天然辉沸石为原料制备P型沸石的水热反应条件研究

以天然辉沸石为原料,经过酸化、碱溶处理,采用水热合成工艺,在保持n( SiO2)/n( Al2O3)＝3.5、n( Na2O)/n(SiO2)＝1.2、n(H2O)/n(Na2O)＝35不变的情况下合成制备P型分子筛.考察水热反应的晶化温度和晶化时间对合成P型分子筛晶型生长的影响,结果表明:水热温度由80 ℃上升至100 ℃,P型分子筛由没有成型到晶型出现,结晶度随着温度的升高逐渐增加,晶面对应越明显.合成P型分子筛的最佳温度为90℃,P型分子筛为集合球状,粒径大约为1 μm;随着水热时间的增长,P型分子筛慢慢成型,分子筛颗粒逐渐变大,6.5 h为最佳合成时间.并且可以看出控制反应时间得到的P型分子筛形状较为规则.     

利用稻壳制备X型分子筛及性能研究

以稻壳为硅源,采用水热法成功合成出了X型分子筛,并对亚甲基蓝染料进行吸附.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外-可见光谱和钙离子交换能力对样品的性能进行表征与测试.研究结果表明,提纯后稻壳灰为无定型态,其主要成分SiO2含量高达98.96;;水热法合成X分子筛的最佳配比为n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3) =3.8、n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)=1.4、n(H2O)/n(Na2O) =40,最佳水热晶化温度为100℃,最佳晶化时间为8h.在此条件下,合成产物无杂相,晶形发育完好,结晶度高,钙离子交换能力高达310.3 mg·g-1.亚甲基蓝溶液初始pH值在11 ～12范围内,初始浓度小于30 mg·L-1,分子筛用量在0.10～0.25 g范围内时,产物对亚甲基蓝有较好的吸附效果.     

煤系高岭土合成NaP分子筛的XRD分析及表征

本文将高岭土在一定温度下煅烧1h,使高岭土变成无定形态的活性偏高岭土,再调整合成体系的配比,最后水热晶化合成了NaP分子筛.采用XRD对原矿、预处理产物和合成的产物进行了分析,采用SEM对产物进行了形貌表征,用激光粒度分析仪对产物粒度进行了分析,最后用化学滴定法测定了产物的钙镁离子交换量.结果表明:在800℃恒温1h能有效活化高岭土,在n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=3.5、n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)=1.4、n(H2O)/n(Na2O)=45、室温老化3h、95℃晶化9h的条件下,获得的晶化产物为NaP分子筛,平均粒径为2.298 μm,Ca2+交换量为315 mg CaCO3/g干沸石,Mg2+交换量为83 mg MgCO3/g干沸石.     

以粉煤灰为原料采用两步法制备高纯度ZSM-5型沸石的研究

采用经碱熔融-离心提取处理后的粉煤灰为原料,经水热反应研究两步法合成高纯度ZSM-5型沸石的过程,探讨了碱灰比、焙烧温度对硅铝溶出量的影响,研究了碱度、晶化时间、晶化温度与硅铝比对合成ZSM-5型沸石的影响.结果表明:碱灰比为2.3∶1,焙烧温度为680 ℃时可获得最高的硅铝溶出量;当SiO2/Na2O =7(摩尔比),SiO2/Al2O3=45(摩尔比),晶化时间为68 h,晶化温度为180 ℃时可获得高纯度的ZSM-5型沸石.     

微孔α-Al2O3支撑NaA沸石分子筛膜的合成与表征

以微孔α-Al2O3瓷板为支撑体,通过负载晶种水热反应合成了NaA沸石分子筛膜,利用XRD和FESEM表征了膜的相组成及微观结构,比较研究了动态和静态两种晶化体系对分子筛成膜的影响机制.将Na2SiO3·9H2O、NaAlO2和去离子水按n(Na2O):n(SiO2):n(Al2O3):n(H2O)= 3:2:1:148配制溶液,于95 ℃水热反应2 h制得晶种;再用Na2SiO3·9H2O、Al2(SO4)3·18H2O、NaOH及去离子水作起始物,按nNa2O:nSiO2:nAl2O3:nH2O=7.5:2:1:600配制膜晶化液,分别将负载晶种的支撑体置于动态(190 r/min搅动)和静态的晶化液中,于97 ℃下晶化4 h合成NaA沸石分子筛膜.结果表明:静态体系形成的膜主要由晶种和分子筛晶粒沉积构成,结构疏松且缺陷较多;而动态体系形成的膜则是由晶种交织生长而成,膜层薄、结晶度高、均匀连续,且成膜过程易于有效控制.     

高硅低品质高岭土合成NaP型分子筛

以高硅含量的低品质高岭土为原料,在高温下碱熔活化,水热晶化合成了NaP型分子筛.实验探究了碱熔温度、晶化条件、老化条件对合成NaP分子筛的影响.采用XRD,SEM及BET对合成产物进行表征.结果表明:未外加硅源,600℃碱熔2h,n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)=1.6,n(H2O)/n(Na2O) =75,70℃老化lh,120℃水热晶化45 h可得到单一晶相NaP型分子筛,形貌为球状颗粒,比表面积为87.12m2/g.     

棒状超顺磁性铁锰复合氧化物制备及对Pb2+吸附性能的研究

采用水热-共沉淀法,以N,N-二甲基十二烷基氧化胺(DDAO)与硬脂酸铁(Ⅲ)(STFE)组成的囊泡为软模板,FeSO4·7H2O为二价铁源,MnSO4·H2O为锰源,NaOH为碱源,制备铁锰复合氧化物.利用SEM、XPS和BET对样品进行了表征,并对复合氧化物磁性及复合氧化物对Pb2+的吸附性能进行了研究.结果表明,样品的形貌可通过不同煅烧温度进行调控,在500℃制备出样品是直径约为40 nm,长度约为150 nm棒状结构;对Pb2+吸附测试结果表明,在500 ℃制备的样品对Pb2+表现出优异的吸附性能,饱和吸附量为618.118 mg/g,重复5次使用后饱和吸附量仍在390 mg/g.特别是这种材料很好的超顺磁性(饱和磁化率为63.9814 A·m2/kg),可以实现对吸附剂有效的回收.     

固体硅胶制备小粒径NaA分子筛

以固体硅胶为硅源、偏铝酸钠为铝源,通过水热合成法制备小粒径NaA分子筛.实验探究碱度、陈化温度、陈化时间、晶化温度和晶化时间对合成NaA分子筛的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)分析手段表征合成样品的物相、结晶度、形貌和粒径大小.实验确定以固体硅胶为硅源水热合成小粒径NaA分子筛的碱度为n(H2O)/n(Na2O)=30,20℃陈化20h,100℃晶化4h,合成的NaA分子筛晶型完整、粒度分布均匀、平均粒径约为600nm.     

水热体系中不同前驱物对合成镁铝水滑石微结构的影响

以不同的镁源、铝源组合为前驱物,利用XRD、SEM及EDS比较研究了水热体系中不同的前驱物组合对合成镁铝水滑石(Mg-Al-LDHs)晶体微结构及晶体生长的影响,同时利用生长基元的配位体理论对其生长机理进行了初步探讨.研究结果表明:当固定体系的pH =12,水热温度120℃、水热时间18h的条件下,不同的前驱物组合均可以合成结晶度较好的镁铝水滑石晶体;但不同的镁源、铝源组合对产物的物相、分散性、结晶规整性、厚径比、纯度、大小及微结构有一定的影响.当镁源固定为MgCl2,铝源分别为Al2O3、Al(NO3)3、AlCl3时,不溶性氧化铝合成的LDHs规整性、分散性及纯度较差,晶体发育不完整;当铝源分别为溶解度较好Al(NO3)3、AlCl3时,合成产物LDHs晶体的结晶度、规整性、分散性及纯度较好,但由于溶解度和相连阴离子极性的不同,造成产物微结构的微小差异;当镁源固定为溶解度较大的Mg(NO3)2时,铝源分别为Al(NO3)3、AlCl3时,同溶解度较小MgCl2相比,更有利于合成结晶度、规整度、尺寸更小的镁铝水滑石晶体.溶解度较大的镁源、铝源前驱物组合合成的镁铝水滑石有更高的结晶度和规整度.EDS分析证实,溶解度较差的Al2O3合成的镁铝水滑石纯度较差.溶解度较好的不同镁源、铝源前驱物组合合成的镁铝水滑石不含有任何其它阴离子杂质,平均镁铝比约为3,非常接近LDHs的理论值.     

钾长石碱熔活化合成4A沸石研究

为了实现钾长石资源的综合利用,本文提出了碳酸钠碱熔活化钾长石制备碳酸钾和4A沸石的工艺.确定了碱熔活化反应的适宜条件.碱熔焙烧活化物料经水溶碳酸化后,得到含有KHCO3的溶液和硅铝质凝胶产物,前者可以经过蒸发结晶制备碳酸钾;后者经NaAlO2,NaOH和水调整合成体系中Al2O3∶SiO2∶ Na2O∶H2O的物质的量比为1∶2∶5∶185后,在45℃下老化反应0.5h,接着在90℃下晶化9h可制得离子交换性能优良的4A分子筛.4A分子筛的钙镁交换量分别为:296.4 mg/g和108.8 mg/g.合成4A沸石后的母液能够实现在4A分子筛制备中循环利用.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...