单态卡宾与臭氧反应机理的量子化学研究

为了研究单态卡宾与臭氧反应机理,本文采用密度泛函理论Gaussian-3方法(G3B3)优化了反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型。探讨了单态卡宾与臭氧反应可能途径,并通过频率分析对过渡态和中间体进行了验证,研究结果表明：单态卡宾与臭氧反应有两条反应通道,分别具有亲核反应和亲电反应特征,相对而言亲核反应通道较易发生,且为强放热反应。     

DFT Study of the 1-Octene Metathesis Reaction Mechanism with WCl(6)/C Catalytic System

A catalytic system consisting of tungsten carbene generated from WCl(6) and an atomic carbon is investigated theoretically for the metathesis of 1-octene at B3LYP/extended LANL2DZ level of DFT. The ground-state geometries and charge distributions of the structures belonging to the reaction mechanism are located. Energetics for the complete set of reactions, involving the formation of the tungsten carbene precatalyst, Cl(4)WCCl(2), the formation of tungsten methylidene and tungsten heptylidene with this precatalyst, and finally productive and degenerative metathesis steps with these alkylidene species are calculated in terms of total electronic energy and thermal energies. The free-energy (ΔG(298)) surfaces of the structures involved in the related reactions are constructed. In addition, solvent effects on the single point energies of the structures are investigated for two different solvents, namely, cyclohexane and chloroform. The results indicate that the formation of the catalytically active heptylidene is energetically favored in comparison to the formation of methylidene, while the degenerative and productive metathesis steps are competitive. In the catalytic cycle, the formation of ethylene is exothermic, while the formation of 7-tetradecene is endothermic. As expected, solvent effects on the metathesis reactions are minor and solvation does not cause any change in the directions of the overall metathesis reactions.     

伯硝胺酸催化分解动力学的理论研究

用SCF-MO AM1方法全优化计算了伯硝胺化合物(RNHNO~2, R=Me, Et, Pr^i,Bu^t和CH~2CO~2H)的几何构型和电子结构, 并求得15个反应的过渡态和活化能 . 分析静态结构和动力学特征, 发现取代基(R)供电性愈强, 标题物的酸催化分解速率愈大, 即相对速率为R=Bu^t＞Pr^i＞Et＞Me＞CH~2CO~2H; 溶剂化效应将降低标题物质子化过程的活化能, 有利于加速酸催化分解。     

Analyzing Reaction Rates with the Distortion/Interaction‐Activation Strain Model

The activation strain or distortion/interaction model is a tool to analyze activation barriers that determine reaction rates. For bimolecular reactions, the activation energies are the sum of the energies to distort the reactants into geometries they have in transition states plus the interaction energies between the two distorted molecules. The energy required to distort the molecules is called the activation strain or distortion energy. This energy is the principal contributor to the activation barrier. The transition state occurs when this activation strain is overcome by the stabilizing interaction energy. Following the changes in these energies along the reaction coordinate gives insights into the factors controlling reactivity. This model has been applied to reactions of all types in both organic and inorganic chemistry, including substitutions and eliminations, cycloadditions, and several types of organometallic reactions.     

Assessment of theoretical procedures for hydrogen-atom abstraction by chlorine, and related reactions

We have examined a number of hydrogen-abstraction reactions and assessed various theoretical procedures with regard to their performance for geometry optimization and for calculating barriers and reaction energies. We find that the BH&H-LYP and M05-2X procedures with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set provide reasonable predictions for the geometries of the transition structures and also yield reasonable imaginary frequencies when compared with our benchmark QCISD/6-31+G(d,p) and CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p) values. For the calculation of barriers and reaction energies, M05-2X appears to be the most accurate of the hybrid functionals. The double-hybrid functionals, B2K-PLYP, UB2-PLYP-09, ROB2-PLYP, and DSD-B-LYP-D3, when used in combination with an augmented triple-zeta basis set, give very good agreement with the benchmark URCCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVQZ energies. We find that for wavefunction procedures, use of CCSD(T) in combination with an augmented triple-zeta quality basis set is required for the accurate prediction of barriers and reaction energies for these reactions.     

Uncatalyzed transfer hydrogenation of quinones and related systems: a theoretical mechanistic study

Quantum chemistry calculations have been used to study the uncatalyzed transfer hydrogenation between a range of hydrogen donors and acceptors, in the gas phase and in solution. Our study shows in the first place that in order to obtain reliable condensed-phase transition structures, it is necessary to perform geometry optimization in the presence of a continuum. In addition, the use of a free energy of solvation obtained with the UB3-LYP/6-31+G(d,p)/IEF-PCM/UA0 combination, in conjunction with UMPWB1K/6-311+G(3df,2p)//B3-LYP/6-31+G(d,p) gas-phase energies, gives the best agreement with experimental barriers. In condensed phases, the geometries and energies of the transition structures are found to relate to one another in a manner consistent with the Hammond postulate. There is also a correlation between the barriers and the energies of the radical intermediates in accord with the Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle. We find that in the gas phase, all the transfer-hydrogenation reactions examined proceed via a radical pathway. In condensed phases, some of the reactions follow a radical mechanism regardless of the solvent. However, for some reactions there is a change from a radical mechanism to an ionic mechanism as the solvent becomes more polar. Our calculations indicate that the detection of radical adducts by EPR does not necessarily indicate a predominant radical mechanism, because of the possibility of a concurrent ionic reaction. We also find that the transition structures for these reactions do not necessarily have a strong resemblance to the intermediates, and therefore one should be cautious in utilizing the influence of polar effects on the rate of reaction as a means of determining the mechanism.     

A sobering assessment of small‐molecule force field methods for low energy conformer predictions

We have carried out a large scale computational investigation to assess the utility of common small‐molecule force fields for computational screening of low energy conformers of typical organic molecules. Using statistical analyses on the energies and relative rankings of up to 250 diverse conformers of 700 different molecular structures, we find that energies from widely used classical force fields (MMFF94, UFF, and GAFF) show unconditionally poor energy and rank correlation with semiempirical (PM7) and Kohn–Sham density functional theory (DFT) energies calculated at PM7 and DFT optimized geometries. In contrast, semiempirical PM7 calculations show significantly better correlation with DFT calculations and generally better geometries. With these results, we make recommendations to more reliably carry out conformer screening.     

Are 1,5-disubstituted semibullvalenes that have C2v equilibrium geometries necessarily bishomoaromatic?

Unrestricted density functional theory (UB3LYP), CASSCF, and CASPT2 calculations have been employed to compute the relative energies of the C(s) and C(2v) geometries of several 1,5-disubstituted semibullvalenes. Substitution at these positions with R = F, -CH(2)-, or -O- affords semibullvalenes that are predicted to have C(2v) equilibrium geometries. Calculated singlet-triplet energy splittings and the energies of isodesmic reactions are used to assess the amount of bishomoaromatic character at these geometries. The results of these calculations show that employing strain to destabilize the C(s) geometries of semibullvalenes can lead to a significant decrease in the amount of bishomoaromatic stabilization of the C(2v) geometries, due to reduced through-space interaction between the two allyl groups. However, the C(2v) equilibrium geometries of the 1,5-disubstituted semibullvalenes with R = F and -RR- = -O- do benefit from stabilizing through-bond interactions between the two allyl groups. These interactions involve mixing of the bisallyl HOMO with the low-lying C-F or C-O sigma orbital combinations of the same symmetry. In contrast, for -RR- = -CH(2)-, through-bond interactions destabilize the bisallyl HOMO and are predicted to make the ground state of this semibullvalene a triplet.     

A theoretical study of the reaction of lithium aluminum hydride with formaldehyde and cyclohexanone.

Geometries and energies of the reactants, complexes, and transition states for the reactions of lithium aluminum hydride with formaldehyde and cyclohexanone were obtained using ab initio and density functional (Becke3LYP/6-31G**) molecular orbital calculations. Two pathways for reaction with formaldehyde and four transition states corresponding to axial and equatorial attack at cyclohexanone were located. The transition state structures had reactant-like geometries. Predicted stereoselectivity of the reduction of cyclohexanone strongly favors axial approach of hydrogen, in agreement with experimental data. Analysis of the transition state structures suggests that electronic effects are more important than torsional effects in controlling stereoselectivity.     

Relations Between Stabilities and Structures of Closo Borane Dianions

1 INTRODUCTION The syntheses of closo-B6H62–, closo-B10H102– and closo-B12H122– are the paradigms in boride chemistry, and they had been predicted theoretically before their preparations were reported[1]. Several decades passed, more and more boranes have been supposed with the theoretical methods[2~5] due to their unusual stabilities and applications in the field of synthesis chemistry. The closo-BnHn2–, a class of electron–defi- cient clusters, strongly tend to share common elec…     

Adsorption of HF and HCl on the beta-AlF3 (100) surface

The current study employs hybrid-exchange density functional theory to investigate the adsorption of HF and HCl to under-coordinated Al ions on the beta-AlF(3) (100) surface. It is shown that the geometries of the adsorbates are strongly dependent on coverage. Furthermore, the adsorption of HCl leads to a number of distinct structures that have very similar energies. It is proposed that this result may explain the high catalytic activity of aluminium fluoride and aluminium chloro-fluoride surfaces towards chlorine-fluorine exchange reactions. The stretching and bending frequencies of the H-F and H-Cl bonds at half and full monolayer coverage are also calculated and the vibrational spectrum is found to be strongly dependent on the adsorption site and the coverage. The vibrational frequency shifts provide, therefore, a mechanism for experimentally characterising these surfaces.     

Intriguing relations of interaction energy components in stacked nucleic acids

Major components of the interaction energy that define several approximate levels starting from second order M?ller-Plesset theory were studied for 58 stacked nucleic acid dimers. They included typical B-DNA and A-DNA structures, and selected published geometries. A survey of the various terms yields an unexpected correlation between the Pauli exchange and dispersion or correlation terms, which holds for each class of similar planar geometries and for various basis sets. The geometries that exhibit these correlations span a specific range of molecular overlaps when compared to a model benzene-pyridine stacked dimer. Also, the relationship between electrostatic interactions and MP2 stabilization energies reported earlier is confirmed and a prediction interval of practical relevance is estimated.     

A Theoretical Study on Pyrolysis and Sensitivity of Energetic Compounds(Ⅴ)--Nitro Derivatives of Methylbenzene

IntroductionThe nitro derivatives of methylbenzene are an important category of explosives, in whichTNT (2, 4, 6--trinitrotoluene) is widely--used. It is widely accepted that methyl hydrogen in m....troaromatlcs is quite active, which influences the impact sensitivity of an explosive. Gonzalezet al. [IJ found methyl substitution increases the decomposition rate over that of nitrobenzeneby an order of magnitude. Much effort has been devoted to relating electronic structure and.....impact sens…     

A density functional study of chemical reactions

Density functional theory (DFT ) was used to study reactions involving small molecules. Relative energies of isomers and transition structures of diazene, formaldehyde, and methylenimine were determined using various DFT functionals and results were compared with MP 2 and MP 4 calculations. DFT reaction barriers were found to be consistently lower. For some reactions, such as OH + H₂→ H₂O + H, gradient-corrected functionals predict very low or nonexistent barriers. The hybrid Hartree–Fock–DFT adiabatic connection method (ACM ) often provides much better results in such cases. The performance of several density functionals, including ACM , was tested in calculations on over 100 atomization, hydrogenation, bond dissociation, and isodesmic reactions. The ACM functional provides consistently better geometries and reaction energetics than does any other functional studied. In cases where both HF and gradient-corrected DFT methods underestimate bond distances, the ACM geometries may be inferior to those predicted by gradient-corrected DFT methods. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Konformationsanalyse von Gallenfarbstoffen mit Hilfe von Kraftfeldrechnungen

A force field constructed for bile pigments and parametrized on partial structures of bile pigments was used to calculate the minimum energy geometries of diastereomeric bilatrienes-abc. In addition the relative energies of these isomers were deduced and the energies of interconversion between the mirror images of the more or less helical (Z,Z,Z)-syn, syn, syn-form were calculated for various paths.

     

Ion-pair dissociation dynamics of H2S in the photon energy range 15.26-15.55 eV

The H(+) velocity map images from the ion-pair dissociation of H(2)S + hν → SH(-)(X(1)Σ(+), υ = 0, 1) + H(+) have been measured at the excitation energies 15.259, 15.395, and 15.547 eV, respectively. The experimental results show that most of the available energies are transformed into the translational energies. The angular distributions of the fragments SH(-)(X(1)Σ(+), υ = 0) indicate that the dissociation occurs via pure parallel transition with limiting anisotropy parameter of +2. Because the ion-pair dissociation usually occurs via the predissociation of Rydberg states, this suggests that the ion cores of the excited Rydberg states have linear geometries. The geometries and electronic structures of the linear H(2)S(+) have been calculated employing the quantum chemistry calculation method at the CASPT2/avqz level. The electronic structures for the ion-pair states have been calculated at the CASSCF/avtz level, which indicates that the equilibrium geometries of the ion-pair states have bent geometries.     

How computational methods and relativistic effects influence the study of chemical reactions involving Ru‐NO complexes?

Two treatments of relativistic effects, namely effective core potentials (ECP) and all‐electron scalar relativistic effects (DKH2), are used to obtain geometries and chemical reaction energies for a series of ruthenium complexes in B3LYP/def2‐TZVP calculations. Specifically, the reaction energies of reduction ( A ‐ F ), isomerization ( G‐I ), and Cl⁻ negative trans influence in relation to NH₃ ( J ‐ L ) are considered. The ECP and DKH2 approaches provided geometric parameters close to experimental data and the same ordering for energy changes of reactions A ‐ L . From geometries optimized with ECP, the electronic energies are also determined by means of the same ECP and basis set combined with the computational methods: MP2, M06, BP86, and its derivatives, so as B2PLYP, LC‐wPBE, and CCSD(T) (reference method). For reactions A ‐ I , B2PLYP provides the best agreement with CCSD(T) results. Additionally, B3LYP gave the smallest error for the energies of reactions J ‐ L . © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Unveiling the Ionic Diels–Alder Reactions within the Molecular Electron Density Theory

The ionic Diels–Alder (I-DA) reactions of a series of six iminium cations with cyclopentadiene have been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). The superelectrophilic character of iminium cations, ω > 8.20 eV, accounts for the high reactivity of these species participating in I-DA reactions. The activation energies are found to be between 13 and 20 kcal·mol⁻¹ lower in energy than those associated with the corresponding Diels–Alder (DA) reactions of neutral imines. These reactions are low endo selective as a consequence of the cationic character of the TSs, but highly regioselective. Solvents have poor effects on the relative energies, and an unappreciable effect on the geometries. In acetonitrile, the activation energies increase slightly as a consequence of the better solvation of the iminium cations than the cationic TSs. Electron localization function (ELF) topological analysis of the bonding changes along the I-DA reactions shows that they are very similar to those in polar DA reactions. The present MEDT study establishes that the global electron density transfer (GEDT) taking place at the TSs of I-DA reactions, and not steric (Pauli) repulsions such as have been recently proposed, are responsible for the features of these types of DA reactions.