细乳液聚合法制备有机/无机纳米复合材料

无机纳米粒子的引入可以使聚合物材料获得抗菌、导电和防紫外等诸多特性,但无机纳米粒子在聚合物基质中易团聚、引入量少,难以充分发挥其优点。细乳液聚合法基于其独特的成核方式--液滴成核,能够提高无机纳米粒子在聚合物基中的分散性和引入量,且复合材料的形貌易于控制,是目前制备特殊形貌有机/无机纳米复合材料的一种有效手段。本文介绍了有机/无机复合纳米材料的细乳液制备过程,综述了近年来不同无机纳米粒子与有机基质复合的研究进展,例如：纳米SiO₂、纳米ZnO、金属纳米粒子、纳米氧化石墨烯等。最后就其发展现状提出了几点建议。     

γ辐照引发无皂乳液聚合法一步合成Ag-聚4-乙烯基吡啶杂化微凝胶

无机-聚合物纳米复合材料是将聚合物与一种或多种无机纳米粒子复合而成的一种材料,它同时具有无机纳米粒子和聚合物的优良特性,在许多重要技术领域具有广泛的应用前景.近20年来,无机-聚合物纳米复合材料的制备及应用备受关注[1~6].包括杂化微凝胶在内的纳米复合微球是无机-聚合     

表面引发原子转移自由基聚合法合成无机/有机核壳复合纳米粒子

原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)是目前为止最具工业化应用前景的活性/可控自由基聚合方法之一,其最大特点是可以得到分子量分布窄、链结构规整的聚合物,而且可聚合的单体种类多,反应条件温和并易控制。表面引发ATRP(SI-ATRP)特别适合于无机材料表面接枝聚合物或无机/有机复合材料的制备,近年来引起了国内外研究者的高度关注。本文首先对SI-ATRP的反应过程与特点做了阐述,然后重点述评了用SI-ATRP法合成以非金属氧化物纳米粒子、金属氧化物纳米粒子、金属纳米粒子或其他无机纳米粒子为核的无机/有机复合纳米粒子的研究进展,最后对未来用SI-ATRP法合成无机/有机复合纳米粒子的发展方向和研究前景进行展望。     

无机纳米粒子表面引发接枝聚合

无机纳米粒子表面引发聚合反应是无机纳米粒子—有机聚合物杂化复合材料制备的一种重要途径。分子自组装技术的发展使得各种类型的聚合反应都有转移至无机纳米粒子表面进行的可能。本文综述了表面引发聚合反应用于制备高键合密度的聚合物接技无机纳米粒子的研究进展。     

PTFE/纳米SiO2复合材料的制备及其力学性能

聚合物／纳米级无机粒子复合材料是纳米材料中的一种具有重要价值的新型材料，可广泛应用于橡胶、塑料、纤维三大合成材料之中。采用纳米级无机粒子填充聚合物基复合材料，可以在材料的补强、增韧等改性中获得良好的效果。本文以纳米SiO2为填料，将其经过有机处理后，制备了FIFE／纳米SiO2复合材料，并研究了纳米SiO2的含量对PTFE复合材料性能的影响。     

聚合物基无机纳米复合材料的制备方法Ⅱ.直接分散法和同时形成法

聚合物基无机纳米复合材料制备的关键问题是无机纳米粒子在聚合物基体中保持其纳米尺度的分散,本文主要讨论直接分散法、同时形成法制备聚合物基无机纳米材料的基本原理和技术要点。     

无机纳米粒子在环氧树脂增韧改性中的应用

无机纳米粒子能够给聚合物赋以卓越的综合性能,为此,纳米材料在聚合物改性中的应用已成为聚合物改性领域中的一个研究热点。本文就近年来在环氧树脂增韧改性中应用的无机纳米粒子的种类、环氧树脂／无机纳米复合材料的制备方法及其应用研究进展进行了综述。     

聚吡咯及其复合热电材料研究进展

聚吡咯(PPy)以其环境稳定性好、低毒、可调的导电性等优点,在热电材料研究方面日益受到人们的关注。采用纳米结构导电聚合物或将有机导电聚合物材料与高导电性的碳纳米粒子进行复合制备聚合物/碳纳米粒子复合材料,可以有效地改善其热电性能。本文结合该领域近年来的研究进展,重点讨论了PPy及其复合热电材料的研究结果,对一维纳米结构PPy的制备也进行了论述。     

胶束作为纳米反应器的研究进展

纳米反应器作为一种新型的制备纳米粒子及重要功能分子的手段,其技术在许多领域受到广泛重视.与常规意义上的化学反应器有所不同,纳米反应器是指反应所处的受纳米尺度调制的介观环境,如反应的介质、载体、界面等等.纳米反应器一般分成两类,一种是在分散相中能自组装的分子,形成有序聚集体,如胶束、囊泡,在聚集体的内部制备纳米粒子或材料;另一种是天然存在或合成的分子,如纳米管、树枝聚合物,利用分子特有的结构或孔隙作为纳米反应器.本文主要介绍了胶束、胶束作为纳米反应器的分类;重点讨论了分子及聚合物胶束作为纳米反应器的特点,并对其研究进展及前景进行总结和展望.     

聚合物与纳米晶的杂化及性能优化

聚合物-纳米晶杂化材料因结合了有机和无机材料的优点而逐渐地受到了人们普遍的关注,聚合物为纳米晶的形成与生长提供了优良的环境,纳米晶的引入同样也增加和强化了聚合物的功能特性.如聚硫代氨基甲酸酯与TiO2杂化的高折射率薄膜,该薄膜不仅保持了原有的性能,而且有较高的折射率.此外,还有许多不同纳米粒子与不同聚合物的杂化体系.如...     

用软刻蚀方法制备PbS纳米晶复合聚丙烯酸微图形

PbS microstructures have several applications such as Pb2+ion-selective sensors and IR detector.The method to prepare PbS nanocrystal embed in poly(acrylicacid) (PAA) microstructures produced by means of soft lithography and solid state polymerizatio n by γ-ray irradiation was described. PbS micro patterns were prepared by Micro molding in Capillaries (MIMIC) with aqueous solution of acrylic acid lead monomer, and then solid state polymerized by γ-ray irradiation. Finally, the sample was treated with aqueous solution of Na2 Stoconvert the Pb2+ to PbS in the matrix. High-resolution micro structures of PAA, which have PbS nanocrystals embedded in them, could be produced successfully in this way. The final products were characterized by TEM, XRD, and XPS. TEM image indicated that the PbS particles embedded in PAA had a diameter of smaller than 20nm. X-ray powder diffraction method was also used to characterize the PbS/PAA nanocomposite film. The XPS analysis showed the element Pb has been converted to PbS nanoparticles in the composite films.     

The green synthetic approach to prepare PbS/chitosan nanocomposites and its new optical sensing active properties for 2-isonaphthol

PbS nanoparticles were successfully synthesized in the presence of chitosan (CS) through an in situ method. This method is an effective, simple, and green synthetic approach to preparing nanomaterial films. The structure, morphology, and stability of the materials were examined via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the characteristic peak of the NH₂ group shifted from 1554 to 1598 cm^-1 after PbS was formed in the film. The Pb–S bond exhibited a vibrational absorption peak at 605 cm^-1, which further confirmed the generation of PbS nanoparticles. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) procedures were performed as well; well-defined nanoparticles were detected in the CS matrix by SEM. As per DSC findings, the thermal stabilities of the PbS/CS film were 50°C higher than those of pure CS. Moreover, the fluorescence emission of the films was sensitive to the presence of 2-isonaphthol. The effect of 2-isonaphthol concentration on the emission of films increases significantly with an increase in this concentration. The concentration-dependent fluorescence can be described by a correlation equation when 2-isonaphthol concentration ranges from 0 to 12.56 mg/L, and fluorescence results revealed that the PbS/CS nanoparticles were sensitive to 2-isonaphthol in the liquid phase. The proposed method may be applied to detect 2-isonaphthol in the environment and in the chemical industry.     

Effects of Samarium on the Properties of the Anodic Pb(II) Oxides Film Formed on Pb in Sulfuric Acid Solution

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｎｔｉｍｏｎｙ ｆｒｅｅＰｂ Ｃａａｌｌｏｙｓｈａｖｅｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙｂｅｅｎｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｇｒｉｄｓｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｍｉｎｉｍｉｚｅｇａｓｓｉｎｇｉｎｅｉｔｈｅｒｌｏｗ ｍａｉｎｔｅｎａｎｃｅｏｒｖａｌｖｅ ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄｌｅａｄａｃｉｄｂａｔｔｅｒｉｅｓ .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ ,ｔｈｅｓｅａｌｌｏｙｓｃａｎｃａｕｓｅｏｔｈｅｒｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｓｕｃｈａｓｐｒｅｍａｔｕｒｅｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｌｏｓｓ ,ｌｏｗｃｈａｒｇｅ ａｃ ｃｅｐｔａｎｃｅａｎｄ…     

铋系超导体组成分析

本文首次提出了一种离子交换柱分离——滴定法测定Bi系超导体中Bi、Pb、Cu、Ca和Sr含量的方法。研究了进样条件和淋洗方法,特别是Bi~(3+)在微酸性溶液中的亚稳态进样。测定合成样品时,Bi、Pb、Cu、Ca和Sr的相对标准偏差分别为0.7％、1.6％、0.5％、0.4％和0.2％。分析了超导体样品,并测定了其中Cu~(3+)。     

Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study of Q-State PbS Particle Formation in Lead Arachidate Langmuir-BIodgett Films

The formation of Q-state PbS particle in lead arachidate (PbAr) Langmuir-Blodgett films has been monitored using the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurement. The study showed that the mass uptake of PbAr films with different thicknesses on exposure to hydrogen sulfide was consistent with that expected for the quantitative conversion of Pb²⁺ in the films to PbS and the corresponding conversion of PbAr to arachidic acid. Mass uptake measurement on PbAr films extensively exposed to H₂S gas showed the arachidic acid molecules left after Q-state particle formation could be quantitatively converted to PbAr by immersing the film in a stirred aqueous solution containing lead ions. Subsequent reexposure of the film to H₂S increases the mole fraction of PbS in the film.     

Anti-solvent assisted treatment for improved morphology and efficiency of lead acetate derived perovskite solar cells

An efficient solution-processable route employing Pb(Ac)₂ as lead source and anti-solvent treatment to achieve fully covered and homogenous perovskite films is reported.     

若干香豆素衍生物在滤纸基质上的RTP和RTF特性

详细考察了各种基质、重原子微扰剂和实验条件的影响之后,成功地实现了多种香豆素衍生物的室温磷光(RTP)发射。在滤纸基质上,以1mol/L的Pb(Ac)_2作重原子微扰剂时,近20种香豆素衍生物大都能产生较强的RTP发射。而且某些衍生物的RTP强度和λ_(ex)/λ_(em)等特性间呈现出明显的取代基效应。本文还对这些衍生物在滤纸基质上的室温荧光(RTF)和其混和光谱(在重原子微扰剂存在下以荧光方式测得的光谱)等特性作了对比测定,发现其间亦呈现类似的取代基效应。有关香豆素衍生物的RTP特性,迄今尚未报道。这类衍生物RTP发射的实现,预示着它们用作RTP标记物的可能性。     

高活性硫化铅电极的制备及在量子点敏化太阳能电池中的应用

为了提高量子点敏化纳晶薄膜太阳能电池的光电转换效率,我们通过连续在酸和多硫溶液中处理铅片制备了对多硫电解液具有高电催化活性的硫化铅电极.通过电化学阻抗谱测试评价所制备硫化铅电极的催化活性,从而确定制备高效硫化铅电极的最佳条件.以在最佳条件下制备的硫化铅为对电极、CdSe量子点敏化TiO2纳晶薄膜为工作电极和多硫电解液组装成量子点敏化太阳能电池.光电性能测试结果表明所制备的电极具有良好的催化活性和光电转换性能.与已报导的方法相比,新方法大幅度地减少制备过程所需的时间,但却提高了所制备的硫化铅对电极的催化活性.通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜测试表征了硫化铅的生成过程,探讨了催化活性提高的原因.     

Photophysics and charge dynamics of Q-PbS based mixed ZnS/PbS and PbS/ZnS semiconductor nanoparticles

The surface of ZnS and PbS has been modified by interfacing PbS on ZnS and ZnS on PbS nanoparticles. This produced core-shell nanocomposites ZnS/PbS and PbS/ZnS with tunable electronic properties. In both structures PbS particles are present in cubic form with an average diameter of about 6 nm. The addition of Pb2+ (3 x 10(-4) mol dm(-3)) to Q-ZnS (1.5 x 10(-4) mol dm(-3)) in the basic pH range produces size-quantized fluorescent PbS particles coated by metal hydroxides. In these particles the relaxation kinetics of charge carriers has been followed using a picosecond single-photon counting technique. At 1.5 x 10(-4) mol dm(-3) Pb2+ an interfacial relaxation of charge from ZnS to PbS phase could be observed in subnanosecond time domain. An increase in [Pb2+] from 2 x 10(-4) to 1 x 10(-3) mol dm(-3) enhanced the average emission lifetime from 9.4 to 19.4 ns. Composite PbS/ZnS particles are produced at high [ZnS] only. These particles had emission lifetime in mus time range. The extent of charge separation and the dynamics of charge carriers could be manipulated by the surface modification of these nanostructures.     

Preparation of spherical nanostructured poly(methacrylic acid)/PbS composites by a microgel template method

Spherical poly(methacrylic acid)/PbS (PMAA/PbS) composites with a fishnet-like surface and core-shell structure were prepared by a microgel template method. The composites were prepared in two steps. Pb(Ac)(2) was dissolved in MAA solution before it was polymerized into microgels in an inverse suspension system. In this way, Pb(2+) was trapped within the microgel network. Then, H(2)S was introduced slowly into the system, and the metal ions were deposited within the microgels as PbS. The presence of PbS was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric measurements, and the morphology of the composites was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the surface structure of the microparticles depends largely on the nature of the continuous phase of the system. The microparticles from xylene have a fishnet-like surface structure, and the inner structure and composition of the particles are different from the outer structure and composition. The surface of the particles from cyclohexane, however, appears smoother and denser than the surface of the particles from xylene. The different structure of the particle surfaces from the two systems has been attributed to the differences in template structure.