PVDF压力传感器的冲击压电特性研究

PVDF薄膜是一种新型的聚合物压电材料.为了研究PVDF薄膜在低压和一维应变下的压电特性,利用立式Hopkinson压杆和一级轻气炮标定了自研制PVDF压力传感器的压电曲线,实验表明该应力传感器频响高,波形稳定,线性度良好,拟合灵敏度系数K值在0～20MPa和100～450MPa压力范围分别为14.96pC/N和11.9pC/N,可以基本满足动态冲击应力测试的要求.但由于PVDF薄膜的系数K受多方面的影响,定量分析有相当难度,建议使用跟实际工作状况相近的标定K值.     

用PVDF实时测量激光诱导的冲击波压力

本文用自己研制的ＰＶＤＦ（ｐｏｌｙｖｅｎｙｌｉｄｅｎｆｌｕｏｒｉｄｅ）压电传感器测量了０．２ｍｍ厚铝和２．０８ｍｍ厚Ｔ３００／环氧复合材料中激光诱导的冲击波压力，首次获得了这些材料中激光冲击波压力的时间演化波形。实验在中国科大强激光实验室的ＹＡＧ脉冲激光器上进行，激光波长１．０６μｍ，脉宽３３ｎｓ，靶面平均功率密度为１０９Ｗ／ｃｍ２量级。从所得数据估计了表面入射压力，其值与已有结果符合良好。实验结果证实，ＰＶＤＦ压电传感器频响高，量程宽，多次使用重复性好，可有效应用于激光冲击波压力的实时测量     

基于激光干涉测量的液体高脉冲压力校准

针对压电式高压传感器等的幅值灵敏度脉冲压力校准中的量值溯源问题,将一种基于牛顿第二定律的液体脉冲压力激光干涉测量方法用于落锤式液体高脉冲压力校准装置。通过质量块的动力学建模以及激光干涉测量质量块的加速度,得到脉冲压力幅值大小,使脉冲压力幅值能溯源到时间、长度与质量等基本量。通过对压力和加速度分布不均、摩擦力等影响进行理论与实验分析,压电式压力传感器幅值灵敏度校准不确定度得到了完整评估。激光干涉法液体脉冲压力校准装置压力幅值覆盖（10~500）MPa,扩展不确定度在1.8%以内。     

一种自由场冲击波压力传感器(YY2型)定型生产

由力学研究所二室研制,杨州无线电二厂小批试制的的一种自由场冲击波压力传感器已于1980年11月正式通过鉴定并投产。该传感器主要用于空中爆炸冲击波的测量。它的特点是灵敏度高,对被测流场的扰动小,结构和工艺简单,价格较低,使用方便。     

低能量导爆索水下爆炸冲击波特性实验研究

为了获得低能量导爆索水下爆炸冲击波特性,在水下爆炸试验容器中对复合铝纤维爆炸索进行水下爆炸实验。采用PCB压电型传感器测量水中爆炸冲击波压力脉冲,获得了复合铝纤维爆炸索冲击波压力峰值,计算了其冲击波比能和高压区冲击波比能。研究结果表明:复合铝纤维爆炸索冲击波能量的输出主要集中在特征时间内的高压区,占到冲击波比能的84%。通过复合铝纤维爆炸索水下爆炸冲击波特性的研究,为其下一步的推广应用奠定了基础。     

新型薄膜式压力传感器的参数设计

利用待测压力与薄膜加速度之间的正比例关系来获取冲击波反射超压峰值的新型测量方法已经得到初步实验验证，该方法具有无需标定、制作简单、成本低廉、测量精度高等优点。为优选薄膜式压力传感器的主要参数，并获取压力测量的不确定度，开展了数值模拟，分析了薄膜厚度、待测压力、拟合参数等因素对压力测量的影响。对薄膜的位移或速度信号进行了拟合处理，获得了冲击起始时刻薄膜的加速度，进而得到了待测压力峰值；将获得的压力与标准压力进行比对，得到了拟合时长、拟合多项式阶次、薄膜厚度等因素的优选值，并获得了薄膜式压力传感器的主要技术指标。另外，开展了激波管比对实验，验证了数值模拟的相关结论。     

PVDF膜在冲击波传播时间测量中的应用

利用PVDF膜测量冲击波走时，给出了用PVDF膜和弹簧探针组成的组合式压电探针的制作方法，以及用组合式压电探针与PVDF膜测量LiH样品中冲击波走时。结果表明，在低冲击压力下，PVDF膜用于冲击波走时测量具有较好的重复性和时间响应特性。     

一种薄膜式的光纤压力传感技术

提出了一种薄膜式的光纤压力传感技术，用于测量冲击波的反射超压峰值。该技术通过建立待测压力与薄膜加速度之间的正比例关系来获取压力。结合Fabry-Perot腔光学干涉测量技术，设计并加工实现了一种光纤压力传感器。开展数值模拟和激波管实验，结果证明，该压力获取技术可行，且该技术具有无须标定、制作简单、成本低廉、测量精度高、响应时间快的优点。     

压电传感器探测层合板分层的数值分析

用修正的准三维有限元法分析了受单轴拉伸表面覆盖有压电薄膜的复合材料层合板。文中首先讨论了压电薄膜层对层合板层间应力的影响，然后在存在分层裂纹的情况下，计算了压电层的电压分布。结果表明将压电薄膜作为传感器来进行分层探测是可行的。文中最后考虑了多种因素对传感灵敏度的影响。     

多相燃料空气炸药爆炸压力场研究

采用高速运动分析系统对固态燃料FAE（Fuel Air Explosive）分散、爆轰过程进行光学测量,用压电传感器等组成的压力测试系统对FAE爆炸压力场进行测量,对固态燃料FAE燃料分散、爆轰波及冲击波进行了研究。分析了气-固-液多相爆轰的特征和压力波形的特点,研究了其冲击波峰值超压及比冲量随传播距离变化的规律。在云雾区内,多相爆轰波压力波形具有多峰结构,爆炸波峰值超压及冲量为一恒定值;爆轰区外,爆轰波转变成爆炸冲击波,峰值压力和比冲量迅速衰减,得到了峰值超压、比冲量随传播距离的变化规律。     

PVDF压电薄膜在应力波测量中的应用

综合介绍了PVDF压力传感器的测试原理、动态标定实验，并采用定制的PVDF压力传感器测量了不同类型分层介质在冲击载荷作用下的压力衰减，说明了PVDF压力传感器在压力测量中有着很好的前景．     

PVDF压电计在低阻抗介质动态力学性能测试中的应用

介绍了ＰＶＤＦ的压电特性,讨论了用ＰＶＤＦ测试材料动态应力应变曲线的实验方法和数据处理方法,并以聚氨酯泡沫塑料为例,说明了它在对低阻抗介质的动态测试中避开了常规Ｈｏｐ ｋｉｎｓｏｎ压杆方法的难处且实验结果具有更高的精确度。     

PVDF应力测量技术及在混凝土冲击实验中的应用

介绍了使用PVDF(polyvinylidene fluoride,聚偏二氟乙烯)应力计的应力直接测量技术。在SHPB装置上进行自制PVDF应力计动态压电系数的标定实验,分析了应力集中、横向泊松效应、摩擦效应对PVDF应力计信号及动态压电系数的影响。用PVDF应力计进行了混凝土的冲击压缩实验。利用混凝土前后端面PVDF应力计信号分析了实验过程中混凝土试样的应力均匀性。与应变计直测应变技术相结合得到了混凝土的动态应力-应变关系。     

Shock response of the commercial high explosive Detasheet

The mechanical and chemical response of the flexible commercial high explosive Detasheet^R is studied under controlled impact and plane-wave, high explosive loading. Results on nonreactive material behavior, sound speed, shock-initiation sensitivity and detonation pressure are presented. The material is found to respond in a viscous manner reminiscent of viscoelastic response of polymeric materials. Time-resolved pressure and pressure-rate measurements with PVDF piezoelectric polymer gauges are presented along with Manganin pressure and plate-dent test measurements of detonation pressure. Detonation pressures of 18GPa are indicated. Pressure measurements show initiation of reaction between 3 and 8 mm for an impact stress of 3.1 GPa. Plane wave loading wedge tests show run distances to detonation consistent with the pressure measurements, and with behavior like that of XTX8003 (80 % PETN/20 % Sylgard 182^R).This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Comparison of different methods of measurement of pressure of underwater shock waves generated by electrical discharge

Different methods for measurement of strong underwater shock waves pressure pulses with peak pressures of up to 200 MPa and rise time of tens to hundreds of nanoseconds are described and compared. The experimental techniques include direct methods of pressure measurement using various electromechanical gauges such as quartz, carbon-based, and commercially available PCB gauges, and nondirect methods based on measurement of the velocity of the shock wave such as time-of-flight and fast-streak photography. Advantages and disadvantages of the used gauges and methods are discussed. The shock waves were produced by underwater electrical discharge (discharge current amplitude ≤100 kA, pulse duration ≤5 μs) initiated by an exploding wire. A good correspondence between the pressure amplitudes measured by the various gauges and methods was observed. The obtained dependence of the shock wave pressure on the distance from the discharge channel was found to be best fitted by a r ^−0.7 law. It is also shown that none of these methods can be used to determine the time evolution of the pressure behind the front of the shock wave.     

混凝土结构内冲击波应力传感器设计及其行为

为测量混凝土结构内的冲击波应力,研制了PVDF压力传感器;介绍了传感器的原理和设计思想,通过传感器的标定试验,得出传感器与混凝土介质匹配性能稳定,通过修正传感器灵敏度或采用将传感器打入包体标定的方法可减小应力测量误差;最后介绍了传感器在混凝土结构内药包爆炸应力波测试中的应用。     

Development of a PVDF sensor array for measurement of the impulsive pressure generated by cavitation bubble collapse

To study the impulsive pressure generated by cavitation bubble collapse, a PVDF piezoelectric array of pressure sensors is developed. The sensor array is fabricated directly on a 25 μm thick aluminum-metalized polarized PVDF film using a laser micro-machining technique. Dynamic calibration of the sensor array is accomplished in a gas shock tube. The average response time of the PVDF sensors to the fast-rising gas dynamic shock is found as fast as 31 ns. The array sensor is then attached on the solid boundary attacked by the collapse of the bubble. The features and the possible mechanisms of the impulsive pressure are discussed. The high sensitivity, low crosstalk, and low cost of the PVDF sensor array indicates its applicability in high amplitude impulsive field measurements.     

Characteristics of impact-driven high-speed liquid jets in water

This paper describes a preliminary investigation of the characteristics of high-speed water jets injected into water from an orifice. The high-speed jets were generated by the impact of a projectile launched by a horizontal single-stage powder gun and submerged in a water test chamber. The ensuing impact-driven high-speed water jets in the water were visualized by the shadowgraph technique, and the images were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera. The processes following such jet injection into water, the jet-induced shock waves, shock wave propagation, the bubble behavior, bubble collapse-induced rebound shock waves and bubble cloud re-generation were observed. Peak over-pressures of about 24 and 35 GPa measured by a Polyvinylidence difluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric film pressure sensor were generated by the jet impingement and the bubble impingement, respectively. The peak over-pressure was found to decrease exponentially as the stand-off distance between the PVDF pressure sensor and the nozzle exit increases.     

Development of a PVDF low-cost shock-wave hydrophone

During a few past years a series of shock-wave generators for lithotripsy and/or tissue destruction studies have been developed in our laboratory. Based on the experiences in shock wave measurements and the drawbacks in existing hydrophones, we have developed a very low-cost, wideband, reproducible shock-wave hydrophone. The key element of this device is the rapidly mounting, disposable PVDF membrane. This is a commercially available PVDF shock gauge which is poled by a patented cyclic poling technique. To obtain the widest possible bandwidth, we have adopted a special coplanar membrane design. The PVDF film is sandwiched between the surfaces of a P.V.C. and a metallic plate of brass which the latter is in contact with the surrounding medium. On the other hand, the active lead is isolated from medium and it is in contact with an isolating liquid (degassed petroleum) held in a cylindrical chamber over the membrane. By the incorporation of this design, the hydrophone can be used for shock wave measurements even in conductive media like different physiological liquids, with a negligible change of sensitivity.