CH4NS掺杂金刚石的高压合成及其色心研究

压力、温度分别为6.5 GPa、1300 ～1350℃的实验条件下,在FeNi-C体系中添加硫脲(CH4N2S),利用温度梯度法成功合成了掺杂CH4 N2S的金刚石.光致发光(PL)光谱测试结果表明:所合成的金刚石晶体中均有尖锐的Raman峰存在,且该峰位于522 nm处;当合成体系中CH4N2S的添加量为1 mg时,所对应的晶体中未发现有NV色心存在,但在以晶种(100)面生长的金刚石晶体中出现了3H色心,并且3H色心会随着合成体系中CH4N2S添加量的增加逐渐消失.当合成体系中添加2 mg的CH4N2S时,以(111)面为生长面所合成的金刚石晶体中同时含有NV0和NV-色心,此时NV-色心所对应的PL谱的强度是所有晶体中最强的.当合成体系中添加3 mg的CH4N2S时,不管以(100)还是(111)为生长面,所获得的金刚石晶体中只含有NV-色心.     

高温高压下高氮浓度金刚石大单晶的合成与研究

高温高压条件下,通过在Fe64Ni36-C合成体系中添加含氮化合物Ba(N3)2和羰基镍粉(carbonyl nickel)两种方式分别合成了高氮浓度金刚石大单晶.使用傅立叶红外光谱测试(FTIR)分别对所合成的金刚石大单晶进行了测试.对金刚石大单晶样品中氮的存在形式行了分析,并对晶体中的氮浓度进行了定量计算,进而对高氮浓度金刚石大单晶中A心氮原子对的形成机理进行了讨论.     

纯Fe触媒体系下C3N6H6对宝石级金刚石生长的影响

采用温度梯法在纯铁触媒体系下,通过掺入三聚氰胺(C3N6H6)进行宝石级金刚石的合成,探究氮氢对合成宝石级金刚石的形貌、颜色影响.实验结果表明在纯铁触媒的体系中,随着三聚氰胺添加量的增加,宝石的颜色由棕黄色变为浅绿色;红外光谱检测显示,随着三聚氰胺添加量的增加,样品中氮得得含量逐渐增多,并且伴随着宝石级金刚石从样貌形态及内在物质含量上发生了明显变化.     

添加不同硼源时金刚石的高温高压合成

在压力6.5 GPa、温度1290～1350℃实验条件下,研究了合成体系中分别添加单质硼、六角氮化硼(h-BN)时金刚石的合成.由于合成体系中添加剂的存在,导致所合成的金刚石颜色发生了明显的改变.傅里叶显微红外光谱(FTIR)测试表明,当合成体系中h-BN添加量较少时,所合成金刚石中含有替代式的氮杂质,且金刚石中有sp2杂化的硼-氮、硼-氮-硼结构存在.当合成体系中h-BN添加量达到2 wt;时,金刚石中的氮仅以硼-氮-硼的结构存在.此外,霍尔效应测试结果表明,硼掺杂金刚石具有p型半导体特性,而合成体系中添加h-BN所制备的金刚石表现为绝缘体.     

CH_4N_2S掺杂金刚石的高压合成及其色心研究

压力、温度分别为6.5 GPa、1300～1350℃的实验条件下,在Fe Ni-C体系中添加硫脲(CH_4N_2S),利用温度梯度法成功合成了掺杂CH_4N_2S的金刚石。光致发光(PL)光谱测试结果表明:所合成的金刚石晶体中均有尖锐的Raman峰存在,且该峰位于522 nm处;当合成体系中CH_4N_2S的添加量为1 mg时,所对应的晶体中未发现有NV色心存在,但在以晶种(100)面生长的金刚石晶体中出现了3H色心,并且3H色心会随着合成体系中CH_4N_2S添加量的增加逐渐消失。当合成体系中添加2 mg的CH_4N_2S时,以(111)面为生长面所合成的金刚石晶体中同时含有NV~0和NV~-色心,此时NV~-色心所对应的PL谱的强度是所有晶体中最强的。当合成体系中添加3 mg的CH_4N_2S时,不管以(100)还是(111)为生长面,所获得的金刚石晶体中只含有NV~-色心。     

锌添加对大尺寸硼掺杂金刚石生长的影响

采用高温高压法在NiMnCo体系下,通过添加低熔点金属锌合成出硼掺杂金刚石晶体.探究锌添加剂对硼掺杂金刚石晶体合成条件、形貌、颜色的影响.实验结果表明在NiMnCo体系中,随着锌添加量增加,硼掺杂金刚石的合成压强和温度明显提高,晶体的颜色逐渐变黑;红外吸收光谱显示,随着锌添加量的增加,氮杂质特征吸收峰1130 cm-1和1344 cm-1逐渐消失,氮杂质含量降低至消失;1290 cm-、2460 cm-1、2800 cm-1硼相关吸收峰增强,即硼杂质的含量逐渐增多.在传统NiMnCo触媒体系下,锌的添加有利于硼原子进入金刚石晶格中去,本工作为合成高质量硼掺杂金刚石提供新的思路.     

Fe70Ni30粉末触媒中Ⅱa型金刚石大单晶的高温高压合成

在6.5 GPa高压条件下,使用Fe70Ni30粉末触媒研究了Ⅱa型金刚石大单晶的合成.实验结果表明,若不对晶种表面进行保护,高温高压条件下金刚石晶种将发生碳化,致使难以合成出金刚石.当合成腔体中除氮剂Ti/Cu添加量达到2.2wt;时,所合成的金刚石大单晶呈现为无色透明,利用傅里叶显微红外光谱仪(FTIR)对所合成的金刚石大单晶进行了测试,所合成的晶体中不含有氮杂质.然而,F1IR测试结果表明所合成的Ⅱa型金刚石大单晶中有碳-氢基团的存在,其对应的FTIR特征吸收峰分别位于2850 cm-1和2920 cm-1处.此外,所合成的Ⅱa型金刚石大单晶的Raman特征峰位于1132.13 cm-1处,且其结晶度非常高.     

硼掺杂和氮掺杂金刚石的吸附生长过程研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波赝势方法,探究了化学气相沉积硼掺杂和氮掺杂金刚石的吸附生长过程:建立了一端为氢终止表面的金刚石基底模型以及单个氮取代或单个硼取代的掺杂金刚石基底模型,并计算这些模型的最优稳定结构;研究了不同碳氢基团(C、CH、CH2、CH3)、硼氢基团(B、BH、BH2)和氮氢基团(N、NH、NH2)在有活性位点的不同基底上的吸附过程和吸附难易程度.对比计算结果表明:硼原子和氮原子能通过原位取代的方式掺杂进入金刚石晶格中,并且带有两个氢的基团(BH2、NH2)是最有利的掺杂基团;氮原子通过取代进入金刚石晶格中后,难以形成氮二聚体,不能大量掺杂,而硼原子较易形成硼二聚体,可以实现大量掺杂.     

不同反应气氛下氢终止金刚石表面的活化性能

为了探究金刚石沉积过程中不同反应气氛下萃取基团对金刚石表面活化的影响,基于金刚石的同质外延生长机理,采用第一性原理平面波赝势方法分析了三种萃取基团(H、OH、Cl)在氢终止的金刚石[100]表面的吸附难易程度;并通过过渡态搜索计算,获得了CH4/H2,CH4/H2/CH3 COCH3,C2 H5 Cl/H2三种反应气氛下金刚石氢终止表面产生活性位点的反应热及活化能.经对比分析后发现,H、OH、Cl在氢终止金刚石表面的吸附能逐渐增强,且Cl萃取金刚石表面氢原子产生活性空位的能垒最低.因而,在传统的CH4/H2气氛中引入氧元素或氯元素能有效降低金刚石表面活化所需的能量.     

直流电弧等离子体CVD金刚石膜中氢杂质研究

运用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和核反应分析(NRA)对直流电弧等离子体制备的金刚石膜中的氢杂质进行了研究,并通过添加少量空气到反应气体的实验分析了氢杂质的变化.研究结果发现:红外光谱只能检测金刚石膜中的成键氢,其含量随着氮渗入量的增加而增加,并得出2820 cm~(-1)处的吸收是由氮结合的CH基团振动引起的,2832 cm~(-1)处的吸收可能是由金刚石膜特征结构缺陷结合的CH基团振动引起的,而不是氧相关的基团.核反应分析可以检测金刚石膜中的总氢含量,近表面小于50 nm层氢含量变化快,大于50 nm之后氢含量趋于稳定,此值认为是金刚石膜中的总氢含量.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...