阴极微弧电沉积制备Al_2O_3陶瓷层技术研究进展

阴极微弧电沉积技术是一种在材料表面通过微弧放电沉积陶瓷层的表面处理技术,利用该技术可以在金属及非金属表面生成耐磨、耐蚀性能优异的陶瓷膜层。本文介绍了阴极微弧电沉积技术的研究现状以及应用阴极微弧电沉积技术制备Al2O3陶瓷层的方法和基本原理,并且对阴极微弧电沉积技术的影响因素进行了总结,阐述了阴极微弧电沉积技术的应用前景和存在的问题。     

硬质粒子扰动下铜电沉积研究

使用常规旋转电极电沉积技术,引入陶瓷球等一类硬质粒子,在旋转电极的带动下,使陶瓷球不断磨擦和撞击阴极表面而实现电铸铜.对比酸性溶液电铸铜和碱性溶液电铸铜,发现硬质粒子在电沉积过程中能扰动离子的放电过程,并影响电铸层的组织结构.但由于二者放电机理不同,前者形成的电铸层表面布满尖状毛刺,而后者则表面尖刺消失,但脆性大.SEM和XRD测试表明,由碱性电铸液沉积的电铸铜层,表面光亮平整,晶粒致密,大小约为100~300 nm,其结晶形态接近无序取向.     

采用AlCl_3-EMIC-MgCl_2室温离子液体电沉积制备铝-镁合金（英文）

采用恒电流和恒电位技术,以及路易斯酸氯化铝(III)-1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物离子液体中添加氯化镁(II),室温下在铂和铜阴极表面电沉积制备了铝-镁合金.合金层中镁的含量随离子液体中氯化镁浓度和所施加的阴极电流密度的增加而增加.采用X-射线衍射谱(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量散射X-射线谱(EDAX)技术,研究了不同电沉积实验条件得到的电沉积层的晶体结构及表面形貌.增加沉积电流密度,可以制备出致密、光亮和结合力良好的电沉积层.铝-镁合金电沉积的阴极电流效率可达99%.应用电化学石英晶体微天平(EQCM)技术研究了电沉积合金的组成.根据重声阻抗分析得到的质量-电荷(m-Q)曲线斜率计算了金属共沉积层的化学成分.     

电极/溶液界面pH值的现场测量

一般认为阴极表面功能陶瓷电沉积层的形成是由于基底 /溶液界面化学环境变化造成的 [1,2 ] ,但目前还没有直接的实验数据加以证明 .原位测量电极 /溶液界面 p H的变化存在两方面的困难 :(1 )传统方法是采用玻璃 p H计 ,由于其体积较大、强度脆弱等原因 ,使其在测量固 /液界面化学环境变化的应用方面受到一定限制 [3 ] ;(2 )将 p H微探针置于电极表面 ,将会影响功能陶瓷在电极表面的沉积 ,从而使测定的界面 p H值不能真实反映电沉积过程中固 /液界面化学环境的变化 .本文基于功能陶瓷电沉积过程不受影响的情况下现场直接测量电极 /溶液界面…     

铭酸溶液中金属铬电沉积的机理

从铬酸溶液中电沉积金属铬的机理曾经有过不少探索.许多研究者认为,阴极表面形成难溶的膜层金属铬的电沉积起着关键性的作用.本文应用交流阻抗谱研究金属铬电沉积过程中阴极表面膜的形成,利用X光电子能谱(XPS)和俄歇电子能谱(AES)分析了表面膜的组成,并且对SO_4~(2-)的作用进行了初步的探讨。     

(NaPO3)6对AZ91D镁合金微弧氧化陶瓷层电化学腐蚀特性的影响

在Na2SiO3-KOH电解液体系中添加一定量的(NaPO3)6, 利用微弧氧化(MAO)技术在AZ91D 镁合金表面制备了原位生长的陶瓷层. 采用动电位极化和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)技术研究了添加(NaPO3)6前后, 制备的陶瓷层在3.5%(w) NaCl溶液中的室温电化学行为. 结果表明, 添加(NaPO3)6后, 陶瓷层的自腐蚀电位显著上升, 自腐蚀电流密度明显减小. 这主要是由于(NaPO3)6增加了反应过程中基体镁合金表面的“氧空位”和溶液中PO3-4的含量, 促使元素Mg在金属/膜层(M/F)界面上快速形成相应氧化物, 从而增加了陶瓷层的厚度和致密性. 根据电化学反应体系和陶瓷层的特殊结构, 建立了合理的等效电路, 并结合EIS 数据, 分析了添加(NaPO3)6提高陶瓷层耐电化学腐蚀性能的机理.     

贵金属掺杂Ti/TiO2电极的制备及其电催化性能研究

采用阳极氧化-阴极电沉积两步法: 先在钛基体上用阳极氧化法制备多孔TiO₂薄膜, 接着在这层多孔状薄膜上采用阴极电沉积方法掺杂Pt, Ir来制备Ti/TiO₂-Pt修饰电极和Ti/TiO₂-Ir修饰电极. 用XRD, SEM分析了掺杂前后的成分、相结构及表面形貌的变化, 结果表明: Pt优先沉积在TiO₂多孔中; 与Pt不同, Ir没有表现出在TiO₂孔中优先沉积的现象, 出现这种现象的原因是这两种贵金属的电沉积电位相对于n-TiO₂的平带电位不同. 使用SIMS分析了在Ti/TiO₂-(Pt/Ir)修饰电极中Ti, Pt, Ir的浓度分布, 大致算出TiO₂薄膜厚度为750 nm左右. 由极化曲线和阻抗谱结果得出: 掺杂Pt, Ir明显改善了Ti/TiO₂ 电极的电催化性能, 且随着Pt沉积时间的增长, 修饰电极在硫酸析氧反应中的电催化活性提高.     

贵金属掺杂Ti/TiO2电极的制备及其电催化性能研究

采用阳极氧化-阴极电沉积两步法: 先在钛基体上用阳极氧化法制备多孔TiO₂薄膜, 接着在这层多孔状薄膜上采用阴极电沉积方法掺杂Pt, Ir来制备Ti/TiO₂-Pt修饰电极和Ti/TiO₂-Ir修饰电极. 用XRD, SEM分析了掺杂前后的成分、相结构及表面形貌的变化, 结果表明: Pt优先沉积在TiO₂多孔中; 与Pt不同, Ir没有表现出在TiO₂孔中优先沉积的现象, 出现这种现象的原因是这两种贵金属的电沉积电位相对于n-TiO₂的平带电位不同. 使用SIMS分析了在Ti/TiO₂-(Pt/Ir)修饰电极中Ti, Pt, Ir的浓度分布, 大致算出TiO₂薄膜厚度为750 nm左右. 由极化曲线和阻抗谱结果得出: 掺杂Pt, Ir明显改善了Ti/TiO₂ 电极的电催化性能, 且随着Pt沉积时间的增长, 修饰电极在硫酸析氧反应中的电催化活性提高.     

Na2SeO3在Fe电极上还原和吸附机理

采用循环伏安法、恒电势电解法、恒电流阶跃法及交流阻抗法研究Na2SeO3提高锌锰合金电沉积电流效率的作用机理.证明在锌锰合金电沉积的条件下，Na2SeO3 阴极被还原为Se32－并吸附在阴极表面上，从而阻止了氢原子在阴极表面的吸附，因而减少了氢离子的阴极还原.拟定了Na2SeO3的反应和吸附机理，用交流阻抗法进一步证明了所拟机理的正确性.     

基于电解液微弧放电的碳氮化钛厚膜形成机理分析

采用电解液微弧碳氮化技术(PECN),在钛合金表面沉积出较厚的Ti(CxN1-x)膜层,用红外光谱研究了改性过程中的气封组成,分析了膜层的形成机理。结果表明:PECN处理过程中的气相产物主要是:CH4、NH3、C2H2、CO、CO2和H2O。各气体产物来自于PECN处理过程中有机物的分解,并且气体之间存在相互作用。随放电时间延长,各气体浓度呈现不同的变化趋势,导致气封中碳、氮势随之改变,继而引起Ti(CxN1-x)膜层中C/N原子比亦相应变化。PECN过程大致可分为:阴极电解析氢、有机物的热分解以形成气封,反应气体在等离子体的作用下分解、电离产生含碳、氮活性粒子,活性粒子向试样表面扩散,在试样表面吸附并发生化学反应形成Ti(CxN1-x)膜。     

Cathodic electrodeposition of ceramic and organoceramic materials. Fundamental aspects

Electrodeposition of ceramic materials can be performed by electrophoretic (EPD) or electrolytic (ELD) deposition. Electrophoretic deposition is achieved via motion of charged particles towards an electrode under an applied electric field. Electrolytic deposition produces colloidal particles in cathodic reactions for subsequent deposition. Various electrochemical strategies and deposition mechanisms have been developed for electrodeposition of ceramic and organoceramic films, and are discussed in the present article. Electrode-position of ceramic and organoceramic materials includes mass transport, accumulation of particles near the electrode and their coagulation to form a cathodic deposit. Various types of interparticle forces that govern colloidal stability in the absence and presence of processing additives are discussed. Novel theoretical contributions towards an interpretation of particle coagulation near the electrode surface are reviewed. Background information is given on the methods of particle charging, stabilization of colloids in aqueous and non-aqueous media, electrophoretic mobility of ceramic particles and polyelectrolytes, and electrode reactions. This review also covers recent developments in the electrodeposition of ceramic and organoceramic materials.     

Formation of porous ceramic supports for catalysts by microarc oxidation

Microarc oxidation of aluminum in borate and silicate-alkaline electrolytes in order to form porous ceramic coatings that can be used as catalyst supports was subjected to an integrated study. The advantages of the technological modes of microarc oxidation of aluminum were analyzed. A catalytically active nickel oxide was deposited into pores of a ceramic coating.     

Fe-Ni-S软磁薄膜的电沉积

酸性镀液中以硼酸为缓冲剂、柠檬酸三钠为配合剂,在紫铜箔上电沉积得到非晶Fe-Ni-S合金薄膜。 采用扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析技术(EDS)研究了镀液组成和沉积条件对镀层表面形貌和组成的影响。 结果表明,在镀液中加入2 g/L C7H5O3NS（糖精）和0.4 g/L 1,4-丁炔二醇可获得表面平整无裂缝和较小内应力的合金镀层;电流密度和镀液pH值对镀层组成影响较小,但施镀温度对镀层组成影响较大。 获得了理想的镀液组成和沉积条件,所得Fe73Ni9.5S17.5薄膜的X射线衍射表明其为非晶结构,在室温下具有较高的饱和磁化强度(Ms约为876.25 kA/m)和较低的矫顽力(Hc约为4.96 kA/m),具有良好的软磁性能。 循环伏安曲线和阴极极化曲线均表明,镀液中CS(NH2)2会促进Fe-Ni-S共沉积。     

三种微弧氧化镁合金高温油润滑条件下的摩擦学性能

选择三种常用的基础电锯液：硅酸盐、磷酸盐、铝酸盐制备了镁合金微弧氧化（MAO）膜,研究了这三种氧化膜在高温油润滑条件下的摩擦学性能．利用SRV摩擦实验机,使样品在20N的外加载荷,振幅3mm,频率5Hz的条件下,与直径10mm的CCr15钢球分别在室温、80℃、100℃和120℃四个温度,油润滑条件下对磨,结果表明硅酸盐膜层具有最好的摩擦性能,另外两种膜层不仅没有起到抗磨损的作用,反而使磨损加剧．     

两步电化学沉积技术制备功能陶瓷/金属复合镀层

通过两步电化学沉积技术,在医用金属表面得到羟基磷灰石生物活性陶瓷/金属复合镀层.从含有硝酸钙和磷酸二氢氨的溶液中,首先通过恒流模式电化学沉积钙磷生物陶瓷;然后采用恒压模式,在多孔的生物陶瓷沉积层中嵌入金属骨架,从而得到具有良好结合力的羟基磷灰石/金属复合镀层.实验结果表明在复合镀层中作为骨架的金属镍含量约为31%时,复合镀层与基底合金之间的结合力达到21.2MPa.     

Wear-Resistant composite coatings with increased chemical resistance,produced by electrodeposition on a cathode

The formation and properties of coatings produced by electrodeposition on a cathode on the basis of an amine-containing oligomeric film-forming?ent modified with highly dispersed polytetrafluoroethylene, polyphenylene sulfide, and fluorine rubber were studied. A procedure is suggested for introduction of powdered polyphenylene sulfide into a formulation for cathodic electrodeposition. It was found that polyphenylene sulfide and polytetrafluoroethylene form a separate phase in a coating; during electrodeposition on a cathode, fluorine rubber SKF-264B enters into a chemical interaction with the amine-containing oligomeric film-forming agent; a scheme of this interaction is suggested. A formulation was created with a triple modification of the amine-containing oligomeric film-forming agent with polytetrafluoroethylene, polyphenylene sulfide, and fluorine rubber. This formulation forms a wear-resistant coating with increased chemical and corrosion resistance.     

电子电镀铜新体系中添加剂对铜电沉积及镀层结构的影响机制

以低主盐浓度、 弱碱性、 复合配位的柠檬酸盐电子电镀铜新体系为研究对象, 阐明了新型添加剂XNS(聚胺类化合物和含氮化合物的混合物)在新电沉积铜体系中的作用. 恒电流沉积实验结果表明, 添加剂XNS能够提高铜沉积的电流效率, 特别是在2.0 A/dm²电流密度下, 添加剂XNS使铜沉积电流效率达到95.4%, 提高了17.5%. 电化学实验的结果表明, 添加剂XNS改变了铜沉积的电极过程, 由原来的两步单电子还原过程 [Cu(Ⅱ)+e→Cu(Ⅰ)+e→Cu]转变为一步两电子还原过程[Cu(Ⅱ)+2e→Cu]. 虽然添加剂XNS呈现促进铜电沉积的特征, 即还原电流增大, 但铜镀层颗粒却更细小、 更致密均匀. 在2.0 A/dm²电流密度下, 铜镀层晶体结构由无添加剂时的(111)晶面重构为高择优取向的(200)晶面.     

Hybrid Bioceramic Coatings of Calcium Phosphate Prepared by Electrodeposition Technique

The electrodeposition of bioceramic coatings of calcium phosphates on metal substrate is a newly developed method for preparing implanted bio-medical devices^[1-2]. It is proposed to have a remarkable higher bioactivity and excellent bio-capability for the electrodeposited bioceramic coating, because it may produce a pure structure and composition of hydraxiapatite (HAP) during electrodeposition process at room temperature. However, the bonding force of electrodeposition bioceramic coating to the metal substrate is too weak. It has become a major problem in developing electrodeposition technique for preparing bioceramic coatings of calcium phosphates on metal substrate. The present work has been emphasized to develop an approach for preparing HAP bioceramic coatings, which has strong bonding force both in the bulk phase of HAP coating and to the metal substrate.     

Mechanistic study on the effect of PEG molecules in a trivalent chromium electrodeposition process

The mechanism of chromium metal deposition from a trivalent chromium bath containing formic acid and polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG) was studied on an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and a technique for measuring pH on the cathode surface. Reactions of PEG molecules with trivalent chromium ions and their influence on the plating process of trivalent chromium were investigated. EQCM studies at low trivalent chromium ion concentrations show that chromium electrodeposition occurs via the formation of an adsorption layer on the electrode surface, which is called a cathodic film. Cathodic films hinder the penetration of ions from bulk solution to the cathode surface. In the inner portion of the cathodic film and at the cathode surface, intermediate complexes were formed during the deposition process. ESI-MS revealed that the PEG molecules were stable in a trivalent chromium bath containing potassium formate. During electroplating, the PEG molecules decreased the reductive current of hydrogen compared with solutions without PEG; an effect that was also observed due to the pH on the electrode surface. PEG plays a decisive role in the formation of intermediate compounds during electrodeposition.     

电沉积Ni-PSZ梯度镀层过程中阴极电流效率的研究

采用动电位扫描,电化学交流阻抗及扫描电子显微镜研究电沉积Ｎｉ－ＰＳＺ梯度镀层过程中阴极电流效率的变化规律及其机理．结果表明,Ｎｉ－ＰＳＺ复合镀层对氢的析出反应具有催化作用,在镀液中加入ＰＳＺ微粒后,能增大镍还原过电位,降低氢析出过电位,从而不断降低电沉积梯度镀层过程中的阴极电流效率．在电沉积Ｎｉ的过程中,有中间吸附相Ｎｉ＋ａｄｓ生成,ＰＳＺ微粒的加入能优先催化Ｈａｄｓ,加速氢气析出