大气呼吸模式激光推进的机理分析及数值模拟

就大气呼吸模式的推进机理作了较为系统的分析和研究,导出了考虑反射面几何约束的冲量及冲量耦合系数的近似解析表达式。在数值模拟方面,采用前期点爆炸自模拟解和后期高分辨率PPM格式相结合的新方法,计算了固定的抛物面反射镜聚焦入射平行激光击穿空气形成的高温等离子体流场及其对反射面产生的推动作用。结果表明,推进效应(飞行器获得的推力、总冲量、冲量耦合系数等)与反射面的几何参数和入射激光强度密切相关。83J的激光单脉冲能量算例得到的冲量耦合系数为246Ns/J,略高于同种工况下W.O.Schall等实验得到的耦合系数。     

单晶铁电体的宏细观本构关系描述

以高技术电子材料－铁电单晶体为研究对象，在对铁电体中电畸内的细观力学耦合场分析的基础上，采用Ｍｏｒｉ－Ｔａｎａｋａ方法以自洽的方式导出了材料构元的Ｈｅｌｍｈｏｌｔｚ自由能及Ｇｉｂｂｓ自由能函数的解析表达式。并分析在广义应力空间和广义应变空间中，按Ｈｉｌｌ－Ｒｉｃｅ内变量本构理论框架，导出了铁电体畸变屈服面方程，增量型本构关系及内变量的演化方程。文末给出了对ＢａＴｉＯ３单晶材料力电行为的一维数值模拟     

高温激波管化学非平衡流动数值模拟研究

为了预测氢氧定容燃烧驱动的高温激波管性能,需要准确分析激波管非定常化学非平衡流动过程.本文在破膜前的驱动段定容燃烧以及破膜后的化学非平衡流动数值模拟中,引入双时间步长方法,发展高温激波管化学非平衡流动数值模拟方法,该方法在时间上具有二阶精度.计算结果与目前存在的激波管流动解析解以及零维化学反应系统的数值解进行了比较,吻合较好.对于典型高温激波管状态,采用有限体积方法离散准一维流动Euler控制方程,并通过将流动过程和化学反应动力学过程耦合求解,获得了激波管内部的化学非平衡流动特征.     

基于CFD的方形截面导弹纵向虚拟飞行模拟

通过将飞行力学模型及操纵控制舵面的控制律同流体力学方程耦合求解, 能够完成基于CFD方法的虚拟飞行模拟. 通过这种方法实现了方形截面导弹的纵向虚拟飞行模拟. 着重介绍了将飞行力学方程及舵偏控制律耦合到CFD解算器中的方法, 以及用于复杂外形的需要随飞行器及舵偏一起运动的多块结构网格更新方法,研究成果未来可用于非线性条件下飞行器稳定性及控制律的检验. 完成了方形截面导弹纵向虚拟飞行模拟,包括纵向俯仰自由度的迎角保持机动和通过舵面的偏转控制飞行器迎角按照预定的变化量减小; 通过两种典型机动动作的模拟,证明发展的耦合计算方法以及所采用的配平算法可以成功地应用于虚拟飞行模拟中.      

数值模拟在钱塘江涌潮分析中的应用──Ⅱ.计算结果和分析

关于钱塘江涌潮分析中用数值模拟的计算结果和分析,对于一维情况,采用有精确解问题的计算、水跃的数值模拟和溃坝的数值模拟来检验数值方法的正确性,并将该方法应用于钱塘江涌潮的计算．对于二维情况,对存在理论解的直道水激波与有实验数据的湾道溃坝和非线性水波爬坡问题进行了计算,并将该方法应用于钱塘江涌潮的计算,数值计算结果表明了方法的有效性．     

层状压电陶瓷致动器中力电耦合场奇异性的数值分析

首先推导了不同压电材料界面裂纹尖端处的扇形区域内包含基本方程、裂纹面D-P边界条件和交界面处边界条件的弱形式。通过假设力电耦合位移场(位移和电势)与到裂纹尖端距离的(λ 1)次方成正比,可以得到一个分析压电材料裂纹尖端处力电耦合场奇异性的特殊的一维有限元列式。该一维有限元列式只需对扇形区域在角度方向上离散,最后的总体方程为一个关于λ的二次特征根方程。探讨了层状压电陶瓷致动器中可能出现奇异力电耦合场的部位的裂纹面边界条件及交界面处边界条件,进而将该一维有限元法进行推广,用于研究了这些部位的力电耦合场的奇异性。通过数值算例与相应的精确解的比较表明该方法是正确的,而且仅用很少单元就可以得到非常精确的结果。     

PEEK塑料摩擦销的温度场理论计算

按照一维稳态条件,给出了塑料销的温度分布的分析解.考虑了径向和轴向的二维情况,对塑料销进行了稳态与非稳态数值分析.结果表明,数值解及分析解均与实测结果具有很好的一致性     

受压固、气两相介质一维膨胀运动

本文讨论受压固、气两相介质向真空膨胀这一基本的非定常运动,用渐近法得到了早期和晚期自模拟解,在气体绝热指数为3的情形下用数值法得到了过渡期解。结果说明:三阶段的解互相衔接,连续过渡;质量及动量分布由稀到密的变化是急剧的;当自由面运动了大约50倍粒径后,运动基本上可以用晚期自模拟解描写。     

大面积矩形感性耦合等离子体源的三维流体力学模拟

利用自主开发的三维流体力学模型程序,对面向平板显示工艺和光伏工艺的大面积矩形感性耦合氩等离子体源进行了数值模拟.该模型自洽地求解了带电粒子以及中性粒子的流体方程和感应电场的波动方程.利用此模型,研究了气压、功率以及线圈形状对各种等离子体参数的三维空间分布和均匀性的影响.研究结果表明,当放电气压较低时(4 mTorr),电子密度的空间分布比较均匀,且电子密度的最大值出现在腔室的中心区域.感性沉积功率密度、激发态氩原子密度以及电子温度的最大值出现在线圈的下方.随着放电功率的增加,即从1000 W增加到4000 W,电子密度显著提高,但电子密度的空间分布变化不大.随着放电气压的升高,电子密度的均匀性明显下降,即电子密度的最大值主要局域在线圈下方.这是因为在较高的气压下,带电粒子与背景气体的碰撞增加,因此使得带电粒子的密度分布变得局域.此外,文章还研究了不同的线圈结构对于等离子体均匀性的影响.结果表明当气压较高(20 mTorr)时,使用圈,即通过改变线圈结构可以实现对等离子体均匀性的调控.文章的研究成果有助于加深对大面积矩形感性耦合等离子体放电特性的认知,这对于优化平板显示工艺以及光伏工艺至...     

数值模拟在钱塘江涌潮分析中的应用──Ⅱ.计算结果和分析

关于钱塘江涌潮分析中用数值模拟的计算结果和分析,对于一维情况,采用有精确解问题的计算、水跃的数值模拟和溃坝的数值模拟来检验数值方法的正确性,并将该方法应用于钱塘江涌潮的计算．对于二维情况,对存在理论解的直道水激波与有实验数据的湾道溃坝和非线性水波爬坡问题进行了计算,并将该方法应用于钱塘江涌潮的计算,数值计算结果表明了方法的有效性．     

The movement and thermal history of an aluminium particle in a RF plasma generator

In previous studies on plasma-particle interaction, as far as we know, the rf plasma flow and temperature fields are all simulated by the non-self-consistent one-dimensional electromagnetic (1-D EM) field model. In the present paper, the complete self-consistent two-dimensional electromagnetic (2-D EM) field model incorporating the axial Lorentz force component, which is neglected in the 1-D model, is firstly adopted to calculate the aluminium particle trajectory and thermal history in atmospheric rf Ar plasma with the particle evaporation effect included. The crucial effect of reverse flow within the coil region on the particle trajectory is discovered and the results show that the 2-D EM field model must be adopted instead of the 1-D model when the plasma-particle interaction is studied. The effect of carrier gas flux on the particle movement and heating are also studied, resulting in some useful conclusions for both plasma theory and application. recommended by Prof. Wu Chengkang The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

国际等离子体科学与技术会议

在国际等离子体科学与技术会议上共提出论文117篇,代表了在这个领域中最近的发展和成就.论文集分综述、热等离子体(近平衡)和低气压等离子体(非平衡)三个部分.热等离子体方面包括基本过程和模型,诊断,等离子体系统,熔化和气化,冶金,化工过程和热解.低气压等离子体方面包括基本过程和模型,诊断,聚合和表面处理,蚀刻和沉积. 本文包括四部分,即会议概况,主要学术内容,会议特点和等离子体技术前景.      

磁控直流等离子体炬的磁流体动力学模型与仿真

以沉积金刚石膜的磁控直流等离子体炬为研究对象,在经典N-S流动方程和能量方程中引入多项源项(包括因外磁场和内部自感应磁场引起的洛伦兹力、辐射冷却、焦耳生热等),并结合组分质量守恒、广义欧姆定律及麦克斯韦方程组,建立了炬内等离子体的磁流体动力学(MHD)模型。利用二次开发后的FLUENT软件对所建MHD模型进行了仿真,得出了在有外磁场与无外磁场两种情形下,炬内及炬出口的温度和速度分布曲线。仿真结果证实,施加外磁场后,温度和速度的均匀性都得到了改善,有利于金刚石膜的沉积。     

等离子体技术几个方面的研究进展

等离子体技术是近20年间发展起来的。它可以在很大的温度和压力范围内为不同的用途提供纯净热源气体或高温、低温反应工质,因而从一开始就引起科学家和工程师们对它的关心和兴趣。对它的研究进展很迅速,仅从1985年7月在荷兰召开的第7届国际等离子体化学会议(ISPC-7)来看,到会科学家587人,提出论文263篇,内容极其广泛,显示     

Stabilization of non-premixed flames in supersonic reactive flows

A Lagrangian framework is set out to describe turbulent non-premixed combustion in high speed coflowing jet flows. The final aim is to provide a robust computational methodology to simulate, in various conditions, the underexpanded GH2/GO2 torch jet that is used to initiate combustion in an expander cycle engine. The proposed approach relies on an early modelling proposal of Borghi and his coworkers. The model is well suited to describe finite rate chemistry effects and its recent extension to high speed flows allows one to take the influence of viscous dissipation phenomena into account. Indeed, since the chemical source terms are highly temperature sensitive, the influence of viscous phenomena on the thermal runaway is likely to be all the more pronounced since the Mach number values are high. The validation of the extended model has been recently performed through the numerical simulation of two distinct well-documented experimental databases. Only a brief summary of this preliminary validation step is provided here. The main purpose of the present work is to proceed with the numerical simulation of geometries that bring together the essential peculiarities of the underexpanded GH2/GO2 torch. The behavior of the corresponding supersonic coflowing jet flames for various conditions is discussed in the light of computational results. To cite this article: J.-F. Izard, A. Mura, C. R. Mecanique 337 (2009).     

Finite difference method for 2-D and 3-D nonlinear free surface wave problems

A finite difference method is developed for the numerical modelling of the 2-D and 3-D unsteady potential flow generated by transient disturbances on the free surface, on which the nonlinear boundary conditions are fully satisfied. The unknown function is computed with an iteration scheme processing in a transformed time-invariant space. After the velocity is calculated, the location of the free surface is renewed and so is the value of velocity on it. The boundary-value problem of the governing equation is then solved at the next time step. The present method incorporates the FFT. Consequently, a tri-diagonal equation system is obtained which could be readily solved. The feasibility of this method has been demonstrated by 2-D and 3-D examples corresponding to different initial disturbances. This work is supported by the science foundation of Academia Sinica. The paper had been accepted by the XVIth International Congress of IUTAM, Lyngby, Denmark, August, 1984.     

Plane contact problem for a half-space with boundary imperfections

In this paper the new micrmodelling approach to the contact problem for a half-space with boundary imperfections is proposed. The approach is based on a periodic distribution of micro-undulations along the space boundary and leads to the 2-D mathematical macro-model of the contact problem. The general idea of the modelling takes into account certain concepts used in the investigation of periodic composite materials (see e.g. Wozniak, 1993) . The resulting model constitutes a generalization of the known Winkler-type model (see e.g. Shtayerman, 1949) . The numerical solution to the special problem shows the boundary imperfections effect on the contact of bodies.     

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION FOR SYNTHESIZING SILICON NITRIDE NANOPARTICLES USING RF PLASMA CVD

Silicon nitride nanoparticles were synthesized by radio-frequency (RF) plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) using silicon tetrachloride and ammonia as precursors, and argon as carrier gas. By assuming chemical thermodynamic equilibrium in the system, a computer program based on chemical thermodynamics was used to calculate the compositions of the system at different initial concentrations and final temperatures. At first, five elements and thirty-four species were considered. The effects of temperatures, and concentrations of ammonia, hydrogen and nitrogen on the equilibrium compositions were analyzed. It was found that the optimal reaction temperature range should be 1200 to 1500 K to obtain the highest conversion and yield of Si3N4. The inlet position of ammonia should be lower than that of silicon tetrachloride, and both should be located at the tail of the plasma torch. The best moleratio of ammonia to silicon tetrachloride was found to be about 6. Later, the influences of water (.and oxygen) were considered, and 17 additional species were included in the computations. It was found that oxygen or water content in the raw materials should be as low as possible in order to have high nitride content in the produced Si3N4. Nitrogen or hydrogen might be used to replace some or even all the argon to improve the yield of silicon nitride and reduce the cost. The ratio of ammonia to silicon tetrachloride should be high enough to obtain high conversion, but not excessively high to reduce the oxygen content due to the existence of water in ammonia. The simulated results were verified bv experiments.     

Development of localized arc filament RF plasma actuators for high-speed and high Reynolds number flow control

Recently developed localized arc filament plasma actuators (LAFPAs) have shown tremendous control authority in high-speed and high Reynolds number flow for mixing enhancement and noise mitigation. Previously, these actuators were powered by a high-voltage pulsed DC plasma generator with low energy coupling efficiency of 5–10%. In the present work, a new custom-designed 8-channel pulsed radio frequency (RF) plasma generator has been developed to power up to 8 plasma actuators operated over a wide range of forcing frequencies (up to 50 kHz) and duty cycles (1–50%), and at high energy coupling efficiency (up to 80–85%). This reduces input electrical power requirements by approximately an order of magnitude, down to 12 W per actuator operating at 10% duty cycle. The new pulsed RF plasma generator is scalable to a system with a large number of channels. Performance of pulsed RF plasma actuators used for flow control was studied in a Mach 0.9 circular jet with a Reynolds number of about 623,000 and compared with that of pulsed DC actuators. Eight actuators were distributed uniformly on the perimeter of a 2.54-cm diameter circular nozzle extension. Both types of actuators coupled approximately the same amount of power to the flow, but with drastically different electrical inputs to the power supplies. Particle image velocimetry measurements showed that jet centerline Mach number decay produced by DC and RF actuators operating at the same forcing frequencies and duty cycles is very similar. At a forcing Strouhal number near 0.3, close to the jet column instability frequency, well-organized periodic structures, with similar patterns and dimensions, were generated in the jets forced by both DC and RF actuators. Far-field acoustic measurements demonstrated similar trends in the overall sound pressure level (OASPL) change produced by both types of actuators, resulting in OASPL reduction up to 1.2–1.5 dB in both cases. We conclude that pulsed RF actuators demonstrate flow control authority similar to pulsed DC actuators, with a significantly reduced power budget.     

2-D/3-D finite-element solution of the steady Euler equations for transonic lifting flow by stream vector correction

In this paper we study the validation of the new formulation (potential-stream vector) of the steady Euler equations in 2-D/3-D transonic lifting regime flow. This approach, which is based on the Helmholtz decomposition of a velocity vector field, is designed to extend the potential approximation of Euler equations for severe situations such as high transonic or rotational subsonic flows. Different results computed by a fixed point algorithm on the stream vector correction are shown and discussed by comparing them with those obtained by the full potential approach.