进行了综述.     

准轮烷/轮烷在药物载体中的应用

准轮烷/轮烷是超分子化学领域内的一类重要成员,其结构可在外界刺激下发生改变,这一特点使其在分子机器制备方面取得了广泛的应用。近年来,由于其结构的特殊性,在药物载体领域也开始引起人们的关注。本文对近十年来准轮烷/轮烷在药物载体领域内的发展情况进行了综述,重点概述准轮烷修饰的硅纳米粒子和主体-轮烷这两类药物载体的发展历程以及各自的优缺点,最后展望了准轮烷/轮烷在药物载体领域的发展方向。     

酸碱驱动的分子机器研究与应用

酸碱驱动的分子机器是化学驱动的分子机器的重要组成部分,是构筑分子机器的研究热点。近年来,酸碱驱动的分子机器理论研究水平不断提高。在此基础上,围绕构筑功能性、实用型的分子机器的研究成果也不断出现。目前,酸碱度驱动的分子机器在超分子凝胶、超分子催化、药物载体、超分子阀门、超分子聚合物等方面表现出很好的应用价值。本文以分子机器的酸碱驱动力为主题,分别从准轮烷、轮烷及索烃等角度,综述了近年来分子机器在合成方面的研究进展,并对酸碱度驱动的分子机器的应用实例进行总结,最后对酸碱驱动的分子机器的完善空间和发展趋势进行了展望。     

葫芦脲的研究进展

近几年葫芦脲和其衍生物由于其特殊的结构与性质已引起的密切关注。本文综述了葫芦脲的最新研究进展,包括葫芦脲分子及其衍生物的分子设计与合成,与聚电解质形成主链（准）聚轮烷和侧链（准）聚轮烷,与其他有机客体小分子相互作用形成轮烷和准轮烷,以及葫芦脲分子及其衍生物在囊泡、二维聚合物、色谱固定相、生物体以及药物缓释方面的最新应用。     

N-乙氧羰基-N'-取代芳基硫脲晶体中的弱相互作用及超分子结构研究

合成了3种N-乙氧羰基-N'-取代芳基硫脲并确定了其晶体结构,晶体结构表明,在这些化合物中存在分子内及分子间的氢键,分子间的氢键将化合物1和2组装成了一维链状的超分子结构,由于空间因素,化合物3没有形成类似于1,2中的氢键组装成的链状超分子结构,而是形成了氢键链接的二聚体.同时在化合物1,3中还存在分子间的芳环间的π-π相互作用.在化合物1的晶体中,这种π-π相互作用使相邻的超分子链之间相互关联.化合物3的晶体中,相邻的二聚体间又通过π-π相互作用连接成了无限延伸的一维链状结构.     

配位化学中的C-H…π非键弱相互作用

随着超分子化学研究的深入和发展,C-H…π非键弱相互作用越来越多地在晶体工程学、分子识别、主客体化学、自组装超分子体系以及生物大分子与配体相互作用等领域中被关注。本文综述了在配位化学中的C-H…π非键弱相互作用,它不仅存在于配合物分子内,亦可在配合物分子间观察到,并对利用配合物体系进行C-H…π非键弱相互作用体系研究提出一些设想。     

典型锕系超分子组装体的构筑原理及研究进展

锕系超分子化学是锕系元素化学的重要研究领域,可以为乏燃料后处理的配位化学基础研究提供重要信息,并为探索锕系功能材料在发光、传感、催化和分离等方面的功能应用提供关键材料体系。本文介绍了基于锕系金属离子的金属-有机超分子组装体这一新兴领域的最新研究进展。从锕系超分子组装体的构筑原理出发并结合笔者自身研究情况,对基于主客体准轮烷配体的锕系-轮烷配位聚合物、具有闭合结构的锕系配位组装体和基于超分子相互作用的锕系超分子聚合物这三类典型的锕系超分子组装体的研究进展进行了梳理和总结阐述。期望为未来新型锕系超分子组装体的设计合成提供参考,促进相关领域的进步和发展。     

基于24-冠-8大环化合物构筑的人工分子器件和分子机器

简要阐述了分子器件和分子机器的相关概念,按照调控方式分类综述了基于24冠8的准轮烷、轮烷和索烃大环化合物构筑的分子器件和分子机器等在超分子领域的研究进展并对研究前景作了展望.     

插销式分子器件——可利用酸碱调控的超分子准轮烷

含有吗啉的富π电子苯醚链化合物与缺π电子联吡啶环玢CPQT通过分子间的π-π堆积作用形成超分子准轮烷结构。研究发现,随着温度的变化,该准轮烷结构的相对运动速度加快,弱相互作用减弱;并进一步发现,随着酸和碱的依次加入,该准轮烷结构呈现"开"与"关"的"插销式"器件性能。     

化学驱动的[2]轮烷型分子梭

机械互锁的轮烷型分子梭在分子机器化学领域具有重要的位置,可通过"积小为大"的方法在分子水平进行新材料的自组装.在外界的刺激下,大环分子可以在轴分子的不同识别位点间或态间往复穿梭,从而引起体系物理或化学性质的交替变化,这种变化又构成了一类基本的机械开关,可以用来执行特定的功能,在分子开关、信息储存和处理等领域具有潜在的应用前景,是超分子化学领域的研究热点.本文以[2]轮烷型分子梭的驱动力(外部刺激)为主线,分别从酸碱驱动、离子配位作用驱动和溶剂极性改变引起的疏水驱动等角度,综述了近年来化学驱动的[2]轮烷型分子梭在合成和应用方面的最新研究进展,同时介绍了其他力(如热力学参数熵、互锁体系中修饰基团尺寸大小、外加化学氧化剂或还原剂、得失电子引起的电化学氧化还原以及紫外-可见光照射诱发的偶氮苯顺反光异构化等方式)驱动的轮烷型分子梭的进展,最后对化学驱动的[2]轮烷型分子梭的未来发展趋势进行了展望.     

Guest-dependent complexation of triptycene-derived macrotricyclic host containing one anthracene moiety with paraquat derivatives: construction of [2]rotaxanes

Complexation between the triptycene-derived macrotricyclic polyether containing an anthracene unit and paraquat derivatives in both solution and solid state was investigated. It was found that the macrotricyclic host with multi-cavity structure could form a series of [2]pseudorotaxanes with different terminal functionalised paraquat derivatives in different threading modes, which subsequently resulted in the construction of two novel [2]rotaxanes.     

Structural Analysis and Inclusion Mechanism of Native and Permethylated α‐Cyclodextrin‐Based Rotaxanes Containing Alkylene Axles

Native α‐cyclodextrin‐ (α‐CD) and permethylated α‐CD (PMeCD)‐based rotaxanes with various short alkylene chains as axles can be synthesized through a urea end‐capping method. Native α‐CD tends to form [3]‐ or [5]pseudorotaxanes and not [2]‐ or [4]pseudorotaxanes, which indicates that the coupled CDs act as a single fragment. End‐capping reactions of the pseudorotaxanes with C18 and C24 axle lengths do not occur because the axle termini are covered by the densely stacked CDs. The number of PMeCDs on the pseudorotaxane is flexible and mainly depends on the axle length. Peracetylated α‐CD (PAcCD)‐based rotaxanes are synthesized through O‐acetylation of the α‐CD‐based rotaxanes without any decomposition of the rotaxanated structures. The structures of PMeCD‐based [3]‐ and [4]rotaxanes, and the molecular dynamics calculations on [3]pseudorotaxanes, indicate that the tail face of PMeCDs is regularly directed toward the axle termini. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that the directions and numbers of CDs in rotaxanes containing short alkylene chains depend on 1) the interactions between CDs, 2) the length of the alkylene axle, and 3) the interactions between the axle end and tail face of the CD.     

Modular Synthesis and Dynamics of a Variety of Donor–Acceptor Interlocked Compounds Prepared by Click Chemistry

A series of donor–acceptor [2]‐, [3]‐, and [4]rotaxanes and self‐complexes ([1]rotaxanes) have been synthesized by a threading‐followed‐by‐stoppering approach, in which the precursor pseudorotaxanes are fixed by using Cu^I‐catalyzed Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition to attach the required stoppers. This alternative approach to forming rotaxanes of the donor–acceptor type, in which the donor is a 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene unit and the acceptor is the tetracationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene), proceeds with enhanced yields relative to the tried and tested synthetic strategies, which involve the clipping of the cyclophane around a preformed dumbbell containing π‐electron‐donating recognition sites. The new synthetic approach is amenable to application to highly convergent sequences. To extend the scope of this reaction, we constructed [2]rotaxanes in which one of the phenylene rings of the tetracationic cyclophane is perfluorinated, a feature which significantly weakens its association with π‐electron‐rich guests. The activation barrier for the shuttling of the cyclophane over a spacer containing two triazole rings was determined to be (15.5±0.1) kcal mol^?1 for a degenerate two‐station [2]rotaxane, a value similar to that previously measured for analogous degenerate compounds containing aromatic or ethylene glycol spacers. The triazole rings do not seem to perturb the shuttling process significantly; this property bodes well for their future incorporation into bistable molecular switches.     

Face-selective [2]- and [3]rotaxanes: kinetic control of the threading direction of cyclodextrins

New [2]- and [3]pseudorotaxanes containing alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CDs) molecules as rotors and alkyl pyridinium derivatives as axles were prepared by a slipping process. The inclusion behavior of these rotaxanes was investigated by using one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The methyl group at the 2-position of the pyridinium moiety at the end of each axle molecule was found to control the rates of threading of the alpha-CD onto the axle molecules. alpha-CD can approach axle molecules from a particular direction to form inclusion complexes. Axle molecules that contain a 2-methylpyridinium moiety at one end and a bulky stopper at the other end can regulate the direction of approach to give a [2]pseudorotaxane such as 2 b-alpha-CD. A [3]pseudorotaxane in which two alpha-CD molecules are arranged facing in the same direction at two stations of the tetracationic axle molecule was also obtained. These face-selective behaviors are dominated by kinetic processes rather than thermodynamic processes.     

Template-directed Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid-functionalized Tetracationic Cyclophane

Introduction Although devices based on pseudorotaxanes,cantenanes,and rotaxanes are commercialized yet,several researches have been done on the applications of these donor-acceptor molecules[1-6].A promising area is the field of nanotechnology.     

2]Rotaxanes with palladium(II)-NHC stoppers

Bridge cleavage reactions of the dimeric monocarbene complex [PdBr(2)((i)Pr(2)-bimy)](2) can be effectively used to end-cap pyridine containing pseudorotaxanes affording stable [2]rotaxanes.     

Organometallic Rotaxanes with a Triazole Group in the Axle Component and Their Behavior as Ligands of PtII Complexes

Two ferrocenylmethyl ammonium salts were used as axle components of pseudorotaxanes with dibenzo[24]crown‐8. The pseudorotaxane with an alkyne terminal group in the axle component underwent a Cu‐catalyzed Huisgen coupling reaction (click reaction) with an alkyl azide to afford cationic [2]rotaxanes with a triazole group in the axle molecule. The rotaxane reacted with Ac₂O to produce neutral rotaxanes with an amide group in the axle component. Both cationic and neutral rotaxanes were treated with K[PtCl₃(CH₂?CH₂)] to form the Pt^II‐containing rotaxanes.     

Efficient synthesis of [2]- and higher order rotaxanes via the transition metal-catalyzed hydrosilylation of alkyne

A novel end-capping method of pseudorotaxanes via the hydrosilylation of the alkyne of the axle terminal was developed. RuHCl(CO)(PPh₃)₃ and RhCl(CO)(PPh₃)₃ complexes catalyzed the hydrosilylation reactions of the alkyne moiety of several pseudorotaxanes at ambient temperature to give the corresponding [2]- and higher order rotaxanes in high yields with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity.     

Using Diels-Alder reactions to synthesize [2]rotaxanes under solvent-free conditions

Diels-Alder reactions of the terminal alkyne units of SiO₂-supported [2]pseudorotaxanes with 1,2,4,5-tetrazine derivatives proceed efficiently through solid-to-solid contact to provide both asymmetric and symmetric [2]rotaxanes incorporating either 24- or 25-membered-ring macrocycles.     

Unidirectional threading synthesis of isomer-free [2]rotaxanes

The threading of an alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CyD) by an unsymmetrical dumbbell generally results in two isomeric [2]rotaxanes differing in the orientation of the alpha-CyD. In this work, two methods have been developed for the unidirectionally threading an alpha-CyD to obtain isomer-free [2]rotaxanes. These methods use the Suzuki coupling of a boronic acid derivative and a halide in aqueous alkaline solution. The conformations of the two unidirectional [2]rotaxanes-R3 and R4 were determined by 2D 1H ROESY NMR spectra. The optical spectral studies revealed that each of the two [2]rotaxanes can proceed with E/Z photoisomerization and shuttling motions of the alpha-CyD ring on the thread under alternating irradiation at 330 and 275 nm, accompanied by fluorescence intensity changes at 530 nm. The induced circular dichroism (ICD) spectra of another two analogous [2]rotaxanes R1 and R2 were also studied. Distinctive ICD signal changes resulting from the photoisomerization with respect to the movements of alpha-CyD were detected. This demonstrates that, besides the fluorescence, ICD signal is another way to identify the shuttling motions of alpha-CyD in these [2]rotaxanes.