考虑非饱和粘性土含水量变化的地铁隧道围岩土体稳定性分析

含水量是非饱和土力学性质的重要控制因素,非饱和粘性土是北京地铁苏州街车站隧道的主要围岩土体类型,应用钻孔取样的方法取得隧道周边区域内的土体系统样本,通过三轴试验和含水量测试建立了非饱和粘性土围岩的变形和强度参数与含水量的相关性,进而明确了该工程场地非饱和粘性土的主要参数与含水量的关系,以此为基础确定了工程场地不同区域的土体力学参数,通过有限元数值分析方法研究了施工过程中的围岩土体稳定性与地表沉降量,明确了考虑土体含水量变化条件下的隧道开挖施工过程中的围岩土体稳定性状况。     

长距离叠交隧道施工过程三维有限元模拟研究

浦东南路站～南浦大桥站区间隧道工程全长2000米,在浦西段位于南浦大桥桩基间施工,为确保线型同时避让南浦大桥桥桩,采用长距离叠交隧道施工工艺,叠交距离达437．7米,为国际罕见。为了优化盾构施工的各项施工参数,有效进行施工过程控制,完善施工技术方案,保证科学合理、安全优质地完成隧道的设计与施工,同时为以后叠交隧道工艺及隧道线路规划、设计的优化提供借鉴,为类似工程施工提供经验积累,对盾构隧道长距离叠交施工进行三维非线性静力应力应变分析。通过模拟研究建立了三维有限元模型,经过计算分析,国内首次分析了长距离叠交过程中后建隧道盾构施工对已建隧道的影响,摸索出隧道推进过程中的周围土体的移动规律、地表面水平位移及地面沉降规律、已建隧道管片位移和变形及应力变化规律。     

深埋并行双线隧道顺序施工过程的时效理论分析

在流变岩土体中进行并行双线隧道施工时,隧道施工过程、布置方式对应力、位移的时空分布有显著影响。针对粘弹性岩土体中双向不等的应力作用下的双圆形隧洞顺序施工问题,本文推导得到了各施工时段开挖增量位移和应力的理论解。推导中利用Laplace变换给出粘弹性解答与弹性复位势的关系,并根据各时段受力情况,应用粘弹性叠加关系导出最终解答。理论解与相同条件下有限元解进行了比对,结果吻合得较好。根据解答分析了两隧道空间布置方式对应力和位移的影响,以及倾斜布置时侧压系数的影响。相比数值方法,理论解答可更方便地进行参数分析和初步设计。     

基于破坏接近度的地铁隧道流固耦合稳定性分析

合肥地铁1号线盾构隧道下穿南淝河,施工中存在安全风险。运用FLAC3D进行了隧道盾构开挖过程的模拟,基于破坏接近度(FAI)对盾构隧道开挖过程中的岩土体稳定性进行分析。通过破坏接近度指标能够全面直观地评价隧道周围各区域岩土体的稳定性程度,定量给出损伤区和扰动区的范围。数值模拟结果表明:盾构开挖使隧道周边土体孔隙、水压力较初始值显著降低,导致了隧洞周边水力坡降增大,进而使地下水向隧洞拱顶及两侧流动,这些部位有发生涌水的可能;盾构开挖过程中,岩土体渗流场产生的渗流作用力对应力场分布产生较大的影响,在流固耦合条件下,隧洞周边岩土体FAI显著增大,部分区域已进入损伤区;在掌子面推进的过程中,当掌子面在分析断面前后2个开挖步数范围内时,断面的破坏接近度的分布变化明显,表明该范围内土体稳定状态受开挖扰动影响显著。研究盾构开挖过程中的破坏接近度分布及演化规律对施工中采取相应施工措施具有重要的指导意义。     

泥水平衡盾构机掘进并行数值模拟方法研究

以某大型越江隧道工程为背景,建立该工程场地土层的大规模三维非线性数值模型。同时基于共享内存式并行计算平台(SMP),利用刚度迁移法,完成了泥水平衡盾构机逐步掘进百米长距离,并穿越大堤这一复杂力学过程的大规模数值模拟。为模拟泥水平衡盾构机掘进各施工阶段,不同施工因素之间的复杂力学作用关系,提出了对各施工因素模拟的简化方法。具体包括:开挖面泥水压力对前方土体的作用、盾构机机头的超挖、盾构机机身对土体的作用、盾尾注浆材料的时空变化特性、盾构机后方百米长拖车对已铺成隧道的作用等施工因素。通过对计算结果与工程试验段实测数据对比验证的基础上,预测了地表沉降在盾构机掘进过程中的变化规律。通过对SMP并行计算平台下盾构法施工数值模型之并行计算效率的对比研究,给出了各并行算法的加速比、计算效率以及接触模型对并行计算效率的影响关系。     

交叉隧道塑性区分布规律、成因及支护探讨

在既有隧道区间上方近距离进行新车站的施工,是地下工程研究中难度较大的问题。本文运用数值模拟方法对北京市地铁五号线东单站上跨地铁一号线,采用浅埋暗挖法施工过程中隧道塑性区分布问题进行了研究,得出在杂填土、砂土、粘土互层条件下大跨度车站底板受既有线存在的影响其塑性区基本以车站轴线为对称轴的矩形分布、既有隧道区间塑性区不同部位的变化幅度,其中以两侧壁最大,并进行了锚杆支护模拟,保证了土体的稳定。     

流变岩土体中浅埋隧道围岩力学响应的理论解

浅埋隧道施工不仅会使开挖面周围岩土体发生变形,还会引发明显的地表位移,造成既有建筑物、基础、管线等发生破坏.针对黏弹性流变岩土体中浅埋隧道施工问题,用复变函数方法、Laplace变换、黏弹性叠加关系导出开挖位移和应力场的求解方法和理论解答,并与相同模型下的有限元解进行了比对验证.本文解答可以针对任意黏弹性模型岩土体进行计算,同时可以考虑纵向推进效应和任意时刻施加的任意大小均布内压.根据解答分析了浅埋隧道开挖引发的不同时刻地面沉降槽的大小、范围;位移随深度的变化形式以及洞周变形随角度的变化规律.相比数值方法,本文给出的理论解可更方便地进行参数分析和初步设计,而且给出的位移、应力场的理论解可以用于隧道和基础、地下管线的相互影响分析.     

饱和土–隧道动力响应的2.5维有限元–边界元耦合模型

针对饱和土中异形隧道的三维动力响应问题,建立了2.5维有限元与边界元耦合模型.将隧道结构视为弹性体,采用2.5维有限元建立隧道模型;将地基土视为饱和多孔介质,采用2.5维边界元建立饱和土体模型.借助组合辅助问题基本解消除了边界积分方程的奇异性.利用饱和土与隧道接触面的位移、面力连续和完全透水或完全不透水边界条件,实现2.5维有限元和边界元模型的耦合求解.模型具有计算效率高、适用范围广的优点.通过与完全透水和完全不透水边界条件下轴对称问题的半解析解以及单相介质的2.5维有限元与边界元耦合模型对比,验证了本文模型的正确性.最后利用该模型计算了饱和土体中类矩形隧道在移动载荷作用下的三维动力响应,分析了不同土体渗透性下位移及孔隙水压力沿隧道轴向、环向和深度的分布规律.结果表明:(1)孔隙水压力随土体渗透性增大而显著减小,位移受土体渗透性影响小;(2)位移及孔隙水压力在隧道环向主要分布在距载荷作用点两侧约2 m的范围内;(3)孔隙水压力沿深度的衰减比土体位移快,且孔隙水压力和轴向位移沿深度的分布受土体渗透性影响大.     

考虑刀盘影响的饱和土盾构对地层干扰分析

为深入研究盾构施工过程中饱和土所受扰动问题,在已有研究的基础上,使用Biot固结方程变换求解得出的土体初始位移解和超孔隙水压力解,经坐标变换,推导了包括面板式刀盘与辐条式刀盘在内的,刀盘正面摩擦力和刀盘侧面摩擦力引起饱和土体竖向变形与孔隙水压力值解析式,对引起土体变形各因素进行模拟,并给出了盾构施工引起饱和土竖向总变形与总超静孔隙水压力的表达式。结合工程算例进行计算模拟,切口附加推力、盾壳摩擦力、土体损失的沉降曲线在垂直于盾构推进方向上对称分布,最大值集中在盾构轴线正上方。盾构刀盘正面与侧面摩擦力对地表盾构轴线两侧产生非对称变形,在盾构轴线正上方的地表处刀盘因素对地表变形基本无影响。两类刀盘对地表变形影响区别不大,辐条式刀盘在刀盘所处断面处引起隧道周围孔隙水压力的响应较为明显,沿盾构方向衰减也较快。     

盾构掘进引起地表沉降的多因素敏感性分析

为了研究各因素在盾构法施工中对地表沉降的影响程度,基于敏感性分析原理,针对一地铁盾构实例,选取土体弹性模量、土仓压力、地下水等3个影响地表沉降的因素,通过变化某一基准参数,让其余影响因素固定,分析研究了盾构施工引起地表沉降对各因素的敏感性。结果如下:弹性模量提高10%时,地表累积最大沉降量可减小15%～20%;在地下水存在的情况下,地表沉降显著增大;而对于砂性土而言,土仓压力越高地表沉降值略有增加。研究结果表明:地表沉降对穿越地层的弹性模量和地下水比较敏感,而对土仓压力敏感性较小。     

一个新的声应力系数及其确定

 为建立声焦散线与平面应力条件下裂尖应力强度因子的关系，定义了一个新的声应力系 数------声程差随应力线性变化的比例系数, 该系数的大小既取决于材料常数又取决于 耦合介质及声束的传播历程. 借助6061-T6铝、EPTI钢两种材料的实验结果，说明了确 定新的声应力系数的方法与步骤. 所得结论是：只要确定了平面应力条件下超声纵波 速度相对变化与主应力和之比，便可确定新的声应力系数.     

循环载荷下砂质土的本构模型

提出了一个描述砂质土循环载荷条件下主要特性的本构模型，并且采用不同围压下多种加载途径的土力学实验确定了模型中的待定材料常数，由本构模型的增量工数值积分计算所得到的理论曲线与不同应力路径下实验曲线十分接近，经实验验证这种本构模型能广泛地应用土工问题的弹－塑性有限元分析中。     

CONSOLIDATION THEORY OF UNSATURATED SOIL BASED ON THE THEORY OF MIXTURE(Ⅱ)

The present paper uses the mathematics model for consolidation of unsaturatedsoil developed in ref.[1]to solve boundary value problems.The analytical solutionsfor one-dimensional consolidation problem are gained by making use of Laplacetransform and finite Fourier transform.The displacement and the pore water pressureas well as the pore gas pressure are found from governing equations simultaneously.The theoretical formulae of coefficient and degree of consolidation are also given inthe paper.With the help of the method of Galerkin Weighted Residuals,the finiteelement equations for two-dimensional consolidation problem are derived.A FORTRANprogram named CSU8 using8-node isoparameter element is designed.A plane strainconsolidation problem is solved using the program,and some distinguishing features onconsolidation of unsaturated soil and certain peculiarities on numerical analysis arerevealed.These achievements make it convenient to apply the theory proposed by theauthor in engineering practice.     

The slip and drift model of a wheel with tyre compared to some other attempts in this field

The Slip and Drift Model (SDM) of a wheel with tyre, introduced in 1969, has brought the formally correct fundamental solution to the two-dimensional problem of a wheel motion: longitudinal force-lateral force-slip-drift (slip angle) relationship. It has taken into account the tyre elasticity and the specifics of soil behaviour. In some recent attempts to compile a modified model, the SDM was either ignored or presented inadequately. The analysis of two such attempts from 1981 and 1987 has revealed that their kinematic formulae reproduce the basic formulae of the SDM and that their static equilibrium formulae, as far as they are based on the resolution of the soil shear stress into x, y components, are not satisfactory as a matter of principle.     

Indentation tests and rolling simulations of a compliant wheel on soil at different consistencies

The investigation presented addresses the response of a compliant wheel in interaction with deformable soil dependent on the water content, and accordingly on soil consistency. Two fine soils are considered. The basic soil properties and the soil shear strength are obtained from routine tests. A non-pneumatic Tweel in full size is tested in a loading device against a rigid base and against soil placed in a container in order to assess its stiffness and the compressional behavior of the soil, respectively. The measured pressure sinkage curves are then utilized in conjunction with a standard explicit FEM code to calibrate a hyperelastic model for the Tweel and an elasto-plastic constitutive model for the soil. Soil-tire interface strength is obtained from shear tests on a flat tire section embedded in soil. The numerical model is then applied to investigate how the water content affects the global response of the tire-soil system under different scenarios of free rolling, braking and driving. The methodology followed, complemented by appropriate soil testing, can be used as guide for the implementation of more elaborate models.     

饱和土地基的非轴对称固结

固结问题是土力学的基础课题之一，现有的研究主要针对饱和土的平面固结和轴对称固结问题。本文应用Fourier展开、Laplace变换和Hankel变换求解了各向同性饱和土的Blot固结方程；讨论了半空间各向同性饱和土的非轴对称固结。借助数值计算，本文的方法可以用于分析各向同性饱和土的非轴对称固结问题。     

临近既有地下室平动模式挡土墙主动土压力研究

对于挡土墙距既有地下室很近,挡土墙与既有地下室外墙之间的填土宽度有限的情形,采用经典的库伦、郎肯土压力理论计算挡墙主动土压力是不合适的,设计偏于保守.本文基于库伦滑动土楔假定,考虑地面超载以及墙土之间的摩擦作用,推导出了临近既有地下室的挡土墙主动极限状态下滑裂面倾角和主动土压力系数的解析公式.分析结果表明滑裂面倾角、主动土压力系数与填土宽高比、土内摩擦角、墙土摩擦角以及地面超载等因素有关.并与经典土压力理论及前人研究成果进行对比,所得结论对实际工程有参考价值.     

SEMI-ANALYTICAL AND SEMI-NUMERICAL METHOD FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF FOUNDATION

A semi-analytical and semi-numerical method is proposed for the dynamic analysis of foundations. The Lamb's solution and the approximate formulae were used to establish the relation of the contact force and deflection between the foundation and soil. Therefore, the foundation can be separated from soil and analyzed by FEM as for the static cases. The plate can be treated as that the known forces are acting on the upper surface, and the contact pressure from soil can be represented as the deflection. So that only the plate needs to be divided into elements in the analysis. By this method, a series of vibration problems, including various shapes and rigidities of foundations, different excitation frequencies, were analyzed. Furthermore, it can be used for the embedded foundation. The numerical examples show that this method has simplicity, highly accurate and versatile. It is an effective method for the dynamic analysis of foundations.     

植物固沙区土壤水热运移耦合模型研究

根据Ｐｈｉｌｉｐ与Ｖｒｉｅｓ提出的土壤中水热交换的耦合理论，建立了植物固沙区土壤水热运移的耦合模型，考虑了液态水和汽态水运移对温度的变化，分析了植物根系吸水对土壤水热交换的影响，给出了植物蒸腾量、土壤蒸发量、根系汲水率及土壤表面热通量等有关变量的计算公式．利用本模式并采用具有二阶精度的Ｃｒａｎｋ－Ｎｉｃｏｌｓｏｎ格式对非线性扩散方程进行离散，对沙坡头植物固沙区土壤水热交换过程进行了数值模拟，模拟结果和实测值进行了比较，总体上符合较好，证明本模型具有实用价值，可为改造沙漠提供科学依据     

Approximate solution for the temperature field of 1-D soil freezing process in a semi-infinite region

Unfrozen liquid water always exists in the humid soil system below freezing point, and the amount of the unfrozen water decreases continuously with the temperature decreasing. This phenomenon is a special characteristic for the freezing of the humid soil system. The temperature field of 1-D soil freezing process in a semi-infinite region has been studied. The problem is a Stefan-like problem. After the continuous phase change process of soil water is divided into a finite number of substeps, the Stefan problem of a multi-phase material is obtained. A similarity solution is found and determined. In order to get the right solution of the nonlinear equations, a variable substitution technique is introduced. The approximate solution is verified by the numerical results of the continuous phase change model of soil freezing process. Finally, for practical purpose, the advancing factor of the freezing front and the mean squared error of the temperature caused by the measurement errors are defined. Computational examples concerning the effect of different parameters on the advancing factor of the freezing front and the effect of the measurement errors on the accuracy of the solution are presented and discussed.