对挡土墙上主动土压力的再研究

基于土的塑性及极限分析理论,并结合墙后土体的三维破坏模式,对墙背倾斜、粗糙和墙后填土倾斜的一般情况,本文推出了较为完整的计算挡土墙上主动土压力上限解的表达式,探讨了挡土墙上主动上压力随墙长高比的变化规律．     

临近既有地下室平动模式挡土墙主动土压力研究

对于挡土墙距既有地下室很近,挡土墙与既有地下室外墙之间的填土宽度有限的情形,采用经典的库伦、郎肯土压力理论计算挡墙主动土压力是不合适的,设计偏于保守.本文基于库伦滑动土楔假定,考虑地面超载以及墙土之间的摩擦作用,推导出了临近既有地下室的挡土墙主动极限状态下滑裂面倾角和主动土压力系数的解析公式.分析结果表明滑裂面倾角、主动土压力系数与填土宽高比、土内摩擦角、墙土摩擦角以及地面超载等因素有关.并与经典土压力理论及前人研究成果进行对比,所得结论对实际工程有参考价值.     

IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHOD OF DETERMINING THE HEIGHT OF ACTION POINT OF COULOMB ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

库伦主动土压力作用点位置高度确定为墙高的1/3 处，分析表明这一结论及其推求过程不尽合理.为解决此问题，针对墙后滑动土楔体的受力情况，根据三力汇交原理，考虑墙背土压力的分布与土楔体对其下稳定土体的压力分布的相关关系，采取几何推导方法，得出了主动土压力作用点位置高度表达式；进一步分析了作用点高度对影响因素的敏感性，结果表明其敏感性从大至小的排序为：墙背倾角、内摩擦角、外摩擦角、填土坡角.     

考虑墙体位移模式的成层土动主动土压力研究

为了分析墙体位移模式对成层土动主动土压力的影响,本文基于水平层法,提出一种考虑墙体位移模式影响的成层土动主动土压力计算方法。借助矩阵方程的求解方法,简化了繁复的土压力强度计算式推导工作。利用Fortran语言编制计算机程序,实现了复杂情况下动主动土压力的快速计算。分析了不同位移模式下动主动土压力强度分布、土层微段单元顶底面上的等效黏聚力和等效内摩擦角对不同位移模式下动主动土压力强度分布、土压力对墙踵力矩最大值的影响等问题。分析结果表明:绕墙顶转动(RT)模式下动主动土压力强度分布呈向内收敛的趋势,应力集中于墙体偏上部,绕墙底转动(RB)模式下动主动土压力强度分布呈向外发散的趋势,应力集中于墙体偏下部;等效内摩擦角对动主动土压力强度分布的影响较大;动土压力对墙踵产生最大力矩时的破裂面并非产生动主动土压力时的破裂面。     

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将有限元方法引入到塑性极限分析中,采用刚体有限元离散挡土墙后土体计算区域, 同时构造运动许可速度场,在满足屈服条件、流动法则、虚功方程以及相应的边界条件的基 础上,建立约束方程,引入数学规划方法求解挡土墙在不同变位模式下极限土压力分布. 算 例说明了该方法的正确性和有效性.     

基于对数螺旋滑裂面的有限宽度土体被动土压力计算方法

基于半无限空间假定的经典朗肯和库仑土压力理论无法准确求解有限宽土体的被动土压力．为了求得不同宽度及墙土摩擦角影响下的被动土压力,首先,基于对数螺旋滑裂面假定,建立大主应力与滑裂面的耦合关系,结合应力莫尔圆导出了滑裂面与两侧墙体的夹角,提出了有限宽度土体的滑裂面控制方程;然后,通过对滑动土楔薄层单元应力分析,推导出被动土压力的大小和分布表达式;最后,采用离散元软件对不同宽度填土进行单侧挡墙平动模式下的被动土压力试验模拟,结果表明,所提出计算理论与数值模拟结果基本一致．该方法求解形式简单,具有很好的工程应用价值．     

降雨和蒸发对非饱和土土压力的影响

为了探讨降雨和蒸发所引起的渗流对非饱和土土压力的影响,本文将基质吸力与渗流的关系式引入到基于统一强度理论的非饱和土抗剪强度公式中,得到了降雨和蒸发条件下考虑中主应力影响的非饱和土抗剪强度公式;结合土体的极限平衡理论,推导出了受降雨和蒸发影响的主动土压力、被动土压力、静止土压力系数公式;最后通过数值算例进行了分析。结果表明:在降雨和蒸发条件下,非饱和土主动土压力最小值为-145kPa,被动土压力最小值为139kPa;而常规方法计算的主动土压力最小值为-13.85kPa,被动土压力最小值为41.57kPa;在降雨和蒸发条件下,非饱和土主动土压力小于饱和土主动土压力,而被动土压力则相反;在非饱和土中,降雨和蒸发所引起的渗流使得静止土压力系数随着与地下水位距离的增加而减小,在地表附近将会达到-1;而在饱和土中,本算例中各计算点的静止土压力系数总是常数(K0=0.5)。     

齐地表箱形结构侧墙爆炸反应分析

本文利用一维平面波理论对齐地表箱形结构侧墙进行了爆炸作用下的反应分析,在综合考虑了自由场压力,侧墙变形和土与结构相互作用以后给出了侧墙动力反应的解析解。 本文所推荐的方法用有限元计算作了校核,结果表明:当_顶(和_底)/_侧4时,具有较高精度,计算比有限元法迅速、经济。     

深基坑桩锚支护体系主动区土压力试验研究

通过深大基坑桩锚支护体系主动区土压力现场试验,依据基坑工程时空效应理念,研究分析了在深大基坑开挖过程中桩锚支护体系的受力特性,得出了主动区土压力随开挖进程发展而变化的分布规律,对类似深大基坑支护体系设计时的土压力计算具有重要参考价值。     

标准Ⅰ型四圆弧蛋形断面的水力计算

提出了标准Ⅰ型四圆弧蛋形断面正常水深、临界水深、水跃共轭水深、水面曲线的计算方法。依据标准Ⅰ型四圆弧蛋形断面的形式,根据几何图形研究其水力参数的计算公式,包括断面面积、水面宽度、湿周、断面形心距水面距离的计算公式;根据明渠均匀流和明渠恒定非均匀流的基本理论,研究标准Ⅰ型四圆弧蛋形断面的正常水深、临界水深、水面曲线的计算方法;根据明渠水跃的基本方程研究标准Ⅰ型四圆弧蛋形断面水跃共轭水深计算方法;给出了标准Ⅰ型四圆弧蛋形断面水力参数的计算公式以及正常水深、临界水深、水跃共轭水深的简单计算公式和水面曲线的积分计算公式。通过三个算例进行验证,结果表明:本文提出的正常水深、临界水深、水跃共轭水深的简化计算公式与理论计算公式相比,误差分别为0.049%、0.0082%、0.35%;水面线的积分算法与步高为1mm的分段算法相比,误差为0.816%。表明了本文计算方法的准确性。     

Distribution of active earth pressure of retaining wall with wall movement of rotation about top

Based on the Coulomb‘s theory that the earth pressure against the back of a retaining wall is due to the thrust exerted by the sliding wedge of soil from the back of the wall to a plane which passes through the bottom edge of the wall and has an inclination equal to the angle of O, the theoretical answers to the unit earth pressure, the resultant earth pressure and the point of application of the resultant earth pressure on a retaining wall were obtained for the wall movement mode of rotation about top. The comparisons were made among the formula presented here, the formula for the wall movement mode of translation, the Coulomb‘ s formula and some experimental observations. It is demonstrated that the magnitudes of the resultant earth pressures for the wall movement mode of rotation about top is equal to that determined by the formula for the wall movement mode of translation and the Coulomb‘s theory. But the distribution of the earth pressure and the points of application of the resultant earth pressures have significant difference.     

Rankine pseudo-static earth pressure for c–ϕ soils

This study provides an analytical solution for calculation of seismic active earth pressure on the back of a rigid wall retaining cohesional–frictional (c–φ) soil. The proposed formulation is based on the conjugate stress concept, without employing any additional assumptions, similar to Rankine's original earth pressure formulation. The effects of sloping backfill and wall inclination are considered. In addition, a closed form solution has been derived for the soil–wall friction angle as a function of inertial forces and problem geometry for any given pseudo-static acceleration, as opposed to the constant value commonly employed in practice. The net seismic active force calculated based on the proposed formulations is found to be comparable with those obtained from previously published methods.     

滑滚表面间的流体膜壁面滑移和流体动力学

经典雷诺润滑理论建立在无壁面滑移的假设基础之上。近年来许多试验报告了发生在流体膜流动的壁面滑移证据。本文研究了两固体表面间的流体膜流动特性和流体动力学,发现壁面滑移显著影响膜的流体动力学问题,流体动压力不仅受黏度和几何间隙的影响,而且还由壁面滑移和表面运动强力控制,通过控制表面的吸附性质,甚至可以得到零摩擦表面。另一方面,如果两个表面具有相同的滑移特性,存在一个临界滑动速度使得流体动压效应完全消失;但是在纯滚动条件下,即使界面极限剪应力很小,仍然有相当可观的流体动压效应。     

库仑土压力的变分法研究

以滑动体静力平衡的两个力平衡方程为基础,引入拉氏乘子,将土压力问题以变分学观点来描述,转化为确定含有两个函数自变量的泛函极值问题。依据泛函取极值时必须满足的欧拉方程,得出了主动土压力和被动土压力在取极值时,墙后土体的破坏是沿平面滑动。然后,将土压力的泛函极值问题进一步转化为带有约束的函数极值问题。这种函数极值可利用M atlab6.1优化工具箱提供的fm incon函数进行求解。当土体的粘聚力等于0时,土压力计算结果与库仑土压力理论解完全一致;而当土体的粘聚力不等于0时,归纳给出了相应的土压力计算公式。     

An experimental study of two flows through an axisymmetric sudden expansion

Two turbulent separated and reattaching flows produced by a sudden expansion in a pipe have been studied. The first was produced by a simple axisymmetric sudden enlargement from a nozzle of diameter 80 mm to a pipe of diameter 150 mm. The second was the flow at the same enlargement with the addition of a centerbody 90 mm downstream of the nozzle exit. Detailed measurements of velocity and skin friction (made primarily using pulsed wires) and of wall static pressure are presented. Without the centerbody the flow structure is similar to that observed in other sudden pipe expansions and over backward-facing steps. A turbulent free shear layer, bearing some similarity to that of a round jet, grows from separation and then reattaches to the pipe wall downstream. Reattachment is a comparatively gradual process, the shear layer approaching the wall at a glancing angle. The introduction of the centerbody causes the shear layer to curve towards the wall and reattach at a much steeper angle. Reattachment is much more rapid; gradients of skin friction and pressure along the wall are many times those without the centerbody. The high curvature of the shear layer strongly influences its turbulent structure, locally suppressing turbulence levels and reducing its growth rate.     

高速轧机工作界面非稳态混合润滑过程多因素耦合辊缝力学特性研究

综合运用摩擦润滑理论、流体力学理论、轧制理论,建立了考虑动态辊缝非稳态润滑过程多因素耦合轧制界面力学模型.该模型综合运用了基于非稳态润滑过程的界面摩擦模型、工作辊运动模型、辊缝应力分布模型构成的界面薄膜约束多因素耦合模型.系统分析了非稳态混合润滑状态下,当压下率和表面粗糙度为定值时不同时刻工作区压应力和摩擦应力的分布情况,以及压下率为定值时工作区压应力、摩擦应力随表面粗糙度和后张应力变化的情况.结果表明:在压下率和表面粗糙度为定值时,当具有较大的后张应力时,工作区压应力和摩擦应力却较低,同时压应力梯度和摩擦应力梯度也相当小,摩擦应力在入口和出口边缘处达到最大,当后张应力减小时,辊缝间压应力和摩擦应力增加,压应力梯度和摩擦应力梯度较大;在压下率为定值而表面粗糙度为变量时,当后张应力较大时,表面粗糙度对工作区中的压应力和摩擦应力影响非常大,辊缝间压应力和摩擦应力随着表面粗糙度的增加而增加,当后张应力较小时,表面粗糙度对工作区中的压应力和摩擦应力影响不太明显.     

Upper bound limit analysis of active earth pressure with different fracture surface and nonlinear yield criterion

Conventional calculations of static and seismic active earth pressures of soils on a retaining wall are formulated assuming the soils obeying a linear Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion. However, experimental evidences show that the strength envelopes of almost all geomaterials are nonlinear in nature over a wide range of normal stresses. In this paper, the strength envelope of the backfill behind a retaining wall is considered to follow a nonlinear yield criterion. A simple method is proposed for calculating the static and seismic active earth pressures acting against a retaining wall using a nonlinear yield criterion. This method is based on the upper bound theorem of limit analysis. Both translational and rotational fracture surfaces are employed in the formulation for calculating active earth pressures. Quasi-static representation of earthquake effects using a seismic coefficient concept is adopted for seismic active earth pressure calculations. Instead of using directly the actual nonlinear yield criterion, a linear Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion, which is tangential to the nonlinear yield criterion, is used to formulate the active earth pressure problem as a classical nonlinear programming problem. A nonlinear sequential quadratic programming algorithm is used to search for the maximum solution. In order to assess the validity of the proposed method, values of active earth pressures for different values of seismic coefficients and nonlinear parameters in the yield criterion are calculated and compared with solutions obtained using an extended Rankine’s active earth pressure theory. For the case of static active earth pressure, the upper bound solutions using the present method with a translational fracture surface are equal to the extended Rankine’s theoretical solutions and are slightly smaller than those obtained using the present method with a rotational fracture surface. For the case of seismic active earth pressure, numerical results obtained using the present method with a rotational fracture surface is very close to the extended Rankine’s theoretical solutions. A study is conducted to investigate the effects of the parameters in the nonlinear yield criterion on the active earth pressures.