开管毛细管电色谱分析3种解热镇痛药物

针对生物体液样品开展药物的绿色高效毛细管电泳分离分析具有重要的研究意义。该研究以3种解热镇痛药（4-氨基安替比林、氨基比林及非那西汀）为研究对象,以嵌段聚合物为涂层,建立了药物的开管毛细管电色谱（OT-CEC）分析新策略。首先,采用活性/可控自由基可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合方法,合成制备得到了两亲性嵌段聚合物-聚（苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯）（P（St-GMA））,并将其涂覆到毛细管内壁;其次,通过考察影响OT-CEC分离效率的关键因素,包括嵌段聚合物的聚合时间、涂覆毛细管嵌段聚合物的浓度、电泳运行缓冲液的种类和pH值、有机溶剂添加剂等,优化了3种解热镇痛药物的OT-CEC分离条件;最终发现,不需添加任何有机溶剂及表面活性剂,仅采用50.0 mmol/L乙酸钠-乙酸（pH 5.7）作为OT-CEC的缓冲溶液,就能实现3种解热镇痛药物的基线分离。在8.0~2.5×10³ μmol/L范围内,分析物峰面积与其对应的浓度呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数（R²）均大于0.995,检出限为1.0~2.5 μmol/L。结果表明：P（St-GMA）在溶液中自组装所形成的类表面活性剂胶团结构增强了两亲性嵌段聚合物与解热镇痛药物之间的相互作用,显著提升了解热镇痛药物的OT-CEC分离效率。该工作不仅为制备新型聚合物及调控嵌段聚合物的自组装行为提供了研究思路,也展示了两亲性嵌段聚合物在药物的绿色OT-CEC分析中的实际应用潜力。     

胶束毛细管电泳在线推扫富集技术测定工业废水中痕量苯酚和硝基苯酚

利用胶束毛细管电泳在线推扫富集技术建立了测定工业废水中痕量苯酚、邻硝基苯酚和间硝基苯酚的方法。采用未涂层熔硅弹性石英毛细管(60cm×75μm,有效柱长52cm),选择20mmoL/L硼-砂80mmoL/L十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)(pH9.45)为缓冲溶液,分离电压18kV,紫外检测波长214nm,在200s内可实现苯酚、邻硝基苯酚、间硝基苯酚的分离检测。在优化条件下,苯酚、邻硝基苯酚、间硝基苯酚的检出限分别为0.03、0.020、.02mg/L;相对标准偏差RSD(n=3)分别为3.42%、4.15%、3.48%;间硝基苯酚富集倍数可达1000倍。     

嵌段聚合物修饰毛细管电色谱柱分离分析解热镇痛药物

采用可逆加成断裂链转移聚合法合成了具有两亲性质的嵌段聚合物聚苯乙烯马来酸酐,通过共价键合将其涂覆于毛细管内壁,构建了一种新型开管柱毛细管电色谱(OT-CEC)方法,并将其用于解热镇痛药物的分离分析.考察了缓冲溶液p H值、磷酸盐浓度、有机溶剂的种类及添加量对3种药物(氨基比林、非那西汀和4-氨基安替比林)OT-CEC分离效率的影响.结果表明,在缓冲溶液中添加15%(体积分数)四氢呋喃后,修饰于管壁表面的嵌段聚合物可形成胶束结构,并起到类表面活性剂的作用;与裸管相比,该涂层管可明显提高被分析物的分离效率;连续30次测定电渗流的相对标准偏差3.0%,表明该涂层管稳定性较好.在最佳OT-CEC分析条件下,对3种药物的分析均获得了良好的定量线性关系(R20.988),检出限为3.5~4.8μg/m L.所建立的方法为新型嵌段聚合物涂层的开发及药物的OT-CEC分析奠定了良好基础.     

硝基苯酚位置异构体的毛细管电泳-方波安培检测研究

在未涂层熔融石英毛细管(45 cm×50μm i.d.)中,以pH=7.9的2 mmol/L磷酸氢二钠 0.4 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠 2 mmol/Lβ-CD为电泳运行液,采用毛细管电泳-方波安培检测法,分离电压为 11 kV,可实现硝基苯酚3个位置异构体在6 min内基线分离检测。方法的检出限为0.2~0.6 mg/L。探讨了电泳运行液的组成、浓度、pH值、β-CD等因素对分离检测效果的影响。     

共价有机框架材料在毛细管电色谱中的应用进展

毛细管电色谱(CEC)因兼具高效液相色谱(HPLC)的高选择性和毛细管电泳(CE)的高分离效率而受到越来越多研究者的关注。在毛细管电色谱中,选择合适的固定相材料对获得优异的分离效果起着十分重要的作用。近年来,多种新型材料如氧化石墨烯、蛋白质、金属有机框架(MOFs)及共价有机框架(COFs)等被作为固定相应用于毛细管电色谱领域以期获得更好的分离性能,同时拓展毛细管电色谱的应用范围。其中,COFs因具有孔隙率高、比表面积大、高稳定性、孔径可调和可设计性强等独特性质,在毛细管电色谱领域显示出了巨大的应用前景。鉴于此,本文对2016-2023年间COFs在毛细管电色谱领域的研究进展进行了综述,包括COFs毛细管电色谱柱的分类和制备方法,以及基于COFs固定相的毛细管电色谱技术在环境内分泌干扰物、农药、芳香族化合物、氨基酸及药物分离领域中的应用及分离机理等内容。最后对发展基于COFs固定相的毛细管电色谱应努力解决的问题和该技术未来的发展方向进行了分析和展望。     

银黄冲剂中黄芩甙和绿原酸的毛细管电泳分离分析

摘要：用毛细管电泳法分离并测定了银黄冲剂中黄芩甙和绿原酸。以对硝基苯甲酸为内标,未涂层融硅毛细管（50μmi.d.,370μmo.d.,总长47cm,有效分离长度40cm）为分离通道,25mmol/L硼砂缓冲液（pH8.5）为电泳介质,17kPa·s压力进样,25kV恒压电泳,310nm检测。黄芩甙和绿原酸线性范围分别为160～960mg/L(r=0.9993,RSD=1.76％～2.33％）和80～960mg/L（r=0.9989,RSD=1.07％～2.51％）,加入回收率：黄芩甙为（102.09±1     

毛细管电泳检测酚基体中对甲苯磺酸

以苯酚（phenol)和对甲苯磺酸（para toluene sulfonic acid,PTSA)的混合物为模拟样品,毛细管电泳检测了苯酚体中的对甲苯磺酸。考察了磷酸缓冲溶液的浓度和pH对分离的影响,选择性桂皮酸作为内标法和标准曲线法得到了对甲苯磺酸在50mg/L苯酚基体中的标准曲线,其线性范围为1.25-12.5mg/L（R=0.9999),检测限为0.75mg/L(S/N)=3,讨论了毛细管电泳中的基体效应,并应用标准加入法测定了4个实际样品。     

聚多巴胺表面修饰毛细管电色谱的研究进展

毛细管电泳（CE）具有分离时间短、分离效率高、样品消耗量低等优点,在分离分析领域有着重要应用。原始的未修饰熔融石英毛细管只能提供阴极流向的电渗流和单一的电泳分离机制,分离性能有限,重复性较差,不能满足各类复杂样品体系尤其是中性和手性样品的分离需求。因此,有必要在CE中引入各类毛细管修饰策略,以拓展其实际应用潜力。贻贝仿生聚多巴胺（PDA）及其衍生材料因其简便易行的制备过程、优异的表面黏附性、良好的生物相容性、较强的二次反应活性和化学稳定性等优点,在催化、传感、水处理、样品前处理、生物医药以及CE分离等领域得到了广泛应用。PDA涂层的制备过程与物理吸附涂层一样简便,而表面黏附涂层的稳定性又可与共价键合涂层相媲美,因此非常适用于石英毛细管柱的修饰。更重要的是,PDA涂层较强的二次反应活性使其可作为反应平台进行灵活多样的二次表面修饰,便于构建多功能PDA涂层毛细管电色谱（CEC）固定相。基于这些突出优点,PDA涂层材料在CEC中的巨大应用价值逐渐得到了研究者们的广泛关注。该文首先对近3年有关PDA形成机理及PDA快速沉积表面化学的最新研究进展进行了总结,在此基础上综述了近10年PDA涂层材料在开管毛细管电色谱（OT-CEC）和毛细管电色谱整体柱中的最新应用。此外,还对PDA涂层材料在CEC中的发展方向进行了展望。     

毛细管电泳法同时测定血清中的左旋多巴和甲基多巴

建立了毛细管电泳-紫外检测同时测定血清中左旋多巴和甲基多巴的方法。以40 mmol/L硼砂（pH 9.5）为分离缓 冲溶液,在3.45 kPa（0.5 psi）压力下进样7 s、分离电压22 kV、检测波长200 nm、温度25 ℃的条件下进行测定,两 种物质获得了较好的分离。甲基多巴和左旋多巴分别为1.0~64.0 mg/L和1.0~71.0 mg/L时与峰面积呈良好的线性关系, 线性相关系数分别为0.9998和0.9994,检出限分别为0.6和0.8 mg/L(以信噪比为3计)。将该法用于血清中甲基多巴和左 旋多巴的测定,回收率为82.8%~88.8%,相对标准偏差为2.10%~2.63%。     

胶束电动毛细管色谱法测定消糖灵中的优降糖

 以甲氧苄氨嘧啶为内标,采用胶束电动毛细管色谱法分离测定了新药消糖灵中的优降糖。电泳条件：以25 mmol/L硼砂-30 mmol/L十二烷基硫酸钠（pH 9.0）为电泳介质,未涂层石英毛细管（50 μm i.d.×39.5 cm,有效分离长度34.8 cm）为分离通道,压力进样(68.95 kPa.s),17 kV恒压电泳（28 ℃）,检测波长228 nm。优降糖在14 min内与其他成分得到很好分离,且质量浓度为25 mg/L～275 mg/L时,优降糖可进行定量分析,加标回收率为(100.6±1.4)%。方法简便、快速,结果准确,重现性好,可用于优降糖复方制剂的质量控制。     

Analytical separations in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography

This review represents a summary of recent progress in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) for chiral and achiral separations. The OT-CEC approach is an alternative to packed-CEC that could eliminate the problems associated with retaining frits and silica particles. In OT-CEC, the stationary phase is immobilized on the inner walls of the capillary. Preparation of the stationary phase is critical for OT-CEC. The preparation methods for capillary columns include (i) adsorption, (ii) covalent bonding and/or cross-linking, (iii) porous layers, (iv) chemical bonding after etching, (v) sol-gel, and (vi) molecular imprinting. Major developments, potential applications, technical difficulties and advantages associated with these wall coatings in OT-CEC are presented. In addition, the coupling of OT-CEC with mass spectrometry (MS) is briefly reviewed. Several applications of this hyphenated technique for analytical separations are also summarized.     

Open-tubular capillary electrochromatography with bare gold nanoparticles-based stationary phase applied to separation of trypsin digested native and glycated proteins

In this work, open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) method with bare gold nanoparticles (GNPs)-based stationary phase has been developed and applied for separation of tryptic peptide fragments of native and glycated proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and human transferrin (HTF). The GNPs-based stationary phase was prepared by immobilization of bare GNPs, freshly reduced from tetrachloroaurate(III) ions by citrate reduction, on the sol-gel pretreated inner wall of the fused silica capillary. The separation efficiency, peak capacity, and peptide recovery of this open-tubular capillary column were investigated by varying the experimental parameters such as type and concentration of the buffering constituent and pH of the background electrolyte (BGE), temperature, and separation voltage. The best separations of the above tryptic peptides were achieved in the BGE composed of aqueous 100 mmol/L sodium phosphate buffer, pH 2.5, at separation voltage 10 kV per 47-cm long, 50 μm inside diameter capillary thermostated at 25°C. OT-CEC with bare GNPs stationary phase is shown to be a suitable technique for separation of complex peptide mixtures arising from tryptic digestion of native and glycated BSA and HTF, and for investigation of glycation (nonenzymatic glycosylation) of these proteins.     

共价有机骨架材料在分离科学中的研究进展

共价有机骨架(COFs)材料是一类由有机单体通过共价键连接而成的新型多功能结晶有机聚合物,具有比表面积大、热和化学稳定性好、结构和功能可控等优点,在气体存储、药物传递、传感和催化等方面有着广泛的应用。多样的结构和丰富的官能团也使COFs在分离科学中具有巨大的应用潜力。COFs及其复合材料作为吸附剂已被用于固相萃取、磁固相萃取、固相微萃取,以及气相色谱、高效液相色谱和毛细管电色谱的新型固定相。该文综述了近3年来COFs在分离科学中的最新进展,着重介绍了COFs在水介质、食品基质、生物样本等复杂基质中样品前处理和有机分子(包括手性和异构化合物)分离等方面的研究进展,为进一步研究COFs的应用提供参考。     

Growth of two-layer copolymer as the stationary phase with very high separation efficiency for separating peptides in capillary electrochromatography

Open tubular CEC (OT-CEC) column with a very high separation efficiency was prepared for peptides separation. A pretreated silica-fused capillary was reacted with 3-(methacryloxy) propyltrimethoxysilane followed by vinylbenzyl chloride and divinylbenzene to produce first thin monolithic monolayer. The second copolymer layer was formed on thin monolithic monolayer of the capillary by reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization of N-phenylacrylamide and styrene. The key parameters including buffer pH value and organic modifier were systematically evaluated to provide the optimal chromatographic condition. The resultant OT-CEC columns were validated by separating a synthetic mixture of peptides and cytochrome C tryptic digest in capillary electrochromatography. The number of theoretical plates as high as 2.4 million per column was achieved for synthetic mixture peptides. In addition, the fabricated OT-CEC column also resolved more than 18 high-efficiency digestion peptides from a mixture containing tryptic digest of cytochrome C. The column to column and inter- to intraday repeatabilities of OT-CEC column through RSD% were found better than 3.0%, exhibiting satisfactory stability and repeatability of the two-layer deposited OT-CEC column. The results reveal that the open tubular capillary column modified with two-layer copolymer shows the great prospect for the separation of proteins in capillary electrochromatography.     

Recent advances in metal‐organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks for sample preparation and chromatographic analysis

In the field of analytical chemistry, sample preparation and chromatographic separation are two core procedures. The means by which to improve the sensitivity, selectivity and detection limit of a method have become a topic of great interest. Recently, porous organic frameworks, such as metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have been widely used in this research area because of their special features, and different methods have been developed. This review summarizes the applications of MOFs and COFs in sample preparation and chromatographic stationary phases. The MOF‐ or COF‐based solid‐phase extraction (SPE), solid‐phase microextraction (SPME), gas chromatography (GC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) methods are described. The excellent properties of MOFs and COFs have resulted in intense interest in exploring their performance and mechanisms for sample preparation and chromatographic separation.     

动态磁涂覆混合固定相开管毛细管电色谱中电渗流的特征

将表面分别被改性成C18和氨基的磁性纳米颗粒按照不同比例混合,制备成具有不同分离选择性的混合固定相,进一步采用动态磁涂覆的方法制备开管毛细管电色谱柱。通过考察这种色谱柱中不同种类固定相表面物理化学性质对电渗流的综合影响,从理论上说明了其电渗流的特征。分别在不同固定相配比及不同涂覆长度条件下进行实验,理论与实验结果相符,证实通过调节固定相配比或磁铁对数可以便捷地调节电渗流的大小。     

Polymer-brush stationary phases for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography

Synthesis of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) brushes from the inside of silica capillaries by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) yields unique stationary phases for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). Although PHEMA brushes have only a small effect on the separation of a set of phenols and anilines, derivatization of PHEMA with ethylenediamine (en) allows baseline resolution of several anilines that co-elute from bare silica capillaries. Derivatization of PHEMA with octanoyl chloride (C8-PHEMA films) affords even better resolution in the separation of a series of phenols and anilines. Increasing the thickness of C8-PHEMA coatings by a factor of 2 enhances resolution for several solute pairs, presumably because of an increase in the effective stationary phase to mobile phase volume ratio. Thus, this work demonstrates that thick polymer brushes provide a tunable stationary phase with a much larger phase ratio than is available from monolayer wall coatings. Through appropriate choice of derivatizing reagents, these polymer brushes should allow separation of a wide range of neutral molecules as well as compounds with similar electrophoretic mobilities.     

Peak shapes in open tubular ion-exchange capillary electrochromatography of inorganic anions

An experimental study of parameters influencing peak shapes in ion-exchange open tubular (OT) capillary electrochromatography (CEC) was conducted using adsorbed quaternary aminated latex particles as the stationary phase. The combination of separation mechanisms from both capillary electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography results in peak broadening in OT-CEC arising from both these techniques. The sources of peak broadening that were considered included the relative electrophoretic mobilities of the eluent co-ion and analyte, and resistance to mass transfer in both the mobile and stationary phases. The parameters investigated were the mobility of the eluent co-ion, column diameter, separation temperature and secondary interactions between the analyte and the stationary phase. The electromigration dispersion was found to influence peak shapes to a minor extent, indicating that chromatographic retention was the dominant source of dispersion. Improving the resistance to mass transfer in the mobile phase by decreasing the capillary diameter improved peak shapes, with symmetrical peaks being obtained in a 25 microm I.D. column. However, an increase in temperature from 25 degrees C to 55 degrees C failed to show any significant improvement. The addition of p-cyanophenol to the mobile phase to suppress secondary interactions with the stationary phase did not result in the expected improvement in efficiency.     

Recent highlights in stationary phase design for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography

This review examines the most recent innovations made to achieve high performance in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) separations, focusing on the ingenious chemical and physical solutions made to increase the surface area and equip the stationary phase with exploitable selectivity. Among the approaches taken are chemically bonded ligands, etching with chemical bonding, sol-gels, molecularly imprinted polymers, porous layers, physically attached or adsorbed phases, and nanoparticle coatings. Particularly noteworthy are modern developments with macrocyclic receptor ligands, nanoparticles and open channel electrochromatography on-chip.