Viscoplasticity of agglomerated suspensions

This work is a theoretical study on the effects of agglomeration on the fluidity and plasticity of a suspension of neutrally buoyant particles in a Newtonian fluid. The dynamics of a cluster of permanently attached spherical particles in a simple shear field is analyzed. The viscous and plastic components of the drag force acting on each of the agglomerated particles is then calculated and found to depend on the size of the individual particle unit, its location being relative to the center of the cluster and the material properties of the engulfing fluid. This information in conjunction with the knowledge of the interparticle cohesive forces is used to establish criteria for the agglomerate size reduction during dispersive mixing. From the kinematics of the cluster movement and the forces acting on its particulate components the rate of energy dissipation is calculated and utilized to evaluate the viscosity and yield stress of the suspension. These rheological parameters depend on the volume fraction and architecture of the agglomerate, the number of fused particles per cluster, and the viscosity of the suspending fluid. The analysis is also extended to include the case of polydispersity of agglomerate sizes.     

Reserve ability of parallel system with failed elements

The aim of the analysis is to define for a system with parallel elements conditions at which the failure of one or several elements does not cause immediate failure of the whole system. The critical number of failed elements of such a system is assessed based on the strength probability properties of its structural elements. The condition of the catastrophic failure of the whole system is defined by the shape and scale parameters of the strength probability function and the number of parallel elements. The proposed probabilistic model allows estimating the ability of the parallel systems to continue operation when some of its elements are broken.     

Evolution of viscoelastic properties of polyurethane in the course of curing

Simultaneous measurements of the components of dynamic modulus at the set of frequencies were made by Fourier-Transform Mechanical Spectroscopy (FTMS) to investigate the curing process of a segmented polyurethane.The whole process of curing is treated as consisting of three stages. In the first stage, the material can flow and this stage is complete at the gel-point. In the second stage, the curing proceeds in the network and ends with phase separation of aggregating segments (blocks) of polymeric chains. In the third stage, the curing continues in the two-phase system. The object of investigation was the transition from the second to the third stage. It was shown that the position of the maximum of loss tangent depends on frequency and does not coincide with different characteristic points marking the time dependencies of G and G. This is due to the formation of micro-particles of the newly formed phase. The FTMS method is used for separation of the modulus changes into parts related to formation of chemical and physical networks.Special means of treating calorimetric measurements identified a weak maximum heat output at the moment corresponding to the transition point.     

ARCJET ABLATION EXPERIMENT TO SIMULATE THE CHELYABINSK ASTEROID ENTRY 1)

烧蚀是小行星极高速进入地球大气层后最重要的现象之一,在很大程度上决定了小行星的质量/尺寸变化、飞行轨迹、甚至光辐射特性. 为观测小行星材料在超高速高温流场中的烧蚀现象,在电弧加热器上开展了模拟Chelyabinsk小行星事件典型弹道状态(速度约5.6 km/s,高度17 km,流星体直径1 m)的烧蚀实验. 试件为钝头外形,头部半径20 mm,半锥角18$^\circ$. 作为对比,试件分别采用玄武岩和碳钢材料. 成功记录了清晰的烧蚀动态过程,观察到两种材料试件表面的熔融损失流动、以及玄武岩试件的蒸发喷射和崩裂剥落等现象,全程测得烧蚀气体发射光谱、试件实时外形变化、表面热图变化等数据. 分析结果显示了两种材料明显不同的烧蚀现象和质量损失机制：碳钢在高温气流冲击作用下溅射成大量微小液滴,跟随气流高速流失;玄武岩质量损失以熔融物剪切流动为主,并伴随少量块状剥落及蒸发喷射. 烧蚀时间为4 s,玄武岩和碳钢的质量损失及驻点后退量分别为37.9 g,72.7 g以及7.3 mm,13.1 mm,估算玄武岩材料的有效烧蚀焓约为2.6 MJ/kg,两种材料的烧蚀光谱测量组分与电镜能谱扫描结果吻合.     

一类三维随机动力系统的最大Lyapunov指数

基于一维扩散过程的奇异边界理论,使用摄动方法研究了白噪声参激的一类余维二分岔系统的最大Lyapunov指数渐近表达式和数值解,主要讨论了一维相扩散过程同时存在两类奇异边界以及FPK方程存在平稳解的一般性条件. 通过对参激噪声作用项系数矩阵的分析,给出了不变测度的解析解及其相应的Monte Carlo数值仿真结果,并导出了一维相扩散过程P分岔点的确定方法. 对于一类特殊情形,给出了最大Lyapunov指数的渐近表达式;对于参激噪声作用项系数矩阵的一般情形,则给出了系统最大Lyapunov指数的数值结果.      

La notion de moyenne en turbulence. Quelques réflexions selon une perspective historique

The historical evolution of the averaging concept in turbulence is presented according to a two-fold analysis, taking into consideration the physical meaning and the mathematical formulation. After having placed in their historical context some symptomatic characteristics of turbulent flows, the question of their interpretation as a turbulence syndrome, leading to a unitary identification of the phenomenon, is discussed. We then deal with the emergence of the notion of mean as a tool of physical understanding of such a unitary approach, and its relation with the progression of the “experimental” evidence. We conclude by relating this notion to the theoretical aspects of a determinism on average of the turbulent regime, its finality and some attempts to develop a probabilistic theory of turbulence.     

多刚体系统分离策略及释放动力学研究

紧密连接的多刚体系统可在脱离运载航天器后在轨自主分离,无需多次利用航天器发射装置或在航天器中安装多个发射装置进行分离释放,从而有效提高运载航天器空间利用率, 简化分离释放操作和降低碰撞风险.本文针对多刚体系统的在轨分离释放问题, 研究在轨分离策略及释放过程动力学.首先, 考虑刚体相对运动及姿态变化,基于虚功原理及自然坐标方法建立单个刚体的动力学模型.考虑多刚体系统在轨分离释放阶段的轨道运动和连接约束变化,计入分离时刚体间的相互作用,利用拉格朗日乘子法获得含连接约束的非线性动力学模型. 考虑到实际工程应用,在多刚体系统分离释放阶段,通过安装在刚体间每个接触表面4个角上的弹射装置实现自主分离. 其次,为保证分离过程中刚体之间无碰撞发生, 规划了多刚体系统的分离时序,并基于不同弹射方向及分离顺序设计了两种分离释放方案. 最后,通过算例研究分析了在轨分离释放过程中刚体的非线性动力学行为,验证了分离释放方案的有效性.      

The effect of dissolved polymers on the rheological properties of coating colours

Coating colours used for the coating of paper and board consist mainly of a mineral pigment, which is very often clay, a synthetic binder such as a styrenebutadiene latex, dispersion agents and water retention aids. The latter are often water soluble polymers. These polymers have a very strong influence on the rheological properties of the coating colours, both on the strain rate dependence of the apparent viscosity and on the viscoelasticity. The effects of two different grades of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and one grade of hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), on the rheological properties at room temperature of a clay-based coating colour at pH 8, have been investigated. It is concluded that the high values of the dynamic modulus of the colours are due to interactions between the cellulose derivatives and the solid particles, i.e. mainly the clay particles. For HEC this interaction is associated with adsorption of the polymeric molecules on the clay particles. In the case of CMC, the adsorption is strongly retarded by the presence of the dispersant (a polyacrylate salt). It is suggested that the marked elasticity of the CMC-containing colour in addition to a possible polymer adsorption may be due to charge interactions and/or depletion flocculation. The effect of CMC and HEC on the water-retention properties of the colour is also discussed.     

Large Scale Experiment on Transport of Trichloroethylene in a Controlled Aquifer

Pollution by dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) represents a major threat to groundwater resources. In a real case of site contamination, the efficiency of remediation techniques is often limited by a lack of knowledge of both the extent of the pollution and the behavior of the different phases of the pollutant in the subsurface. An experiment simulating pollution of an aquifer by a chlorinated solvent (Trichloroethylene: TCE) was conducted on a large controlled experimental site called SCERES. The experiment consisted of an injection of 8.9 liters of TCE under controlled conditions at 35cm below the soil surface with an appropriate set up. The goal was to study the behavior of the three phases of the pollutant (trapped TCE phase forming the impregnation body, vapors in the vadose zone, and dissolved traces in the aquifer) in order to better comprehend the mechanisms which govern the propagation and the transfer of this type of pollution underground. The SCERES experimental data indicate that mass transfer from the saturated zone to the vadose zone is important, affecting the repartition of the vapor plume and causing a significant decrease of dissolved TCE concentrations in the groundwater. Furthermore, vertical leaching of TCE vapors due to rainfall strongly influences the degree of groundwater pollution and its lateral extent. The transient mass balance of the experiment is very satisfactory and shows that the main part of the spilled quantity is lost to the atmosphere.     

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DECREASE OF THE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED SOIL1)

从理论上推导出了加筋土强度的数学表达式,分析了土的黏聚力与土筋界面参数变化对加筋土强度的影响,研究表明,当发生拉断型破坏时,黏聚力的减少比筋材提供的拉力占优势的情况下,加筋土的强度会低于素土的强度;当发生黏着型破坏时,黏聚力的减少比筋材提供的摩阻力占优势的情况下,加筋土的强度也会低于素土的强度。加筋土强度的降低程度与筋材在土中形成的夹层、土筋界面透水性、加筋间距有关。     

Embracing the Random in the Self-Organizing Psyche

The history of the idea of randomness in the Nineteenth Century is presented as a backdrop to Freud's understanding of randomness in the psyche. Next, the role of the random event in nonlinear dynamical systems theory is discussed. Then, a revision of the traditional psychoanalytic view of the synthetic function of the ego is proposed based on the process of self-organization in which random elements are utilized in the emergence of new systemic structures. A theory of dreaming is elaborated which transcends the traditional dichotomy of dreams as either random events or meaningful psychological contents. Finally, remarks about psychoanalytic treatment as a process of self-organizing incorporation of the random are offered.     

Measurements of junction coupling during water hammer in piping systems

For the analysis of the effects of fluid–structure interaction (FSI) during water hammer in piping systems, a test facility has been designed and constructed. The research objective is to show on the basis of two specific examples that the necessity of considering FSI is strongly dependent on the boundary conditions of the system. Resonance experiments on movable bends in two piping system configurations focused on junction coupling were carried out. These configurations differ in the length of the hydraulic system and in the geometry of the oscillating bend. The displacement of the bend and the pressure inside the pipe were measured for various free oscillating lengths of the bend while the rest of the piping system was restrained. The results are displayed in resonance curves and frequency spectra for the different configurations. In both cases a correlation between the pressure and the displacement spectrum shows a transfer of momentum from the fluid to the structure, but only in the configuration with the long oscillating pipe section can a reaction of the fluid on the motion of the structure be identified. Frequency shifts of the pressure and a splitting of the pressure peak were observed. The time signals confirm that the effects of FSI are most significant in one system configuration which is strongly influenced by the bend geometry. Furthermore a parameter is presented which quantifies the effects of junction coupling based on the geometrical and hydraulic properties of the bend and the system.     

含损伤演化的TM耦合数值模型及其应用研究

从岩石材料的细观结构层次出发，应用损伤力学和热弹性理论，对热力耦合作用下岩石破裂 过程中热－应力相互作用关系进行了分析. 初步建立了细观岩石热－力(TM)耦合数值模型， 探讨了TM耦合作用下岩石材料的细观结构损伤及其诱发的材料力学性能演化机制，把岩石 热固耦合问题的研究从应力状态分析深入到损伤、破坏过程分析之中. 运用该数值模型对某 硬岩实验室开展的原位尺度实验中的废料处理井间柱稳定性进行了模拟分析，其应力场、岩 石剥离破坏形态及破坏诱发的AE特性等均与实验监测结果表现出了较好的一致性，证 明了该数值模型的合理性和有效性.     

骨陷窝-骨细胞形状和方向对骨单元内液体流动行为的影响

骨组织内的流体流动不仅为骨细胞的生存提供了充足营养供应及代谢物排放途径,也在骨重建过程中起到关键作用. 为了更精确地阐明骨内液体流动的具体形式,这项研究利用骨陷窝-骨细胞的密度,形态和方向等参数来计算骨单元内液体的流动行为. 首先,计算出不同形状和方向的骨陷窝周围骨小管的数量及分布情况,其次利用算出的参数以及骨组织其他微结构数据来估计骨组织的渗透率和孔隙率等参数,最后根据计算所得的参数建立骨单元的多孔弹性力学有限元模型,并分析了在轴向位移载荷作用下骨陷窝形状和方向对骨单元内液体渗流行为的影响. 结果表明,在所研究的参数范围内不同骨单元模型的相同区域上,骨陷窝形状影响下的骨单元最大压力和流速比最小的分别增加了86%和18%;骨陷窝方向影响下的最大压力和流速比最小的分别增加了125%和56%. 伸长形骨陷窝对单个骨单元局部压力的影响远大于扁平形和圆形骨陷窝. 骨陷窝从0°绕$x$轴旋转到90°过程中压力是逐渐降低的,且30°,45°和60°的模型对骨单元内局部流速有显著影响. 该模型表示骨陷窝的形状和方向以及骨小管的三维分布对骨单元内液体压力和流速幅值及沿不同方向的流动差异有显著的影响. 这项研究将有助于精确量化描述骨内液体的流体行为.      

Bearing capacity of strip footings with horizontal confinementLa capacité portante des fondations superficielles en présence de parois rigides

For a strip footing under axial loading, the bearing capacity is influenced by the presence of rigid walls confining the foundation soil. This problem is investigated within the framework of the theory of yield design, considering both a perfectly rough and a frictionless contact condition at the interfaces with the walls in the case of a purely cohesive soil. Upper bounds for the correction factor to be applied to the classical value of the bearing capacity are determined, as functions of the non-dimensional geometric parameter of the problem, through the kinematic approach, implementing virtual velocity fields inspired from the solution to the problem of inverted extrusion. In the perfectly rough case, it appears that the new upper bound is a significant improvement of those already available. A very simple relationship is established, which derives the upper bound for the frictionless walls from the upper bound for the rough walls. A general conclusion of the analysis is that, for the values of the geometric parameter that are likely to be encountered in practice, the increase in the bearing capacity due to the presence of the rigid walls remains very small. To cite this article: J. Salençon, C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

复合柔性结构全局模态函数提取与状态空间模型构建

随着航空航天等领域中实际工程结构的大型化和柔性化,结构的非线性振动和主动振动控制问题越来越凸显.分析和处理此类结构出现的复杂振动问题的关键在于建立系统的非线性动力学模型与状态空间模型.对于由柔性部件、刚体、连接部件构成的复合柔性结构,由于各部件之间的振动耦合效应,单个柔性部件在悬臂、简支和自由等静定边界下的模态与结构的真实模态有较大差异.为此,本文提出复合柔性结构全局模态的解析提取方法,通过全局模态离散得到系统非线性动力学模型,从而构建状态空间模型.该方法采用笛卡尔坐标描述系统的运动,建立系统的运动方程;结合描述柔性部件的偏微分方程、刚体的常微分运动方程、连接界面处力、力矩、位移和转角的匹配条件以及系统的边界条件,利用分离变量法给出统一形式的频率方程,获取系统的固有频率和解析函数表征的全局模态.这里提出的全局模态提取方法不仅便于复合柔性结构固有频率和全局模态的参数化分析,而且为建立复合柔性结构低维非线性动力学模型和状态空间模型提供了有效的途径,对于推进这类结构的非线性动力学分析与主动振动控制研究具有重要意义.      

On the role of stress-induced migration on time-dependent terminal velocities of falling spheres

There is experimental evidence to suggest that even under steady-state conditions the velocity of solid spheres or bubbles moving through viscoelastic fluids can become time dependent. One of the possible explanations offered for interpreting this phenomenon has been the generation of a polymer depleted layer in the line of passage of the particles, which disappears due to the counterbalancing effect of molecular diffusion in the long range. We have done some careful experiments and measured these concentrations to show that no such depletion layers are formed. Alternative explanations of the phenomenon have been examined and the importance of the possible effects of microstructures generated through temporary associations has been emphasised.     

Anisotropic conduction of heat in a flowing polymeric material

In this paper a theory is presented which relates the thermal conductivity tensor of an amorphous polymeric material to the history of deformation of the material. The basis of the theory is formed by the network theory for polymeric materials. It will be shown that the results obtained here are in good agreement with experimental results on rubber. The effect of anisotropic heat conduction on the flow of a polymeric material will be demonstrated by the simple example of viscous heating in shear flow.Presented at the Golden Jubilee Conference of the British Society of Rheology and Third European Rheology Conference, Edinburgh, 3–7 September, 1990.     

Bimodal model of slurry viscosity with application to coal-slurries. Part 1. Theory and experiment

The rheological behavior of stable slurries is shown to be characterized by a bimodal model that represents a slurry as made up of a coarse fraction and a colloidal size fine fraction. According to the model, the two fractions behave independently of each other, and the non-Newtonian behavior of the viscosity is solely caused by the colloidal fraction, while the coarse fraction increases the viscosity level through hydrodynamic interactions. Data from experiments run with colloidal coal particles of about 2–3 µm average size dispersed in water show the viscosity of these colloidal suspensions to exhibit a highly shearrate-dependent behavior and, in the high shear limit, to match very closely the viscosity of suspensions of uniform size rigid spheres although the coal volume fraction must be determined semi-empirically. Different amounts of coarse coal particles are added to the colloidal suspension and the viscosity of the truly bimodal slurries measured as a function of shear rate. In agreement with the bimodal model, the measured shear viscosities show the coarse fraction to behave independently of the colloidal fraction and its contribution to the viscosity rise to be independent of the shear rate. It is shown that the shear rate exerted on the colloidal fraction is higher than that applied by the viscometer as a result of hydrodynamic interactions between the coarse particles, and that it is this effective higher shear rate which is necessary to apply in the correlations. For determining the coal volume fraction a relatively simple and quite accurate measurement technique is developed for determining the density and void fraction of coarse porous particles; the technique directly relates volume fraction to mass fraction.