阴离子选择性耗尽进样-胶束扫集毛细管电泳法对痕量醋酸氢化可的松的测定

联用阴离子选择性耗尽进样和胶束扫集两种在线富集技术,建立了胶束毛细管电泳方法测定化妆品中醋酸氢化可的松的方法。讨论了SDS浓度、样品基体、进样电压、进水时间和进样时间对富集和分离的影响。优化的实验条件:以120 mmol/L SDS-20 mmol/L NaH2PO4(pH2.2)-10%(体积分数)甲醇为缓冲体系,分离电压-20 kV,进样电压-20 kV,进样时间80 s,进水时间200 s,测量波长250 nm。在该实验条件下,醋酸氢化可的松的富集倍数比普通毛细管电泳法提高了约173倍。方法的线性范围为0.05~5.0 mg/L,检出限为12.6μg/L。该方法用于化妆品中醋酸氢化可的松含量的测定,回收率为98%~105%,相对标准偏差均小于4.0%(n=4)。     

胶束在线扫集毛细管电泳法测定三聚氰胺

研究胶束在线扫集毛细管电泳法测定三聚氰胺的可行性,结果表明,与区带毛细管电泳相比,胶束在线扫集毛细管电泳法富集倍数提高约60倍。缓冲体系为140 mmol/L SDS+20 mmol/L NaH2PO4(pH 2.20)+10%(体积分数)甲醇,分离电压-18 kV,进样时间30 s,测量波长214 nm。考察了SDS浓度、pH、进样时间、运行电压等因素对分离测定的影响情况。在优化条件下,三聚氰胺在9 min时出峰,峰面积RSD≤3.7%。方法检出限、线性范围、相关系数分别为:0.13μg/mL、0.50~32.0μg/mL、0.9997。方法可用于奶粉中三聚氰胺的分离测定。     

阳离子选择性耗尽进样-胶束扫集法测定尿液中的麻黄碱和可待因

联用选择性耗尽进样和胶束扫集两种在线富集技术,建立了尿样中麻黄碱和可待因含量测定的灵敏方法,并通过日内、日间、柱间实验考察了方法的稳定性.胶束扫集电动色谱缓冲体系为80 mmol/L 十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)-20 mmol/L NaH2PO4(pH 2.20)-18%乙腈(V/V),分离电压-20 kV,进样电压10 kV,进样时间150 s,测量波长200 nm.同时讨论了pH值、SDS浓度、选择性耗尽进样萃取液电导、进样电压、进样时间和进水长度等对分离效果的影响.结果显示,方法富集功能很强,对麻黄碱和可待因含的富集倍数分别达5800和2490以上.在优化条件下,方法线性关系良好(r=0.9999),麻黄碱和可待因的线性范围分别为0.500～16.0 μg/L和2.00～48.0 μg/L,检出限分别为0.10和0.80 μg/L.方法稳定性良好,日内、日间和柱间的RSD分别为2.6%,5.9%和6.6%.应用于实际尿样分析,回收率在96.8%～106%之间,RSD≤4.7%,结果比较满意.     

场放大进样-胶束扫集法测定升麻中3种有机酸

利用两种在线富集技术,对阿魏酸、异阿魏酸、咖啡酸同时测定的方法进行了研究.在胶束扫集的基础上,联用场放大进样,使富集倍数提高了约100倍;检出限降至4 μg/L,线性范围向下延伸到10 μg/L.胶束扫集电动色谱缓冲体系为90 mmol/L SDS 20 mmol/L Na2PO4(pH=2.20) 10%甲醇,分离电压20 kV.进样电压10 kV,进样时间21 s,进水时间210 s(H=20.0 cm),测量波长214 nm.讨论了SDS浓度、进样长度、进样电压等对分离效果的影响.在优化条件下,3种有机酸在14 min内出峰,峰面积RSD≤3.8%.方法检出限(μg/L)、线性范围(μg/L)、相关系数分别为:阿魏酸4.0、10～400、0.9982;异阿魏酸4.0、10～400、0.9970;咖啡酸5.0、10～400、0.9980.回收率为83.9%～114.3%.     

场放大进样-胶束毛细管电泳法测定化妆品中3种糖皮质激素

采用场放大进样-胶束毛细管电泳法对化妆品中氢化可的松、泼尼松和乙酸氢化可的松3种糖皮质激素进行了分离测定。电泳介质为0.20mmol.L-1硼砂缓冲溶液(pH 9.0),运行电压为-20kV,进样电压-20kV,进样时间45s,进水压力3kPa,进水时间20s,检测波长250nm。在优化试验条件下,氢化可的松、泼尼松和乙酸氢化可的松的检出限分别(3S/N)为0.015,0.017,0.017mg.L-1。应用此方法分析了化妆品样品,测得回收率在93.8%～107%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)均小于5.1%。     

胶束扫集毛细管电动色谱法测定药物中3种邻苯二甲酸酯

采用胶束扫集毛细管电动色谱技术,建立了测定药物中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DZP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的方法。电泳缓冲体系含80 mmol/L SDS,20 mmol/L NaH2PO4(pH 2.20),5%甲醇(V/V),分离电压-18 kV,重力进样80s×15.0cm,检测波长225 nm,使用Φ50μm×62.0 cm石英毛细管,有效长度50.0 cm。讨论了磷酸盐浓度、有机改善剂、SDS浓度、分离电压、进样时间等因素的影响,并考察了胶束扫集法对DMP、DEP和DBP的富集能力。在优化条件下,线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.9986,DMP、DEP和DBP的线性范围分别为1.25～240,1.04～200和1.56～200 mg/L,检出限分别为0.26,0.26和0.39 mg/L。方法应用于肠溶片中DMP、DEP和DBP的测定,回收率在93.3%～108%之间,RSD≤5.2%。每次样品测定可在10 min内完成。     

在线扫集-胶束毛细管电动色谱法测定扛板归中的阿魏酸、咖啡酸和原儿茶酸

采用在线扫集-胶束毛细管电动色谱法(sweeping-MEKC)分离测定扛板归中的阿魏酸、咖啡酸和原儿茶酸。采用未涂层熔融石英毛细管(50 cm×50μm,有效柱长36 cm);环境温度25℃;缓冲体系为20 mmol/L NaH2PO4-80mmol/L十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)-12.5%乙腈(V/V)(pH 2.20),紫外检测波长为216 nm,运行分离电压-20 kV,进样时间100 s。在优化条件下,3种有机酸均在20 min内出峰,峰面积RSD均小于5%。检出限分别达到98.52,118.73和27.27μg/L。     

电堆积在线扫集胶束电动色谱法测定苦参中的生物碱

建立了电堆积在线扫集胶束电动色谱法测定苦参碱和槐定碱的新方法.考察了pH值、磷酸二氢钠浓度、CTAB浓度、电压、有机溶剂和进样时间对分离效果的影响.采用未涂层熔融石英毛细管,以20mmol/L磷酸二氢钠-0.8 mmol/L CTAB-100mmol/L Tris(含10%异丙醇,pH 8.9)为缓冲液,在进样电压-1...     

场放大进样-胶束电动色谱法测定胡黄连中的香草酸、肉桂酸和阿魏酸

利用胶束电动色谱测定胡黄连中的香草酸、肉桂酸和阿魏酸;在联用场放大进样后,富集倍数提高30倍以上,检出限降至3.6μg/L,线性范围向下延伸到14μg/L。胶束扫集电动色谱缓冲体系为100mmol/L十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)+20mmol/L磷酸钠(pH=2.20)+15%甲醇,分离电压-20kV。进样电压-8kV,进样时间20s,进水时间160s(H=20.0cm),测量波长214nm。考察了SDS浓度、进样长度、进样电压等对分离效果的影响。在优化条件下,3种有机酸在10min内出峰,峰面积相对标准偏差(RSD)≤5.9%。方法检出限、线性范围、相关系数分别为:香草酸3.6μg/L、14～460μg/L、0.9996;肉桂酸9.8μg/L、20～310μg/L、0.9994;阿魏酸11μg/L、22～180μg/L、0.9996。回收率为95.4%～107%。     

在线扫集-胶束毛细管电动色谱法分离测定急支糖浆中阿魏酸、原儿茶醛和原儿茶酸北大核心CSCD

本文采用扫集-胶束毛细管电动色谱法(Sweeping-MEKC)分离测定急支糖浆中的阿魏酸、原儿茶醛和原儿茶酸。采用未涂层熔融石英毛细管(50cm×50μm,有效柱长36cm),环境温度25℃,缓冲体系为20mmol/L NaH2PO4+80mmol/L十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)+12.5%乙腈(V/V)(pH=2.2),紫外检测波长225nm,运行分离电压-20kV,进样时间60s,达到最佳的分离效果。在优化条件下,阿魏酸、原儿茶醛和原儿茶酸均在15min内出峰,峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%,检出限分别为109.95μg/L、88.48μg/L和15.96μg/L。     

Retention indices in micellar electrokinetic chromatography

The use of retention indices in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is evaluated both from a theoretical and a practical point of view. Fundamental equations for the determination of retention indices in MEKC are described, showing that retention indices are independent of the surfactant concentration. Possibilities as well as limitations of different homologous series as reference standards are described. In addition, the practical application of retention indices for identification, investigation of solute-micelle interactions, characterization and classification of pseudo-stationary phases and determination of solute lipophilicity are discussed.     

Twenty-five years of micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), which can separate neutral analytes as well as charged analytes by the capillary electrophoretic technique, was developed in 1982 and the first paper was published in 1984. The authors’ group concentrated their effort into the characterization of MEKC as a separation technique until early 1990s. Most issues in MEKC separations were successfully solved and wide applicability of MEKC was verified in 1990s. In particular, sweeping, an on-line sample preconcentration technique, was very successful for the concentration of neutral analyte as well as ionic ones. In this paper, our studies on MEKC will be summarized from the personal viewpoint of the author.     

Recent advances in micellar electrokinetic chromatography

This review contains nearly 200 reference citations, and covers advances in electrokinetic capillary chromatography based on micelles, including stabilized micelle complexes, polymeric and mixed micelles from 2003-2004. Detection strategies, analyte determinations, and applications in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) are discussed. Information regarding methods of analyte concentration, analyte specific analyses, and nonstandard micelles has been summarized in tabular form to provide a means of rapid access to information pertinent to the reader.     

Characterisation of retention in micellar high-performance liquid chromatography, in micellar electrokinetic chromatography and in micellar electrokinetic chromatography with reduced flow

The retention (migration) behaviour of various barbiturates, phenylurea and triazine herbicides in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with uncoated fused-silica capillaries was compared with the behaviour in micellar electrokinetic chromatography with reduced electroosmotic flow (RF-MEKC) using capillaries modified with linear polyacrylamide. The error in the values of the retention factors caused by the neglection of the contribution of the electroosmotic flow in RF-MEKC was investigated and a method for correcting this error was suggested. The retention was characterised using the lipophilic and polar indices to characterise and to predict the retention as a function of the concentration of the surfactant (sodium dodecylsulphate) in the running buffer in MEKC and in RF-MEKC. Homologous series of n-alkylbenzenes and of n-alkan-2-ones were compared as the standard sets for the calibration of the retention (migration) index scale. The values of the lipophilic indices of a given solute measured in reversed-phase HPLC, MEKC and RF-MEKC are close to each other. Under ideal MEKC conditions, the values of the polarity indices are close to one for various sample solutes. However, for partially ionised compounds such as weakly acidic barbiturates, where the contribution of the electrophoretic migration is significant, the values of the polarity indices are significantly lower than one. Optimum conditions for separations of mixtures of triazine and phenylurea herbicides and of barbiturates using various techniques tested were compared.     

Optimization of resolution in micellar electrokinetic chromatography

A comparison of separations conducted in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and SDS modified with Brij 35 indicates that selectivity, in Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography (MEKC), is governed by the composition of the micellar phase. Beyond selectivity optimization, resolution may be improved by increasing efficiency or decreasing electroosmotic flow. Of these approaches, increasing capillary length (to improve efficiency) should be a more time effective means of improving separation.     

Pesticide analysis by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

On-capillary sample concentration using sample stacking for the improvement of detection limits for various pesticides separated by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography was examined. The dependence of the stacking on different parameters was investigated. An approximately 30-fold preconcentration was achieved by applying sample stacking. Employing a two-step enrichment process (solid-phase extraction combined with sample stacking), detection limits were improved and the sample volume for SPE was reduced. In addition, the total time for the analysis was considerably reduced. Detection limits were between 0.01 and 0.1 ng/ml under these enrichment conditions.     

Profiling of cocaine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

The potential of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) for the profiling of cocaine samples is described. An MEKC system containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and methanol was optimized using a test mixture of cocaine, its common impurities (benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, tropacocaine, and trans-cinnamoylcocaine), and several degradation products. The effect of pH, percentage modifier, and concentration surfactant on the separation has been investigated. The optimal separation buffer for cocaine samples consisted of 75 mM SDS, 17.5% methanol, and 25 mM borate (pH 8.3) and was well suited to separate components of diverse polarity in one run. Various cocaine seizures have been analyzed with the MEKC system and their signatures were compared. The electrokinetic chromatograms obtained were characteristic, and differences and similarities among the samples could easily be observed. Several impurities were identified in the samples by means of migration times and comparison of recorded and library UV spectra. The composition of the samples was determined semiquantitatively using relative corrected peak areas.     

Determination of nikethamide by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

A simple, fast, sensitive and reproducible micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC)–UV method for the determination of nikethamide (NKD) in human urine and pharmaceutical formulation has been developed and validated. The method exhibits high trueness, good precision, short analysis time and low reagent consumption. NKD is an organic compound belonging to the psychoactive stimulants used as an analeptic drugs. The proposed analytical procedure consists of few steps: dilution of urine or drug in distilled water, centrifugation for 2 min (12,000 g ), separation by MEKC and ultraviolet‐absorbance detection of NKD at 260 nm. The background electrolyte used was 0.035 mol/L pH 9 borate buffer with the addition of 0.05 mol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate and 6.5% ACN. Effective separation was achieved within 5.5 min under a voltage of 21 kV (~90 μA) using a standard fused‐silica capillary (effective length 51 cm, 75 μm i.d.). The determined limit of detection for NKD in urine was 1 μmol/L (0.18 μg/mL). The calibration curve obtained for NKD in urine showed linearity in the range 4–280 μmol/L (0.71–49.90 μg/mL), with R² 0.9998. The RSD of the points of the calibration curve varied from 5.4 to 9.5%. The analytical procedure was successfully applied to analysis of pharmaceutical formulation and spiked urine samples from healthy volunteers.     

Optimization strategies in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Summary Computer-assisted procedures for the one-parameter optimization of the surfactant concentration and the concentration of urea or D-glucose as modifiers in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography have been developed. These procedures permit a rapid optimization of one parameter on the basis of only two experiments. Predicted values are compared to empirically obtained optimum values. The influence of the modifier concentration on the critical micelle concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate was experimentally determined in buffers commonly employed in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. The alteration of retention factors of solutes caused by the influence of urea addition on the critical micelle concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate was calculated under the assumption of constant distribution coefficients and compared to experimentally obtained values. It was demonstrated that the addition of urea or of D-glucose does not alter the phase ratio substantially.