新型阴极缓冲层对聚合物太阳能电池性能的影响

研究了引入有机小分子尿素(urea)作为阴极缓冲层的以P3HT∶ PCBM为活性层的体异质结聚合物太阳能电池(BHJ-PSCs).通过溶液旋涂法制备尿素层,并且以不同的旋涂速度得到不同厚度的尿素.在模拟的标准太阳光(100 mW/cm2)照射下,以3000 r/min的转速旋涂尿素得到的器件取得了9.15mA/cm2的短路电流密度,此时对应的能量转换效率较不加尿素层时的效率提高了20;,由2.8;增加到3.36;.原子力显微镜的测试表明,尿素层的引入改善了有机层和Al电极的接触.暗态J-V曲线的研究以及外量子效率的分析说明尿素层的引入抑制了载流子的复合,促进了载流子的传输与收集.尿素分子中氧原子上的孤对电子和Al发生强烈的化学反应,有效保护了活性层免受蒸镀的Al原子因注入带来的破坏,这种保护行为减少了载流子的复合,提高了器件的性能.     

阳极光电性能对聚合物太阳电池性能的影响

为验证ITO的光电性能,以不同类型ITO作为光电阳极,采用旋涂与真空蒸镀的方法制备本体异质结聚合物太阳电池ITO/PEDOT∶ PSS/P3HT∶ PCBM/Al,研究了ITO表面形貌及光场分布对太阳电池光电性能的影响.结果表明,合适的ITO厚度及表面形貌能够在有效收集空穴的同时,提高光子透过率,保证有源层对光子的吸收.合适的ITO阳极厚度及表面形貌能够有效提高聚合物太阳电池的光伏性能,使得聚合物电池的效率从0.07;提升至1.30;.     

碳酸铯阴极缓冲层对有机太阳电池器件性能的影响

以poly(3-hexyhhiophene)(P3HT)作为电池给体材料,[6,6]-phenyl-C60-butyric acid methyl ester(PC61BM)为电池受体材料,使用Cs2CO3作为电池的阴极修饰层,通过测量不同条件下制备的器件的J-V曲线和转换效率,研究了Cs2CO3的厚度以及退火温度对电池器件性能的影响.结果表明在2000 r/min转速下旋涂Cs2CO3并在130℃温度下进行退火10 min,电池的短路电流、填充因子、转换效率分别提高到11.56 mA/cm2、58.28;、3.37;,与未处理的器件相比效率提高了16;,而且使用碳酸铯作为阴极缓冲层可以有效的提高电池的稳定性,延长器件的寿命.     

氧化还原法制备氧化锰超级电容器电极材料

以高锰酸钾(KMnO4)和聚乙烯吡络烷酮(PVP)为原料,采用氧化还原法制备介孔氧化锰.研究发现,产物的晶型和微观结构受KMnO4溶液浓度的影响.当KMnO4溶液浓度从0.1 mol·L-1增加到0.3 mol·L-1,产物从比表面积13.6 m2·g-1的晶态Mn3O4转变成比表面积约60 m2·g-1的非晶态MnO2.电化学测试表明:非晶MnO2具有最佳电化学性能,在2 mol·L-1 KOH溶液中,1 A·g-1的电流密度下的比电容可达442 F·g-1,5 A·g-1的电流密度下循环1100次后比电容保有率为72.6;.     

ZnO薄层对体异质结有机太阳能电池性能的影响

本文主要研究了ZnO薄层的插入对P3HT:PCBM为活性层的有机太阳能电池性能的影响,由于ZnO的功函数接近PCBM有利于电子的传输和ZnO低的HOMO起到阻挡空穴的作用,从而平衡电子和空穴的传输;在活性层和Al电极之间插入3 nm的ZnO薄层作为空穴阻挡层和电子选择层,使得电池转化效率由2.65;提高到3.45;.研究表明,由于ZnO薄层有利于改善活性层内部光场强度分布,从而使活性层的吸收进一步增强,进而达到了提高效率的目的.     

基于P3HT空穴传输层的钙钛矿太阳能电池性能仿真研究

利用AMPS-1D软件对钙钛矿太阳能电池性能进行仿真.研究发现,当P3HT厚度500 nm时,钙钛矿太阳能电池的短路电流密度Jsc=18.995 mA/cm2,光电转换效率Ef=17.425;,填充因数FF=0.824,开路电压Voc=1.113 V.钙钛矿太阳能电池的光吸收层厚度为400 nm时,钙钛矿太阳能的光电转化效率最大.钙钛矿太阳能电池开路电压、短路电流密度、填充因数和光电转化效率等性能随着阴极材料功函数的增大而减.通过理论计算对制备高性能的太阳能电池具有指导性作用.     

超细长银纳米线的制备及其导电薄膜性能优化

以硝酸银为银源、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为形貌导向剂、硫酸铁为诱导剂、葡萄糖为还原剂,采用高效便捷的水热法制备银纳米线(AgNWs),通过调控PVP用量和热处理时间致使其长径比大于1000;将异丙醇与乙醇按照一定比例混合,配制出分散性良好的AgNWs墨水,并采用变速旋涂法在玻璃衬底上制备透明导电薄膜;通过低温低压烧结和聚乙烯醇(PVA)固化处理优化薄膜的光学及导电性能,制得方块电阻为(19±2)Ω·sq-1、透过率大于86;透明导电薄膜.     

基于溶剂工程制备高效率钙钛矿太阳能电池

溶剂对钙钛矿(CH3 NH3 PbI3)太阳能电池的制备非常重要,基于目前常用的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和二甲基亚砜(DMSO)两种溶剂,通过一步旋涂技术制备钙钛矿薄膜,在不同溶剂的比例下制备出来的钙钛矿薄膜质量、结晶性、吸光性能,以及最终的器件转化效率都存在着较大的差异.本文通过调节溶剂的比例,研究其对钙钛矿的薄膜的形貌、结晶性、成膜质量等方面的影响.通过优化DMF和DMSO的比例,得到当DMSO:DMF的比例为7:3时,制备出的钙钛矿薄膜质量最高,用该薄膜制备的钙钛矿太阳能电池器件效率高达19.13;,并结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外吸收光谱(UV-vis)、稳态荧光光谱(PL)等表征手段,具体分析了合适的溶剂比例提升钙钛矿太阳能电池器件效率.     

三硒化二铋微/纳米晶的可控合成

采用溶剂热法,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和乙二醇的混合溶剂中,无碱条件下,通过添加适量聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),成功制备出硒化铋微/纳米晶.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微术(SEM)、透射电子显微术(TEM)、选区电子衍射(SAED)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对产物进行了表征,结果表明获得了Bi2Se3单晶纳米片结构,边长约为300～1100 nm,厚度约为200～500 nm,讨论了PVP添加量对产物形貌的影响,并研究了六方片状硒化铋产物的产生机理.     

TiO2/P3HT纳米复合材料光催化降解甲基橙的动力学研究

用化学氧化聚合法制备了导电聚合物聚3-己基噻吩(P3HT).用聚3-己基噻吩改性纳米二氧化钛,合成TiO2/P3HT纳米复合微粒.对其光催化降解甲基橙的反应动力学进行了分析,测定了反应的表观活化能.结果表明,纯纳米TiO2和TiO2/P3HT纳米复合微粒光催化降解甲基橙的反应均为一级反应;纳米TiO2经聚3-己基噻吩(P3HT)修饰后在可见光下的光催化活性得到提高,且提高降解温度有利于提高甲基橙的降解率,纳米TiO2经P3HT修饰后降解甲基橙的表观活化能由23.44 KJ/mol下降到19.36 kJ/mol.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.