CO2气氛对胜利褐煤热解过程的影响

以5-8 mm胜利褐煤为研究对象,利用固定床反应器,在400-700℃、CO₂气氛下进行热解实验,研究了CO₂气氛对煤热解气、液、固三相产物分布的影响,探讨了CO₂对煤焦结构作用的机理。研究表明,与N₂气氛相比,CO₂气氛热解提高焦油和热解水产率,降低热解气和半焦产率;400和500℃时,CO₂气氛下形成的半焦孔隙结构和总孔体积没有明显的变化,600和700℃时,CO₂气氛下所得半焦的比表面积及孔容较N₂气氛下的大,是与煤焦内部挥发分大量释放以及CO₂进入孔道与活性位反应有关;煤热解过程中CO₂的引入能促进煤焦中3-5环芳香结构的消耗,导致煤焦结构芳香度的提高;600和700℃时,CO₂气氛下热解气中H₂和CH₄产率低,同时CO₂能与煤焦发生气化反应显著提高CO含量。     

MoO3/C-N复合材料的制备条件对其结构及催化性能的影响

利用直接热插入法制备了MoO₃/十二烷基胺(DDA)插层复合材料并对其进行煅烧处理制备了MoO₃/C-N复合材料. 研究了不同的煅烧条件对该复合材料的结构、组分及形貌的影响, 结果表明在400～800 ℃之间进行煅烧, MoO₃/C-N复合材料的晶态结构发生了有序-无序-有序的变化, 部分Mo的价态由+6降到+4或+2. 当煅烧温度低于600 ℃时, 主要是MoO₃层间十二烷基胺的碳化反应, MoO₃的层状结构仍然存在, 但层间距变小. 当煅烧温度高于600 ℃时, MoO₃与C发生氧化还原反应生成Mo₂C, MoO₃的层状结构被破坏. 在600 ℃煅烧处理时, 随着煅烧时间的延长, 有MoO₂晶体产生. 煅烧升温速率对复合材料的结构影响不大. 将不同煅烧条件制备的MoO₃/C-N复合材料应用于苯甲醇制备苯甲醛的催化研究, 结果发现600 ℃煅烧2 h处理得到的MoO₃/C-N复合材料的催化效果最好, 产物选择性单一, 苯甲醛产率达30%, 比未插层的MoO₃(8%)提高了近4倍, 且该催化剂可多次重复使用.     

基于碳化钼材料CO2加氢制备高附加值化学品的热催化研究进展(英文)

CO₂加氢对于CO₂转化制备高附加值化学品和燃料以实现二氧化碳利用及能源储存至关重要。CO₂加氢包括甲烷化、逆水煤气变换、甲醇化和CO₂直接费托合成等。碳化钼,尤其是其二维材料,由于其低成本和良好的性能而备受关注。在CO₂加氢反应中,由于碳的渗入,导致晶格膨胀以及价电子增加,碳化钼基催化剂展现出了类似于贵金属催化剂的性质。碳化钼可以通过程序升温渗碳法、选择性蚀刻法、机械合金合成法、化学气相沉积法、原位热渗碳法以及溶液相合成法等来制备。到目前为止,学者已经对基于碳化钼的材料的CO₂转化进行大量研究,这些材料具有良好的CO₂转化活性和对目标产物的选择性。碳化钼材料的催化性能可以通过调节碳化钼中的C/Mo比、在碳化钼与负载金属之间建立强的金属-载体相互作用以及调整材料的界面结构来实现。然而,基于碳化钼的热催化CO₂转化仍处于初级阶段。本文综述基于碳化钼的热催化CO₂加氢制备高附加值化学品和燃料的研...     

SO2对钙基CO2吸收剂循环煅烧/碳酸化反应的影响

在循环煅烧/碳酸化反应系统中,研究了SO₂对钙基吸收剂CaCO₃捕集CO₂的影响,获得了SO₂对钙基吸收剂碳酸化特性、煅烧特性以及循环稳定性的影响规律,并结合SEM分析结果,从循环煅烧/碳酸化反应角度,分析了可能存在的原因。结果表明,钙基吸收剂吸收CO₂的能力随着循环反应次数的增加逐渐发生衰减,在SO₂影响下,这种衰减会进一步加剧,且衰减程度随着SO₂浓度的增加而增大,经过十次循环后,碳酸化转化率分别为25.5%(0%SO₂)、16.9%(0.1%SO₂)和5.2%(0.2%SO₂)。造成这种衰减加剧的主要原因是反应产生较厚的硫酸化产物层,硫酸化产物层使颗粒表面孔隙发生堵塞,阻碍了CO₂在吸收剂内部的扩散,降低了碳酸化转化率。     

生物油水溶性组分的水蒸气催化重整制氢实验研究

利用固定床反应器对生物油水溶性组分重整制氢反应进行了考察,研究了温度、吸收剂的加入对反应过程的影响。结果表明,在常压条件下生物油水溶性组分的最佳重整温度为800℃,此时H2体积分数为60%、CO体积分数为10%。加入CO₂吸收剂后,H₂体积分数提高了25%,H₂产率提高了10%。在常压条件下,以CaO作为吸收剂时,最佳的反应温度为600℃,此时H₂体积分数最高可达85%。650℃时CaO对CO₂的吸收能力减弱导致其对生成H₂反应的促进作用急剧降低。     

硝酸酯键断裂触发的含能增塑剂DNTN多阶热分解机理

采用反应分子动力学模拟、固相原位红外测试和同步热分析-红外-质谱联用技术相结合的方法对2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四硝酸酯(DNTN)的热分解过程进行了研究,分析了其热分解气体产物和固相产物,阐明了其热分解机理.结果表明,DNTN的分解分为3个阶段:第一阶段为诱导分解阶段,温度区间为127～147℃,DNTN发生部分O—N键的断裂,释放少量的NO₂气体;第二阶段在147～220℃之间,DNTN快速分解,发生硝基基团脱去和季碳骨架的分解,并且伴随小环结构的生成和裂解,释放大量的NO₂和CO₂等气体,同时放出大量的热;第三阶段为240～350℃,DNTN剩余固态产物在高温下热解,释放少量的CO₂,并且在300℃后剩余的固相物质会进一步反应生成氰基.     

钾元素对生物质主要组分热解特性的影响

采用热重-红外联用仪对松木及生物质主要化学组分半纤维素、纤维素、木质素的热解特性及钾元素对其热解特性的影响进行了研究.结果表明,半纤维素、纤维素、木质素发生热解的主要温度分别为200~350 ℃、300~365 ℃和200~600 ℃;半纤维热解产物中CO、CO₂较多;纤维素热解产物中LG和醛酮类化合物最多;木质素热解主要形成固体产物,气体中CH₄相对含量较高.三种组分共热解过程中发生相互作用使热解温度提高、固体产物增加,气体中CO增加而CH₄减少.添加K₂CO₃后半纤维素和纤维素热解温度区间向低温方向移动,固体产率提高.K对纤维素作用最明显,CO、CO₂气体与固体产物产率明显增加,醛酮类和酸类物质的产率降低;木质素受K影响相对较小,热解固体产物略有增加,挥发分中H₂O和羰基物质增加;三组分共热解减弱了钾元素的催化作用.     

生物油重质组分模型物热解行为及其动力学研究

采用TG-FT-IR在非等温条件下对生物油重质组分酚、醛和糖类模型代表物(丁香酚、香草醛、左旋葡聚糖)进行热解特性及其热解动力学分析。TG-DTG曲线和FT-IR测试数据显示,重质组分模型物热解的先后次序是酚类、醛类、糖类物质。香草醛、丁香酚均为一个主热解阶段,主要产物为水、烷烯烃、CO₂、CO和小分子酚、芳香醛。左旋葡聚糖热解分两阶段进行,热解发生在较高温区(180~370℃),主要热解产物有CO₂、烷烯烃、醛、酮和环醚,少量的CO和水。混合物热解分为三个阶段,产物与单一模型物热解产物相似,但有少量缩醛低聚物。对比单一组分,混合物中羰基和羟基组分在较高温区(≥300℃)存在相互作用,生成难分解的缩聚物。其中,糖类是影响重质组分热解速率的主要物质。根据热重数据对热解各阶段进行动力学拟合,确定了模型物热解反应动力学三因素。平均表观活化能和反应级数分别为:E_{左旋葡聚糖}第一、第二阶段分别为115.80 kJ/mol(0.5级)、141.19 kJ/mol(2/3级); E_混合物第一阶段为54.46 kJ/mol(1级)、第二阶段为50.67 kJ/mol(2/5级); E_丁香酚为42.29 kJ/mol(0.7级); E_香草醛为36.53 kJ/mol(0.95级)。     

非胺类CO2吸收剂的研究进展

针对CO₂所带来的全球气候变化问题,本文综述了可用于捕集CO₂的非胺类吸收剂类型,认为氨基酸盐、氨基酸-碳酸钾体系、离子液体、生物型吸收剂、钙基吸收剂分别具有较高的CO₂循环吸收负荷、低毒性、热稳定性好、较优的生物相容性、钙源易获取的优势,可以弥补胺类吸收剂在吸收-解吸CO₂时腐蚀性强、再生能耗高、对环境产生二次污染等方面的不足。氨基酸盐、氨基酸-碳酸钾体系可应用于具有一定规模的CO₂捕集工业中;离子液体可应用于精准、绿色环保去除CO₂工业中;生物型吸收剂可用于规模小、CO₂浓度低的工业中;钙基吸收剂可运用于CO₂浓度高的工业中。上述吸收剂皆具有一定的工业前景。     

甲烷自热重整制氢的热力学和动力学分析

对甲烷自热重整进行了系统的热力学分析,并采用预混合层流模型结合甲烷氧化、蒸汽重整、干重整机理对反应过程进行了动力学分析。结果表明,甲烷自热重整的平衡产物及其浓度主要受温度、O₂/CH₄、H₂O/CH₄的影响;压力影响不是十分明显,主要影响达到平衡的速度。在715℃~730℃、压力0.7MPa~1.0MPa,控制O₂/CH₄在0.60~0.70、H₂O/CH₄在3.15~3.25,可以得到H₂>68%、CO<10%的产物气,积炭率接近于0。动力学分析表明,自热重整过程分为两个主要阶段进行,在起始阶段主要发生甲烷氧化反应,产物主要为H₂O和CO₂;第二阶段以甲烷蒸汽重整反应为主,伴随水气变换反应（WGS）和微弱的干重整,H_2、CO和CO₂为主要产物。调节初始水浓度可以控制快速氧化阶段反应速率,避免“热点”出现,抑制CO的生成。     

Design of Multiple Metal Doped Ni Based Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Bio-oil Reforming at Mild-temperature

A new kind of multiple metal (Cu, Mg, Ce) doped Ni based mixed oxide catalyst, synthesized by the co-precipitation method, was used for efficient production of hydrogen from bio-oil reforming at 250-500 oC. Two reforming processes, the conventional steam reforming (CSR) and the electrochemical catalytic reforming (ECR), were performed for the bio-oil reforming. The catalyst with an atomic mole ratio of Ni:Cu:Mg:Ce:Al=5.6:1.1:1.9:1.0:9.9 exhibited very high reforming activity both in CSR and ECR processes, reaching 82.8% hydrogen yield at 500 oC in the CSR, yield of 91.1% at 400 oC and 3.1 A in the ECR, respectively. The influences of reforming temperature and the current through the catalyst in the ECR were investigated. It was observed that the reforming and decomposition of the bio-oil were significantly enhanced by the current. The promoting effects of current on the decomposition and reforming processes of bio-oil were further studied by using the model compounds of bio-oil (acetic acid and ethanol) under 101 kPa or low pressure (0.1 Pa) through the time of flight analysis. The catalyst also shows high water gas shift activity in the range of 300-600 oC. The catalyst features and alterations in the bio-oil reforming were characterized by the ICP, XRD, XPS and BET measurements. The mechanism of bio-oil reforming was discussed based on the study of the elemental reactions and catalyst characterizations. The research catalyst, potentially, may be a practical catalyst for high efficient production of hydrogen from reforming of bio-oil at mild-temperature.     

Effects of Preparation Method on the Performance of Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts for Hydrogen Production by Bio-Oil Steam Reforming

Steam reforming of bio-oil derived from the fast pyrolysis of biomass is an economic and renewable process for hydrogen production. The main objective of the present work has been to investigate the effects of the preparation method of Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts on their performance in hydrogen production by bio-oil steam reforming. The Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by impregnation, co-precipitation, and sol?Cgel methods. XRD, XPS, H₂-TPR, SEM, TEM, TG, and N₂ physisorption measurements were performed to characterize the texture and structure of the catalysts obtained after calcination and after their subsequent use. Ethanol and bio-oil model compound were selected for steam reforming to evaluate the catalyst performance. The catalyst prepared by the co-precipitation method was found to display better performance than the other two. Under the optimized reaction conditions, an ethanol conversion of 99% and a H₂ yield of 88% were obtained.     

Electrochemical catalytic reforming of oxygenated-organic compounds: a highly efficient method for production of hydrogen from bio-oil

A novel approach to produce hydrogen from bio-oil was obtained with high carbon conversion (>90%) and hydrogen yield (>90%) at T<500 degrees C by using the electrochemical catalytic reforming of oxygenated-organic compounds over 18%NiO/Al(2)O(3) reforming catalyst; thermal electrons play important promoting roles in the decomposition and reforming of the oxygenated-organic compounds in the bio-oil.     

CaO高温吸附捕集CO2-制备CaO的钙基前驱体材料筛选

价格低廉的CaO材料在高温下能高效吸附捕集CO2气体,被认为是碳减排的有效方法之一．然而,CaO长时间循环碳酸化／煅烧解吸后,其CO2的化学吸附容量下降,稳定性较差,限制了该材料的工业应用．本文采用天然钙源（牡蛎壳和方解石等）和化学试剂（醋酸钙）为钙基前驱材料制备CaO．采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,X射线衍射仪（XRD）和氮气吸附仪等手段对制备的CaO材料进行形貌和物理结构的分析表征;在高温和模拟的烟道气氛条件下（10％C02和90％N2）,采用热重分析仪测量CaO吸附CO2的能力和长时间循环碳酸化／煅烧解吸后的稳定性．我们经过与目前所报道的其他钙基吸附材料进行比较,并结合钙基前驱材料的市场价格,发现CaO（醋酸钙）的CO2吸附能力和稳定性较为理想,醋酸钙在高温烟气捕碳方面具有非常好的应用前景．     

稻壳生物油的燃烧及污染物排放特性研究

对稻壳生物油在空气气氛下进行了热重分析,并计算得到生物油的挥发、降解和残炭燃烧的活化能分别为63.11kJ/mol、81.01kJ/mol和161.29kJ/mol。在自砌的小型工业窑炉上开展了生物油燃烧实验,研究了生物油的点火工艺和燃烧污染物的排放规律。通过调整喷雾速度和喷嘴结构,在炉膛预热并使用明火点火源的情况下,生物油可以顺利点火。生物油燃烧容易生成CO,提高过量空气系数能有效地控制CO的生成,但同时会生成更多的NOx。在生物油中添加甲醇和乙醇助剂后,点火容易,燃烧温度提高,尾气中CO和NOx含量都一定程度的下降。     

Thermal stability of gamma-irradiated polyurethane/POSS hybrid materials

Through temperature-programmed pyrolysis, the physicochemical properties of Pteria martensii (PM) before and after calcination are investigated. Our results show that the mass loss is 11.02% from room temperature to 600 °C with an average mass loss rate of 0.19% per min. The decomposition of organics coupling with the phase transition of calcium carbonate from aragonite to calcite occurs in the range of 367.4–423.0 °C, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. The decomposition pores and channels are changed forming complex porous structures. The surface of sample shows a much rougher fracture, with higher C, O and N element concentrations. At the stage of decomposition and phase transition of organics, the average activation energy value is 118.78 kJ mol^?1. This study provides valuable information on the calcination process and calcined PM for use in medicines.     

醋酸仲丁酯加氢反应中Cu/B/Ca/Al_2O_3催化剂的失活及再生

Cu/B/Ca/Al2O3催化剂在长达1 118 h的催化醋酸仲丁酯加氢反应中出现了明显的失活.经过对比分析反应前、后和再生催化剂的组成、形貌和结构,发现金属铜粒子在长时间反应后无明显聚集,醋酸仲丁酯加氢反应中部分氧化钙向醋酸钙转变而引起催化剂结构的改变以及有机物种在催化剂表面的沉积是其失活的根本原因.失活后的催化剂经过350℃空气焙烧再生能够有效消除表面沉积的醋酸钙和有机物种,基本恢复催化剂的结构及其催化醋酸仲丁酯加氢反应的性能.     

Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of Bio-oil from swine manure

Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of bio-oil derived from swine manure were investigated using thermogravimetry techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis of the bio-oils were carried out in O₂ and N₂ atmosphere under different heating rates (5–20 °C/min) to a maximum temperature of 900 °C. The results indicate that the combustion processes of bio-oil occurred in three stages, namely the water and the lighter compound evaporation, i.e., the release of the volatile compounds, ignition and burning of the heavier compounds (mainly carbon), and finally decomposition of the carbonate compounds. The effect of heating rate was also studied, and higher heating rates were found to facilitate the combustion process. Different reaction kinetic mechanisms were used to treat TG data, and showed that diffusion models are the best fit for describing the combustion of bio-oil in air. The kinetic parameters of the three stages were determined using Coats–Redfern method. The study provided reliable basic data for the burning of bio-oil.     

Pretreatment of poplar wood for fast pyrolysis: rate of cation removal

It is well known that the presence of alkaline cations in biomass affect the mechanism of thermal decomposition during fast pyrolysis causing primarily fragmentation of the monomers making up the natural polymer chains rather than the predominant depolymerization that occurs in their absence. As a result, liquid products (bio-oil) of quite different compositions can be obtained, and these bio-oils may be used for quite different purposes. A considerable amount of research has been carried out on the changes in mechanism occurring due to the presence and absence of these cations during fast pyrolysis and the compositional changes occurring in the bio-oil product as a result. However, if removal of such cations is to be practised as an industrial process, it would be desirable to have some information on the rates of the exchange step and the degree of removal of a particular cation that can be economically achieved. The present work describes a preliminary study of the rates of removal of the indigenous alkaline cations in a poplar wood (potassium and calcium mainly) by an ion exchange process using a dilute acid. The exchange process is rapid and potassium is more easily removed than calcium. It is also shown that hot water washing alone is able to remove a major amount of the alkaline cations from wood. The deionized wood can be used as the feed for a fast pyrolysis process for the thermal conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to anhydrosugars for use in synthesis, or for conversion to fermentable sugars in good yield.     

Effect of heat treatment on the physico-chemical properties and catalytic activity of manganese nodules leached residue towards decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

The effect of calcination temperature on the physico-chemical characterization of manganese nodule leached residue (MNLR) and water-washed manganese nodule leached residue (WMNLR) has been investigated on the basis of chemical analysis, XRD, TG-DTA, FTIR, surface hydroxyl groups, surface oxygen, reducing and oxidizing sites, surface area. XRD and IR confirm the presence of amorphous iron oxyhydroxides, delta-MnO2, which are converted to alpha-Fe2O3 and gamma-Mn2O3 phases above 400 degrees C of calcination, respectively. A solid solution of Fe2O3 and Mn2O3 is formed above 700 degrees C. The surface area, surface hydroxyl group, surface oxygen, reducing and oxidizing sites increase with the increase in calcination temperature up to 400 degrees C and then decrease with further rise in calcination temperature up to 700 degrees C. The catalytic activity of the sample towards H2O2 decomposition shows the similar trend as surface properties. A suitable Mn(3+)Mn4+ couple favours H2O2 decomposition reaction. The activity has been correlated with various physico-chemical properties.