Isothermal gravimetry and magnetic properties of CoOMoO3γAl2O3 catalysts

Isothermal gravimetry and magnetic susceptibility of MoO₃, MoAl₂O₃, CoAl₂O₃ and CoMoAl₂O₃ with/without Na⁺ ions have been studied in order to investigate the reducibility of the systems in H₂ H₂—hydrocarbons and H₂—hydro-carbon—thiophene. These studies have evidenced the formation of metallic cobalt during reduction of cobalt—moly catalysts containing Na⁺ ions in the Al₂O₃ support. This metallic cobalt accelerates the reduction of supported MoO₃. However, in the absence of sodium, cobalt exerts an inhibitory influence on the reduction of MoAl₂O₃. The inhibition is caused mainly due to retention of the water evolved during the process by well-dispersed Co²⁺ ions which are incapable of undergoing reduction. The presence of sulfur also kelps in suppressing the reduction to cobalt metal.     

Electronic structures and X-ray photoelectron spectra of MoO2 and Li2 MoO4

Electronic structures of MoO₂ (4d²) and molybdatc (4d^o) are calculated by the discrete-variational Xα method employing [Mo₂O₁₀^12? and [MoO₄]^2? clusters. The calculations indicate that the Mo—O bond is more covalent in the molybdatc than in MoO₂. Level structures for the valence band region arc in agreement with XPS spectra of MoO₂ and Li₂MoO₄.     

Some considerations about equations correlating valence and length of a chemical bond

It is confirmed that the Zachariasen equation is more accurate than the Brown-Shannon equation. Moreover, it is shown that, given the value of the parameter R₁ relative to the MoO bond in MoO₆ octahedra, the calculated valence of molybdenum in Mo(V)O₆ octahedra remains very close to 5 v.u. by varying the other bond parameter B in a wide range. For other oxidation states of molybdenum in MoO₆ octahedra, the difference between the calculated valence and the formal oxidation state shows different types of dependence on B. These behaviours could explain some errors in valence data of the literature. The parameters for the MoO bond in MoO₆ octahedra are recalculated as R₁=1.8788 Å and B=0.3046 Å for all molybdenum oxidation states from +3 to +6.     

Synthesis and crystal chemistry of NH3(MoO3)3

NH₃(MoO₃)₃ crystallizes with hexagonal symmetry, space group $\text{P6}{}_3\text{m}$, lattice constants a = 10.568 Å, c = 3.726 Å, and Z = 2. The crystal structure has been determined by Patterson synthesis and refined assuming isotropic temperature factors to a final conventional R value of 0.085. The structure shows a three-dimensional arrangement built up of double chains of distorted MoO₆ octahedra, parallel to the [001] direction. The octahedral double chains are linked among each other through common oxygen atoms. In addition to the shared oxygen atoms, each molybdenum is coordinated to one terminal oxygen. MoO distances range from 1.645 to 2.378 Å and OMoO angles from 74.3 to 114.3°. These results are consistent with the fact that molybdenum in high-valence states shows octahedral coordination with terminal oxygens.     

How Strain Affects the Reactivity of Surface Metal Oxide Catalysts

Highly dispersed molybdenum oxide supported on mesoporous silica SBA‐15 has been prepared by anion exchange resulting in a series of catalysts with changing Mo densities (0.2–2.5 Mo atoms nm^?2). X‐ray absorption, UV/Vis, Raman, and IR spectroscopy indicate that doubly anchored tetrahedral dioxo MoO₄ units are the major surface species at all loadings. Higher reducibility at loadings close to the monolayer measured by temperature‐programmed reduction and a steep increase in the catalytic activity observed in metathesis of propene and oxidative dehydrogenation of propane at 8 % of Mo loading are attributed to frustration of Mo oxide surface species and lateral interactions. Based on DFT calculations, NEXAFS spectra at the O‐K‐edge at high Mo loadings are explained by distorted MoO₄ complexes. Limited availability of anchor silanol groups at high loadings forces the MoO₄ groups to form more strained configurations. The occurrence of strain is linked to the increase in reactivity.     

The crystal structure of Ba2V2O7

Ba₂V₂O₇ is triclinic with a = 13.571(3), b = 7.320(2), c = 7.306(2) Å, α = 90.09(1), β = 99.48(1), β = 99.48(1), γ = 87.32(1)°, V = 7.15.1 ų, Z = 4, and space group $\text{P}\text{1}$. The crystal structure was solved by Patterson and Fourier methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares analysis to a R_w of 0.034 (R = 0.034) using 2484 reflections measured on a Syntex $\text{P}\text{1}$ automatic four-circle diffractometer. The structure has two unique divanadate groups that are repeated by the b and c lattice translations to form sheets of divanadate groups parallel to (100). These sheets are linked by four unique Ba atoms that lie between these sheets. Ba(1) and Ba(3) are coordinated by eight oxygens arranged in a distorted biaugmented triangular prism and a distorted cubic antiprism, respectively. Ba(2) is coordinated by 10 oxygens arranged in a distorted gyroelongated square dipyramid and Ba(4) is coordinated by nine oxygens arranged in a distorted triaugmented triangular prism. These coordination numbers are substantiated by a bond strength analysis of the structure, and the variation in 〈BaO〉 distances is compatible with the assigned cation and anion coordination numbers. Both divanadate groups are in the eclipsed configuraton with 〈VO(br)〉 bond lengths of 1.821(4) and 1.824(4) Å and VO(br)V angles of 125.6(3) and 123.7(3)°, respectively. Examination of the divanadate groups in a series of structures allows certain generalizations to be made. Longer 〈VO(br)〉 bond lengths are generally associated with smaller VO(br)V angles. When VO(br)V < 140°, the divanadate group is generally in an eclipsed configuration; when VO(br)V > 140°, the divanadate group is generally in a staggered configuration. Nontetrahedral cations with large coordination numbers require more oxygens with which to bond, and hence O(br) is more likely to be three coordinate, with the divanadate group in the eclipsed configuration. In the eclipsed configuration, decrease in VO(br)V promotes bonding between O(br) and nontetrahedral cations, and hence smaller nontetrahedral cations are generally associated with smaller VO(br)V angles.     

The molybdenum-molybdenum triple bond—XVII. Syntheses,spectroscopic and structural characterizations of Mo4F4(O—t-Bu)8 and Mo2F2(O—t-Bu)4(PMe3)2 (MoMo)

Hydrocarbon solutions of Mo₂(O—t-Bu)₆ and PF₃ (2 equiv) yield Mo₄F₄(O—t-Bu)₈, I, and PF₂(O—t-Bu). Compound I contains a bisphenoid of molybdenum atoms with two short MoMo distances, 2.26 Å, and four long MoMo distances, 3.75 Å, corresponding to localized MoMo triple bonding and non-bonding distances, respectively. The tetranuclear compound may be viewed as a dimer, [Mo₂(μ₂-F)₂(O-t-Bu)₄]₂, and addition of PMe₃ to hydrocarbon solutions of I yields Mo₂F₂(O—t-Bu)₄(PMe₃)₂, II, which contains an unbridged MoMo triple bond of distance 2.27 Å. Each molybdenum atom is coordinated to two oxygen atoms, one fluorine atom and the phosphorus atom of the PMe₃ ligand in a roughly square planar manner. The overall central Mo₂O₄F₂P₂ skeleton has C₂ symmetry and NMR studies (¹H, ¹⁹F and ³¹P) are consistent with the maintenance of this type of structure in solution. Infrared and electronic absorption spectral data are reported. These are the first compounds containing fluorine ligands attached to the (MoMo)⁶⁺ unit.     

Polarized IR and Raman spectra of kdy(moo4)2 single crystals,and the 92MO-100MO isotope effect

Polarized IR and Raman spectra below 4000 cm^?1 for single crystals of KDy(MoO₄)₂ are presented and discussed in relation to molecular and crystal structures. The spectroscopic data indicate additional intermolecular interactions due to pair coupling of the molybdate tetrahedra. This effect, combined with the multilayer crystal structure, is found to restrict the vibrational degrees of freedom, disturbing the selection rules for vibrational transitions. The spectra of first and higher-order transitions are described on the basis of ⁹²Mo/¹⁰⁰Mo isotopic-exchange effects and Y/Dy and K/Na substitutions.     

Untersuchungen zum ternären System V/Mo/O

Investigation on the Ternary System V/Mo/O During chemical transport reactions mixtures of pseudo-binary line of intersection V₂O₅/MoO₃ are separated into two phases, the V₂O₅-(α) phase, which MoO₃-content depends on the oxygen partial pressure during the deposition and the MoO₃ phase which contains no more than 1% (n/n) V₂O₅. Ternary compounds do not exist on the pseudo-binary line. V₉Mo₆O₄₀ is formed by the reaction of V₂O₅ and MoO₃ (3:2) under exclusion of oxygen. The compound may be chemically transported under the own oxygen coexistence pressure. It was shown by total pressure measurements of V₂O₅/MoO₃ starting mixtures that the insertion of MoO₃ in the α-phase and the formation of the V₉Mo₆O₄₀ phase respectively is connected with elimination of oxygen and the reduction of V^V to V^IV in equivalence of the quantity of incorporated MoO₃.     

The characteristic IR spectra of heterothiometallic cluster compounds

This article summarizes and presents the obtainable characteristic IR spectra of the existing heterothiometallic cluster compounds containing the [MXS₃]²⁻ (X=O, S; M=V, Mo, W, Re) moiety. The MS stretching vibration modes are classified into four categories including ν(MS_t), ν(Mμ₂-S), ν(Mμ₃-S) and ν(Mμ₄-S) according to the different conjunction ways between the transition metal and sulfur atoms. The structures of the heterothiometallic cluster compounds could be inferred from their characteristic IR spectra, the core structure's symmetry of the heterothiometallic clusters and the M/M′ ratio.     

Nano‐MoO3‐modified MCM‐22 for methane dehydroaromatization

The work reported was aimed at a simple method to improve the catalytic activity of Mo/HMCM‐22 in methane aromatization. The catalysts were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption–desorption, NH₃ temperature‐programmed desorption, infrared spectra of pyridine adsorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Physicochemical measurements indicated that Mo species with smaller size in HMCM‐22 would sublimate more easily and form Mo species at the atomic/molecular level and then interact well with the internal Brønsted acid sites to form Mo–O–Al active species. Catalytic results confirmed that nano‐MoO₃‐modified HMCM‐22 showed higher methane conversion and aromatics yield (13.1 versus 8.9%) than commercial MoO₃‐modified HMCM‐22 (11.0 versus 7.5%). In addition, nano‐MoO₃‐modified HMCM‐22 showed better durability compared with commercial MoO₃‐modified MCM‐22. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

95Mo NMR spectral studies on seven-coordinate molybdenum(II) isocyanide complexes

The ⁹⁵Mo NMR spectra of a series of seven-coordinate molybdenum(II) isocyanide complexes of the types [Mo(CNR)_7-nL_n](PF₆)₂ (R = CH₃, CHMe₂, CMe₃, C₆H₁₁, CH₂Ph; L = py, bpy, Me₂bpy, phen, dppe, P-n-Bu₃; n = 0,1,2) [Mo(CNC-Me₃)₆X]PF₆ (X = Cl, Br, I) and [{Mo(CNCMe₃)₄(NN)}₂(μ-CN)](PF₆)₃ (NN = bpy, Me₂bpy, phen) have been studied. The ⁹⁵Mo chemical shift range for this group of complexes is about 1100 ppm. An increase in the size of the R group attached to the isocyanide ligand generally tends to shield the ⁹⁵Mo nucleus. Replacement of the isocyanide ligand with a phosphorus ligand also increases the shielding, whereas the replacement of isocyanide with a heterocyclic nitrogen donor leads to deshielding by 800–900 ppm. This group of complexes shows a normal halogen dependence, i.e. replacement of Cl^? by Br^? and I^? increases the shielding of the ⁹⁵Mo nucleus. The cyano-bridged cations [{Mo(CNCMe₃)₄(NN)}₂(μ-CN)]³⁺ (NN = bpy, Me₂bpy, or phen) show two ⁹⁵Mo NMR signals, one for the molybdenum coordinated to the carbon of the bridging CN and one for the N-coordinated molybdenum. Comparison of the chemical shifts and linewidths of the cyano-bridged species with those of the corresponding mononuclear molybdenum(II) complexes [Mo(CNCMe₃)₅(NN)](PF₆)₂ leads to the assignment of the more deshielded signal to the N-coordinated molybdenum. The ¹⁴N and ³¹P NMR spectra for these complexes have also been measured, as have the ¹³C NMR spectra of the pairs of complexes [Mo(CNCMe₃)₅(NN)](PF₆)₂ and [{Mo(CNCMe₃)₄(NN)}₂(μ-CN)](PF₆)₃ (NN = bpy or phen). The ¹⁸³W NMR spectra for [W(CNR)₅(bpy)](PF₆)₂ (R = CMe₃ and CH₂Ph), show that the δ(¹⁸³W)/δ(⁹⁵Mo) chemical shift ratios for isocyanide complexes are different from the ratio found for M⁰ and M^VI.     

Characterization and Physical Properties of PbO-As2O3 Glasses Containing Molybdenum Ions

PbO-As₂O₃ glasses containing different concentrations of MoO₃ ranging from 0 to 1 mol% (in steps of 0.2) were prepared. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. A number of studies, viz., optical absorption, magnetic susceptibilities, ESR spectra, IR spectra, elastic properties (Young's modulus E, shear modulus G and microhardness H) and dielectric properties (constant ε, loss tan δ, a.c. conductivity σ_ac over a range of frequency and temperature and breakdown strength), have been carried out on these glasses. Optical absorption, ESR and magnetic susceptibility measurements suggest that when MoO₃ concentration is greater than 0.4 mol% in the glass matrix, molybdenum ions exist in Mo⁵⁺ state with Mo(V)O⁻₃ complexes that act as modifiers in addition to Mo⁶⁺ state with MoO₄ and MoO₆ structural groups. The studies on elastic and dielectric properties indicate that the mechanical and insulating strengths of the glass are considerably high when the content of MoO₃ is about 0.4 mol% in the glass matrix.     

β-环糊精诱导的三氧化钼水溶性的增加

报道了由β-环糊精诱导的三氧化钼(MoO₃)水溶性增加及其与β-环糊精浓度的相关性, 认为MoO₃水溶性的增加是由于β-环糊精的加入导致了MoO₃在水中的沉淀-溶解平衡向溶解方向移动. 几个独立的实验证明了由β-环糊精和钼酸根离子(MoO₄^2-)组成的灰蓝色产物的形成. 结果表明: (1) X射线光电子能谱显示, 与MoO₃相比, 灰蓝色产物中钼的3d_5/2和3d_3/2电子轨道的结合能有明显的降低; (2) 在灰蓝色产物中出现了213 nm处的强吸收带(Mo＝O)和775 nm处的宽吸收峰(Mo―O); (3) 由于MoO₄^2-的影响, β-环糊精的质子有很明显的低场漂移. 总之, 我们的工作不仅明确地揭示了β-环糊精和MoO₄^2-之间的分子-离子相互作用, 同时揭示了这种相互作用在改善MoO₃物理性质上的潜在应用价值.     

EPR of copper ions in Pb<Subscript>2</Subscript>MoO<Subscript>5</Subscript> crystals

The article presents the results of EPR studies of Pb₂MoO₅ crystals containing a copper impurity. Based on the analysis of angular dependences of the EPR spectra, it is found that copper ions incorporate into the structure of the Pb₂MoO₅ crystal in the Cu²⁺ state and occupy the molybdenum site with the formation of a linear extended Cu(II)–V(O)–Pb(IV) defect along the а axis of the crystal. An oxygen vacancy appears in the structure of the defect to compensate the charge and the lead ion acquires the Pb⁴⁺ charge state. According to the structure of this center, one magnetically non-equivalent position with the direction of main values of А and g of A(Cu)_zz and g_zz tensors parallel to the а axis is observed in the EPR spectra. Moreover, the EPR spectra exhibit an addition hyperfine structure from one lead atom on which the unpaired electron density is 0.061%. The obtained data on the structure of the defect formed when the copper impurity incorporates into the Pb₂MoO₅ crystal provided the assumption that the observed light scattering when the light beam is directed perpendicular to the а axis may be due to the cooperative effect of the presence of di- and tetravalent ions substituting for molybdenum in the linear configuration of Pb–O–Mo bonds.     

Transition metal compounds containing the -OTeF5 and NTeF5 groups.

The electronegative ligand OTeF₅ has been tested on the elements Ti, Mo, W, Ta, Re, Os and others. Compounds such as OMo(OTeF₅)₄, W(OTeF₅)₆, Ta(OTeF₅)₅, ReO₂(OTeF₅)₃, OsO(OTeF₅)₄ are prepared. While ReVII could be stabilized with OTeF₅, the highest oxidation state on Osmium is VI, and Iridium probably IV. OMo(OTeF₅)₄ shows a regular square pyramidal structure with apical double bonded oxygen. Chemistry on the ligand NTeF₅ is based on the synthesis of H₂NTeF₅ and R₃SiNHTeF₅¹. Other new main group derivatives are so far Cl₂NTeF₅, HClNTeF₅, OCN-TeF₅, F₃PNTeF₅, Cl₃NPTeF₅, F₂SNTeF₅ and Cl₂SeNTeF₅, the first compound with a selenium-nitrogen double bond. In the transition metal series the compounds F₄MoNTeF₅ and Cl₄WNTeF₅ (in addition to the longer known polymeric (HgNTeF₅¹) have been prepared. Both have discrete metal nitrogen double bonds.     

Synthesis and molecular structure of niobocene(tricarbonyl)(π-cyclopentadienyl)molybdenum with metalmetal bond and unusual coordination of carbonyl groups

(C₅H₅)₂NbBH₄ reacts with C₅H₅M(CO)₃Me in toluene solution in the presence of Et₃N to give binuclear complexes (C₅H₅)₂NbM(CO)₃C₅H₅ where M is Mo or W (IV and V, respectively). The structure of IV has been studied by X-ray diffraction (the crystals are orthorhombic, a 12.748(5), b 16.745(6), c 14.314 $\text{A/ac>}\text{?}$;; Z = 8, space group of Pbca, automatic difractometer Syntex P2_I, λ(Mo-K_α, 1382 reflections, R = 0.056, R_w = 0.058). Molecule IV contains a wedge-like sandwich (π-C₅H₅)₂Nb (NbC 2.37–2.48, CC (av) 1.42 $\text{A/ac>}\text{?}$;, angle between ring planes 49°) linked with the (π-C₅H₅)Mo(CO) fragment by a direct NbMo bond (3.073 $\text{A/ac>}\text{?}$;) and two bridging CO groups, one nonsymmetrically bonded through the carbon atom only (CO 1.17, NbC 2.53, MoC 2.02 $\text{A/ac>}\text{?}$;) and the other σ-bonded to Mo (MoC 1.944 $\text{A/ac>}\text{?}$;) and π-bonded to Nb (CO 1.22, NbC 2.22, NbO 2.26 $\text{A/ac>}\text{?}$;). Three types of carbonyl groups present in IV give rise to strong IR bands at 1870, 1700 and 1560 cm^?1 assigned to the terminal, μ-bridging and σ, π-bridging CO groups respectively. Complex IV has a similar structure. The electronic structure of IV and its dissociation across the NbMo bond are discussed.     

Solid and solution chemistry of protonated and deprotonated mononuclear molybdenum(VI) citrates

Mononuclear molybdenum(VI) citrates with variable degrees of protonation, (NH₄)₂[MoO₂(H₂cit)₂]·H₂O (1), (NH₄)₃[MoO₂(H₂cit)(Hcit)]·H₂O (2) and (NH₄)₅[MoO₂(Hcit)(cit)]·2.5H₂O (3) (H₄cit = citric acid), have been well characterized, where the citrate ligands in 1–3 coordinate bidentate with Mo, while the free carboxylates form very strong hydrogen bonds with α-alkoxy and β-carboxylic acid groups. The chelation of α-alkoxy and α-carboxy groups in citrate are compared with that of FeMo-cofactor in NifV^– Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase. Solution ¹³C NMR spectra show that 1–3 dissociated partly in D₂O. The equilibria are calculated based on ¹H NMR spectra in solution.     

Structure of Ti1−yVyHx alloys studied by X-ray diffraction and by 1H and 51V NMR

The structure of the TiVH system is studied by X-ray diffraction and ¹H and ⁵¹V NMR measurements. It is shown that the solid solution of TiV is separated into a few phases by hydrogenation. They are α-TiVH, β-TiVH, γ-TiVH, and γ-TiH phases, which are assumed to have their origins either in TiH_x or in VH_x. The concentration of each phase can be estimated by NMR, which is dependent on the composition of the system. The phase separation caused by hydrogenation is due to the large stability of the γ-TiH phase.     

Crystal growth and electrical properties of lithium,rubidium, and cesium molybdenum oxide bronzes

Crystals of Li_0.33 MoO₃ (blue), Rb_0.23MoO₃ (blue) and Cs_0.31MoO₃ (red) were grown by electrolysis from MoO₃M₂MoO₄ melts (M =alkali metal) with composition 70–77 mole% MoO₃. Melts richer in M₂MoO₄ produced MoO₂ only. Correlation is made between bronze formation and the coordination of Mo in the melt and in the equilibrium solid phase M₂Mo₄O₁₃. Li_0.33MoO₃ and Cs_0.31MoO₃ are semiconductors with high-temperature-range activation energies 0.16 and 0.12 eV. Rb_0.23MoO₃ has an electrical behavior similar to that of blue K_xMoO₃ with a semiconductor-metal transition at (170 ± 5) K. ESR spectra observed in Li_0.33MoO₃ and Rb_0.23MoO₃ single crystals at 4.2 K show extensive delocalization of the 4d¹ electron associated with Mo(V) centers. Attempts to grow molybdenum bronzes containing Ca or Y were unsuccessful.