钛基氧化铱电极电沉积制备技术研究进展

钛基氧化铱电极作为DSA(dimension stable anode)中的典型电极,广泛应用于各个领域。目前工业生产的钛基氧化铱电极主要由传统热分解法制备,存在成本高昂,工艺繁琐,依赖人工劳动,无法大规模生产等问题,十分有必要探索开发新的制备技术。本文从沉积液配方、基底材料的选择及处理、电沉积方式以及沉积时间等方面系统地讨论了氧化铱电沉积制备技术的研究进展,包括作者课题组所作的一些工作及成果;分析了钛基氧化铱电极电沉积制备技术目前所面临的挑战,并给出一定建议;阐述了其应用前景,展望了其未来发展方向,希望更多的科研人员能投入到相关研究中。     

TiN基IrO2-Ta2O5涂层析氢电极的催化性能

 采用热分解法制备了以离子镀TiN膜为基体的IrO2-Ta2O5涂层电极,通过循环极化曲线并结合扫描电镜、 X射线能谱和X射线衍射研究了涂层的析氢电催化性能. 结果表明,涂层呈多孔多裂纹的结构,焙烧温度对涂层的表面形貌和电催化活性影响很大. 420 ℃下焙烧的涂层具有最优的电催化活性. 涂层电极的析氢反应电极电位为-0.26 V(vs SCE), 低析氢过电位下的Tafel斜率为-0.04 V, 而在高析氢过电位下,电极表面吸附的大量氢原子改变了氧化物电极的结构,从而抑制了氧的阴极还原反应.     

钕改性钛基SnO2/Sb电催化电极的制备及表征

为改善钛基SnO2／Sb电极的电催化性能,采用浸渍法制备了Nd改性钛基SnO2／Sb电极。以活性艳红X-3B为目标有机物,考察电极的电催化性能,对制备温度和Nd掺杂量进行了研究,确定了适宜的制备条件为：热处理温度550℃,Nd掺杂量1.0％。采用SEN,EDS,XRD及XPS等分析方法对所制备电极的表面形貌、元素组成及结构进行分析,发现掺杂Nd可使SnO2粒径变小,有利于电极电催化性能的改善,同时Nd元素的引入可使杂质元素sb,Nd在电极表面涂层富集。Nd改性钛基SnO2／Sb电极表面主要是四方相金红石结构的SnO2晶体,掺杂的sb和Nd分别以Sb^5＋和Nd^3＋的形式存在。电极动电位扫描测试结果表明,Nd改性钛基SnO2／Sb电极具有较高的阳极析氧电位,有利于有机物的阳极氧化降解。     

钛基二氧化铅电催化电极的制备及电催化性能研究

以电沉积法制备了钛基PbO2电极，优化并确定了电极的制备工艺，以苯酚为目标有机物，考察了电极的电催化氧化性能，研究结果表明，该电极的电催化性能优于传统的DSA钛基RuO2电极。采用该电极，在10Ma/cm^2电流密度下通过0.72Ah电量后，可使100Ml、COD浓度为270mg/L的苯酚溶液中的苯酚完全分解，COD去除率为67.4%，单位电量COD降解量为0.254mgCOD/Ah，且电流效率随电流密度的增加而减小，初步研究了苯酚的电催化氧化机理，提出了苯酚的电催化氧化可能是由苯酚的直接电化学氧化为苯醌及苯醌的间接电化学氧化有机酸两部分组成。     

低温海水用钛基金属氧化物阳极的制备与性能

将Ti N纳米粉体与Ta Cl5正丁醇饱和溶液混合制得中间层涂覆液,通过热分解法在不同焙烧温度下得到了含有中间层的Ti/(Ti-Tax)O2/Ir O2电极,并与相同工艺下得到的传统Ti/Ir O2电极进行对比分析.采用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对制备的电极进行了表征,通过循环伏安曲线、极化曲线和恒流加速寿命测试等电化学手段对电极性能进行了分析.结果表明,引入中间层可以使Ti/(Ti-Tax)O2/Ir O2电极400℃低温焙烧样品表层Ir O2结晶发育更好,得到了通常高温下才具有的典型龟裂纹形貌;相对于500℃高温焙烧样品,其在海水中的电化学活性表面积提高近6倍,在4℃和100 m A/cm2电流密度下的电极电位(1.37 V)降低100 m V,催化性能得到显著提高;同时加速寿命相对于传统的Ti/Ir O2电极提高10倍以上,是一种适用于低温海水环境的、具有较高活性和耐久性的新型阳极.     

钛基二氧化锡电极电解过程中羟基自由基检测及电催化机理

采用浸渍-热分解方法制备了钛基二氧化钌(Ti/RuO2)和钛基二氧化锡(Ti/SnO2)两类尺寸稳定阳极电极。以扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对电极结构进行了表征。用循环伏安法(CV)比较研究了Ti/RuO2和Ti/SnO2电极直接电催化氧化苯酚性能,表明苯酚在Ti/RuO2和Ti/SnO2电极上均可发生直接电氧化反应,两种电极上氧化峰电位分别为0.96和1.43 V(vs.Ag/AgC l)。以对苯二甲酸为捕获剂,利用荧光光谱法进行了羟基自由基(.OH)检测。Ti/SnO2电极在电解过程中能够产生.OH;而Ti/RuO2电极.OH的生成极其微弱。Ti/SnO2电极电解过程中生成.OH是其具有高电催化活性的主要原因,也表明了用荧光法进行羟基自由基检测方便、灵敏,可以用于电催化过程羟基自由基的检测。     

IrSnOx电极制备及其在电氧化制备2,5-二氯苯酚中的应用

采用热分解法制备钛基IrSnO_x电极,并将电极应用于电催化氧化对二氯苯制备2,5-二氯苯酚,探索了绿色高效的电合成途径. 结果表明,电极表面存在裂纹,中间层Sn:Sb为94:6时裂纹较少,强化寿命较长;电极对对二氯苯电氧化具有较好的循环伏安响应;IrSnO_x电极电催化氧化对二氯苯所得产物主要为2,5-二氯苯酚、1,2,4-三氯苯、对氯苯酚等,其中2,5-二氯苯酚选择性达93%,产率57%,显著优于以析氯电极、析氧电极、铂为阳极时,2,5-二氯苯酚的选择性89%、27%、87%和30%、15%、49%的产率,体现了优良的电催化氧化性能.     

不同掺杂元素的钛基PbO2电极对苯酚电催化氧化性能的影响

本文在SnO2-Sb2O5氧化物为中间层的钛基体上,采用电沉积法制备了无掺杂的Ti/PbO2、掺杂F的Ti/PbO2(Ti/PbO2+F)和掺杂Co3O4纳米粒子的Ti/PbO2电极(Ti/PbO2+Nano-Co3O4).用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析和观察了电极材料的组成、结构和形貌,并通过电化学方法研究了这三种电极对苯酚的电催化氧化性能.结果表明,Ti/PbO2+F电极的析氧电位较Ti/PbO2电极的发生明显正移,但其苯酚的氧化峰和析氧峰并不能分开;而Ti/PbO2+Nano-Co3O4电极虽然其析氧电位负移,但对苯酚的氧化峰出现在析氧峰之前.这一结果表明,体系存在着某种反应特别快的瞬态中间体,即在水分子被解离之前已与苯酚发生了反应,从而更有利于苯酚的转化和降解.     

钛基氧化物阳极中间层的研究进展

钛基氧化物阳极是国内外电化学领域应用广泛的优良阳极材料. 为提高电极导电性、延长电极使用寿命、增强钛基体和金属氧化物活性层之间稳定性,可以在钛基体和金属氧化物活性层之间添加氧化物等中间过渡层. 本文评述了钛基氧化物阳极中间层的研究进展,指出了钛基氧化物电极存在的问题,展望了中间层氧化物电极的发展趋势.     

纳米氧化锰负载钛基电催化膜制备及其苯甲醇催化氧化性能

利用乳液法制备出MnO_x纳米颗粒,将其负载于微孔管式钛膜制得MnO_x负载钛基电催化膜(MnO_x/Ti).运用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、循环伏安法(CV)和计时电流法(CA)等表征方法系统考察了不同焙烧温度下MnO_x晶型结构、MnO_x/Ti催化膜电化学性能以及催化氧化苯甲醇的变化规律.结果表明:随着焙烧温度的升高, MnO_x的晶型由初始的Birnessite-MnO₂逐渐转变为K_0.27MnO₂,再由Mn3O4最终转变为α-MnO₂.所得MnO_x/Ti膜中, α-MnO₂晶粒尺寸小于30 nm,结晶度较高,颗粒分布均匀.同时,由于其含有不饱和配位的锰原子和氧空位以及与基体Ti之间存在键合作用,表现出优异的电化学性能和催化性能.以450 ℃焙烧所得的α-MnO₂/Ti为阳极构建电催化膜反应器催化氧化苯甲醇.在反应温度为25 ℃, 50mmol·L^-1苯甲醇水溶液,电流密度为2 mA·cm^-2,停留时间为15 min的条件下,膜反应器苯甲醇转化率达64%,苯甲醛选择性为79%.     

二氧化钛、二氧化锆的合成及其催化酯化反应

M.Hino和K.Arata于1979-1980年曾报道将四氯化钛、二氯氧锆分别用氨水水解,用0.5mol硫酸处理,然后在空气中煅烧所得的二氧化钛、二氧化锆,可以催化烷烃的异构化反应。我们参考文献合成了TiO_2和ZrO_2,并发现当热处理温度为425℃(TiO_2),575℃(ZrO_2)时,它们对醋酸和脂肪醇的酯化反应,具有催化作用。     

Development of a Novel Solid‐State pH Sensor Electrode Based on Titanium Oxide Thin Film as an Indicator Electrode in Potentiometric Acid‐Base Titrations in Fused NaNO3 at 350°C

A solid‐state pH sensor was fabricated using a transparent conductive titanium oxide film on a glass substrate. The coating of the glass substrate was achieved by a novel simple chemical vapor deposition (CVD) procedure. The sensor slope was found to increase as the temperature of the solution was increased. The performance of the sensor was investigated in the pH range from 2.2 to 11.19. The E‐pH curve is linear with slope of 0.054 V at 298.15 K. This value is closed to the theoretical value 2.303RT/F (0.059 V at 298.15). The standard potential of this electrode, E°, is computed as 177.58 mV with respect to the SCE as reference electrode. Results obtained by the suggested sensor compares very well with conventional pH electrodes where the square of the correlation coefficient was 0.998. This electrode can be used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric acid‐base titration. This electrode behaves reversibly and responds to the oxide ion concentration in molten NaNO₃. K₂Cr₂O₇ was potentiometrically titrated with Na₂O₂ and K₂CO₃ as titrants in molten NaNO₃ at 350°C, using the above mentioned indicator electrodes. An acidity/basicity scale of the oxyanions was established in molten NaNO₃ at 350°C.     

表面活性剂辅助水热合成氧化钛纳米针溶胶

TiO₂ nanoneedles sol with particle size of 10～15 nanometer was synthesized by hydrothermal method using peroxo titanic acid as the precursor, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB) as the surfactant. The product was characterized by XRD, TEM, HRTEM and selected area electron diffraction(SAED). The results show that the as-prepared products have high crystallinity and grow along the c-axis, with homogeneous morphology and good monodispersity. In addition, TiO₂ hydrosol possessed good photocatalytic activity for the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange aqueous solution under the sunlight illumination.     

TiO2光催化剂失活机理研究进展

评述了TiO₂多相光催化剂在处理环境污染物领域的催化剂失活研究进展,主要探讨了气固多相光催化反应过程影响催化剂活性的因素,液固多 相光催化反应的催化剂失活的几种途径,以及解决催化剂失活问题的办法,最后对该领域的研究提出建议.     

PREPARATION OF POLYSULFONAMIDE AND MODIFIED TITANIUM OXIDE NANOCOMPOSITES BY IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION

A kind of new nano composite with ultraviolet (UV) ray resistance and high temperature stability was prepared by in-situ polymerization in low temperature. Polysulfonamide (PSA) was synthesized with 4, 4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) and terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) in the common solvent N, N-Dimethyl- -acetamide (DMAc). Nano filler is a certain nano titanium oxide modified by silicon oxide (TMS), which plays the role of UV resistance additives. Properties of the novel composite materials were characterized by Atomic Force microscopy (AFM), thermal gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. AFM had showed the sizes and distributions of TMS particles in the nanocomposite. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy for the nanocomposites showed a large absorption in UV band. TGA showed the decomposition temperature was increased over ten degrees with 0.5% wt TMS for this nanocomposite compared with pure PSA.     

Photocatalytic,phosphorus-doped,anatase oxide layers applicable to titanium implant alloys

Titanium alloys provide excellent corrosion resistance and favorable mechanical properties well suited for a variety of biomaterial applications. The native oxide surface on titanium alloys has been shown to be less than ideal and surface modification is often needed. Previously, an optimized anodization process was shown to form a porous phosphorus-enhanced anatase oxide layer on commercially pure Ti grade 4. The anodized layer was shown to improve osseointegration and to reduce bacteria attachment when photocatalytically activated with UVA preillumination. The primary objective of the present study was to create a similar phosphorus-enhanced anatase oxide layer on series of titanium alloys including commercially pure Ti grade 4, Ti-6Al-7Nb, Ti-6Al-4V ELI, alpha + beta Ti-15Mo, beta Ti-15Mo, and Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta. Phosphorus-enhanced anatase oxide layers were formed on each titanium substrate. Anatase formation was shown to generally increase with oxide thickness, except on substrate alloys containing niobium. Phosphorus uptake was shown to be dependent on the titanium alloy chemistry or microstructure. Anodized layers formed on beta-structured titanium alloys revealed the lowest phosphorus uptake and the most nanosized surface porosity. A methylene blue degradation assay showed anodized layers on commercially pure Ti and both Ti-15Mo alloys to exhibit the highest levels of photocatalytic activity. Given the range of mechanical properties available with the commercially pure Ti and Ti-15Mo alloys, the results of this study indicate the benefits of phosphorus-enhanced anatase oxide coatings may be applicable to a wide variety of biomaterial applications.     

Au/ZnO/TiO_2复合薄膜的制备及光电转换性质

以含有Au和ZnO纳米颗粒的氢氧化钛溶胶作为成膜液,通过浸渍-提拉及灼烧处理在导电玻璃表面制备Au/ZnO/TiO2复合薄膜.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法对所得产物进行表征.结果表明,Au和ZnO纳米颗粒均匀地分布在多孔TiO2薄膜上,通过TiO2、ZnO和Au三组分的协同效应促进了光吸收和电荷分离,使Au/ZnO/TiO2复合薄膜具有较好的光电转换性质,可用作太阳能电池材料.     

PREPARATION OF POLYSULFONAMIDE AND MODIFIED TITANIUM OXIDE NANOCOMPOSITES BY IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION

1. INTRODUCTIONAlthough Polysulfonamide fibers have showed excellent high temperature resistance with Tg over 370℃ , their poor mechanical strength and easy broken character after the exposure of UV radiation, have limited their applications [1～3]. Titanium oxide nanoparticles were widely used as UV absorptive additives in textile materials and cosmetic industries because of its’ efficiency and harmless characters [4～6]. In our work, we used a kind of titanium oxide nanoparticles, w…     

TiO2光催化薄膜在陶瓷器具上抗菌效果的研究

抗菌薄膜;TiO2光催化薄膜在陶瓷器具上抗菌效果的研究