钢筋混凝土桥墩弯剪数值分析模型

基于修正的压力场理论MCFT(The Modified Compression Field Theory)和纤维单元模型建立了钢筋混凝土桥墩的弯剪数值分析模型,以MCFT理论确定桥墩的剪切力-剪切位移关系,并与考虑桥墩弯曲变形的纤维单元模型组合,共同考虑桥墩的弯-剪-轴力耦合作用.通过与六个弯剪破坏控制的圆形截面钢筋混凝土桥墩拟静力试验结果的对比,对分析模型进行了验证.主要认识结论为基于MCFT理论可准确地计算弯剪破坏桥墩的屈服荷载、极限荷载和弹性阶段剪切刚度,剪切开裂是引起钢筋混凝土构件剪切力-剪切位移关系刚度突变的主要因素,而弯曲开裂与纵筋屈服对刚度的影响较小;分析模型对弯剪破坏桥墩的滞回曲线、弯曲与剪切变形成分均进行了较为准确的模拟分析.     

基于智能驾驶电动汽车的多车?桥梁耦合系统动力学特性研究

迫于能源和环保问题的压力, 电动汽车及智能驾驶受到了各国高度重视. 轮毂电机驱动电动汽车车轮振动剧烈, 与桥梁路面动力学相互作用更加突出, 现有研究主要针对传统汽车, 关于电动车轮与公路桥梁接触动力学相互作用及智能驾驶车队的多车?桥梁耦合作用研究尚不多见. 本文以轮毂电机驱动电动汽车为研究对象, 考虑车轮和桥面多点接触关系, 研究了两个智能驾驶汽车过桥时的车桥耦合动力学特性. 分析了电机质量、电机激励、轮胎悬架刚度非线性、车距、车速对系统振动特性的影响, 以及桥面不平顺激励、三重耦合激励对电动汽车平顺性的影响. 研究表明: 车距和车速是影响车?桥系统振动特性的重要因素, 在车?桥耦合动态设计中, 车距和车速的影响应重点关注; 桥面越平坦, 电机激励及桥面二次激励对车辆平顺性和道路友好性影响越加显著, 当汽车行驶在平坦桥面时两种激励对轮毂电机驱动电动汽车的影响不容忽视. 所建模型有望为智能驾驶电动汽车与桥梁的耦合作用研究提供理论参考.      

Nonlinear dynamic analysis for coupled vehicle-bridge system with harmonic excitation

In this paper, a multi-degree-of-freedom lumped parameter coupled vehicle-bridge dynamic model is proposed considering the nonlinearities of suspension and tire stiffness/damping and the nonlinear foundation of bridge. In terms of modelling, the continuous expressions of the kinetic energy, potential energy and the dissipation function are constructed. The dynamic equations of the coupled vehicle-bridge system (CVBS) are derived and discretized using Galerkin’s scheme, which yield a set of second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations with coupled terms. The numerical simulations are conducted by using the Newmark-β integration method to perform a parametric study of the effects on excitation amplitude, suspension stiffness and position relation. The bifurcation diagram, 3-D frequency spectrum and largest Lyapunov exponent are demonstrated in order to better understand the vibration properties and interaction between the vehicle and bridge with the key system parameters. It can be found that the nonlinear dynamic characteristics such as parametric resonance, jump phenomena, periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic motions are strongly attributed to the interaction between vehicle and bridge. Significantly, under the combined internal and external excitations, the vibration amplitudes of the CVBS have a certain degree of dependence on the external excitation. Suspension stiffness could lead to complex dynamics such as the higher-order bifurcations increase and the chaotic regions broaden. The increasing of distance could effectively control the nonlinear vibration of CVBS. The application of the proposed nonlinear coupled vehicle-bridge model would bring higher computational accuracy and make it possible to design the vehicle and bridge simultaneously.     

车-桥-线竖平面振动及其能量转化机制精细建模

建立了考虑车-桥(线)纵向振动及其能量相互转化机制的竖平面内精细耦合运动方程.将车-桥(线)视为一个整体系统,车辆各剐体的纵向运动均作为独立的自由度,考虑到车-桥(线)纵向振动及其能量相互转化机制,车辆驱动或制动作用采用轮轨间的纵向相互作用力和轮对作用力矩模拟,桥梁、线路结构采用梁单元离散,线路与桥梁之间的钢轨基础采用竖向和纵向的均布弹簧阻尼连接,建立了竖平面内精细耦合运动方程,它可合理模拟车桥(线)间能量相互转化的过程.简支梁桥算例表明:车辆在桥上无驱动或制动运行过程中,不考虑轨道结构时车速先增加后减小,而考虑轨道结构时车速只有减小的趋势,轮对还发生了高频的纵向振动,且车体和轮对的纵向振动对轨道竖向不平顺较为敏感;此外,考虑轮轨滚动碾压作用和能量转化机制时,钢轨加速度响应略偏大.本文研究可为实际车辆动态变速运行的模拟和更精细空间耦合模型的建立提供研究基础.     

The test and simulation of ABS on rough,non-deformable terrains

It is well known that the performance of many antilock braking systems (ABS) deteriorate on rough, non-deformable surfaces due to a number of factors such as axle oscillations, wheel speed fluctuations and deficiencies in the algorithms. Rough terrain excitation further contribute to dynamic tyre effects such as loss of vertical contact and poor contact patch generation that leads to reduced longitudinal force generation. In this study, a slightly modified version of the Bosch ABS algorithm is implemented in Matlab/Simulink using co-simulation with a validated full vehicle ADAMS model that incorporate a valid high-fidelity FTire model. A non-ABS test vehicle is fitted with a commercial ABS modulator controlled by an embedded computer. The co-simulation model is validated with vehicle test data on both smooth and rough terrains. Initial results show that wheel speed fluctuations on rough terrain cause inaccuracies in the estimation of vehicle velocity and excessive noise on the derived rotational acceleration values. This leads to inaccurate longitudinal slip calculation and poor control state decisions respectively. It is concluded that, although the correlation is not yet as desired, the combined use of a simulation model and test vehicle can be a useful tool in the research of ABS braking on rough terrains.     

车辆制动作用下的车辆-路面-桥梁系统随机振动分析

视车辆、路面体系和桥梁为整个系统,将车辆模拟成弹簧和阻尼器连接的多刚体,沥青路面层模拟成Kelvin模型支承的无限长梁,混凝土路面和主梁一起模拟成Euler-Bernoulli梁。应用弹性系统动力学总势能不变值原理和形成矩阵的"对号入座"法则,建立了系统的竖向运动方程;并运用协方差等效方法模拟了车轮随机输入非平稳时域模型。研究了车辆制动作用下的车辆-路面-桥梁耦合系统的振动特性。计算表明:在其他条件相同时,刹车时,混凝土路面层对应的冲击系数为沥青路面层所对应系数的1.31倍;刹车时间为0.3 s时对应的冲击系数为刹车时间0.6 s所对应的1.29倍;路面的不平状况加剧了车辆制动作用时对桥梁冲击系数的影响。     

双曲面摩擦摆支座典型桥梁的地震响应研究

为研究不同因素对粤东高烈度地区双曲面摩擦摆支座高速公路典型桥梁工程地震响应的影响,选取潮安韩江特大桥主桥(55+4×90+55)m为研究对象,该桥所有墩梁之间均采用双曲面摩擦摆支座。采用ANSYS有限元软件建立全桥模型,基于时程分析法研究了多种因素下桥梁结构的地震响应。研究表明,在纵桥向地震动激励下,桩土的相互作用对各桥墩墩底地震响应影响显著;栓钉全部剪断比栓钉全部不剪断的各桥墩墩底弯矩和剪力分布更均匀,桥墩上的固定支座栓钉不剪断将会增加该桥墩的弯矩、剪力以及支座剪力,但对其他桥墩的影响较小;该研究成果可应用于带栓钉的摩擦摆支座桥梁的地震响应分析。     

考虑轮轨脱离的车桥耦合系统动力响应分析

针对密贴和弹簧连接两种轮轨关系模型,通过构造车轮与桥梁之间相对位移和相互作用力间的线性互补关系,建立了两种考虑轮轨脱离的车桥耦合系统动力学分析模型,从而将车桥耦合系统的轮轨连接问题转化为标准的线性互补问题。本文方法不需要在每一个时间步对接触状态进行判断,避免了传统算法的迭代求解过程,能够对轮轨脱离进行模拟。在数值算例中,讨论了无量纲化的车桥耦合系统质量、刚度等参数和行驶状态对系统响应动力放大系数的影响,以及速度因子和车桥质量因子对轮轨脱离的影响。数值算例证明了本文方法的正确性,且相对于传统轮轨接触模型具有更高的计算效率。     

Numerical Modelling of Traffic Induced Vibrations

A solution procedure is presented to compute free field vibrations induced by train or road traffic, the excitation being either deterministic or stochastic. The full interaction between the vehicle, the track or road and the soil is accounted for, using a substructure approach that takes advantage of the fact that the properties of the track or road and the soil do not change along the longitudinal direction. A time-frequency approach is proposed to characterize the free field radiated in the soil. The examples show the importance of guided waves along the track for understanding the dynamic behavior of the track or the road.     

Finite element analysis for train–track–bridge interaction system

This article deals with the dynamic analysis of train–track–bridge interaction system using the finite element method. In this interaction system, each four-wheelset vehicle in the train is modeled by a mass–spring–damper system with 10 degrees of freedom; the rails and the bridge decks are modeled as a number of Bernoulli–Euler beam elements, while the elasticity and damping properties of the rail bed are represented by continuous springs and dampers. The equation of motion for the interaction system is presented in matrix form with time-dependent coefficients. The correctness of the proposed procedure is illustrated by a comparison with the numerical result from the existing literature. Several numerical examples are chosen to investigate the effect of two types of vehicle models, two types of bridge models and three damping values of bridge on the maximum dynamic responses of train, track and bridges.     

Stability and Bifurcation of Longitudinal Vehicle Braking

The longitudinal braking dynamics of a two-wheel vehicle model on an incline are considered using techniques from nonlinear dynamics. The model is planar and incorporates the coupled dynamics of two independently braked wheels and the vehicle body, and takes into account the slip dynamics of each wheel. By using the wheel slip values and the vehicle speed as dynamic states, it is shown that the qualitative behavior of the system can be completely captured by studying a relatively simple phase plane problem described in terms of the slip values. A systematic bifurcation analysis is carried out in which the brake torques of the two wheels are varied, and it is shown how the system transitions from stable braking to the possibility of lockup in one or both wheels, to guaranteed lockup in both wheels. In this manner a quite complete picture of the dynamic behavior is obtained as a function of the two brake torques, including regions with multiple possible steady braking outcomes, depending on the initial conditions. This analysis provides new insights into the dynamics of vehicle braking, and it provides a correction to the standard result for the critical values of the brake torques at which the wheels undergo lockup. This approach may also prove useful for evaluating brake proportioning schedules, or for investigating anti-lock braking systems and other methods of traction control.     

桥墩-冰塞-局部冲刷相关问题研究进展

桥梁建设改变了河流的边界条件、水流条件和河床泥沙的运动状态,冬季河流中有冰塞出现时则产生相互影响作用.近年来,基于冰塞稳定性力学分析,开展了桥墩影响下冰塞稳定性研究,所得桥墩影响下冰塞稳定性判别公式计算结果和实测资料能够较好得吻合;研究了桥墩对河道卡封以及临界流凌密度的影响,计算得到的临界流凌密度与实验值较为接近;介绍了明流、冰盖下桥墩周围局部冲刷等方面的相关研究工作,得出了冰盖条件下桥墩局部最大冲刷深度的回归经验公式,结果表明该公式具有很好的适用范围.对冰塞条件下桥墩附近局部冲刷问题探索性地开展了试验研究,研究表明,冰塞条件下的局部冲刷与冰盖条件下有着很大不同,不仅冲刷深度要大的多,而且桥墩周围局部冲刷过程与冰塞厚度变化相关.在冰塞条件下,桥墩处的最大冲刷深度和最大冲刷长度均随流速增大而增大,冲刷坑尾部淤积沙丘高度也受到流速的影响.就相关研究难点和今后需要进一步开展的研究工作进行了分析和展望.      

重型车辆撞击桥墩的碰撞力峰值参数分析

车辆撞击桥墩的碰撞力受很多因素影响,现行桥梁规范中仅以恒定的静力进行设计,不能正确反映碰撞过程的动力效应以及桥墩与车辆的耦合作用影响,难以满足现代交通和基础设施高速发展的需求．为了考察桥梁结构参数对碰撞力峰值的影响及不同参数间相对重要性,在有限元软件LS-DYNA平台上,建立了车桥碰撞精细化数值模型,对桥梁下部结构遭受重型车辆碰撞过程进行数值仿真,分析了桥墩高度、混凝土抗压强度等级、箍筋间距、纵筋和箍筋的屈服强度、纵筋和箍筋配率等结构参数对碰撞力峰值的影响规律．     

Influence of soil deformation on off-road heavy vehicle suspension vibration

Analyses of the dynamic behaviour of a heavy vehicle during off-road operation are conducted under steady state condition. Three different numerical quarter-vehicle models (single point contact model, rigid wheel contact model and deformable wheel contact model) are introduced, and the simulation results are compared in order to find the most appropriate vehicle model. During the longitudinal travel of the vehicle, arbitrary ground profile is an input of vertical excitation to the vehicle. When ground deformation is included in the numerical model, the deformation filters the vertical excitation to the vehicle while the level of excitation varies depending on the soil deformability. Bekker's non-linear pressure/sinkage relationship is applied in modelling the ground behaviour. The simulations are conducted in the time domain and various surface roughness and ground deformability are applied in the ground/vehicle interaction during a parameter study. The ground deformation under the wheel acts like a non-linear spring during the vehicle movement and influences the vehicle vibration. If a vehicle mainly operates on off-road condition with high ground deformability lower value of damping is required in order to minimise the vertical body acceleration.     

推力主动磁轴承的动特性参数辨识

针对五自由度刚性非对称磁轴承 -转子系统 ,建立了系统动力学模型 ,在此基础上推导出系统动特性参数辨识公式 ,并用多频电流激励法辨识出参数 .与理论计算结果相比表明 :系统所建模型符合实际 ,辨识方法有效 ;径向轴承在 x和 y方向上的力 -刚度和力 -电流系数相同 ,与推力轴承对应系数相比稍大 ;推力轴承对转子横向振动产生的耦合效应明显影响系统的稳定性 ,在设计系统时必须加以考虑     

车轮多边形激励下高速列车制动界面摩擦学行为分析

高速列车车轮多边形磨耗是一种沿车轮周向的不均匀磨耗,是列车服役过程中常见的车轮失效现象,其产生的剧烈轮轨激励严重威胁车辆系统服役可靠性. 制动系统作为保障高速列车服役安全的核心部件,其界面摩擦学行为直接受到轮轨激励的影响. 为探究车轮多边形激励下的制动界面摩擦学行为,建立了刚柔耦合车辆动力学模型和制动系统热机耦合有限元模型,并分别通过线路试验和台架试验验证了模型的正确性. 然后,提出一种考虑车轮多边形激励的制动界面摩擦学行为分析方法,能够真实地反映服役过程中制动界面摩擦学行为. 基于此,研究了不同车辆运行速度下车轮多边形激励对制动系统动态接触、温度以及振动特性的影响规律. 结果表明:车轮多边形磨耗导致系统接触面积、摩擦热、接触应力和振动等摩擦学行为更为复杂且剧烈. 此外,系统接触面积标准差和振动加速度均方根值随速度的增加而增大. 因此,车轮多边形磨耗对制动界面摩擦学行为具有不可忽略的影响. 该研究成果可为制动系统界面摩擦学行为研究及结构优化设计提供有效方法与工程指导.      

基于LS -DYNA公路桥车桥耦合的车辆模型研究

研究公路桥梁在移动车辆荷载作用下的动力响应,建立合理的车辆模型非常重要。为更真实地体现桥梁在车载作用下的动力响应,基于LS-DYNA程序,结合常用重型车辆的结构特性及参数,对车辆的橡胶轮胎、轮胎内气体压力、车轮转动和车辆悬架系统进行模拟,使车辆模型更接近实际车辆。通过车辆轴重和动力特性初步验证车辆有限元模型的有效性;同时,以一座混凝土简支空心板梁桥为算例,验证车轮转动和车桥相互接触力,并将LS-DYNA计算结果与桥梁实测结果进行对比,进一步验证车辆有限元模型的有效性。研究结果表明,基于LS-DYNA建立的三维车辆有限元模型是可行的,可以用于研究车桥相互作用。     

The influence of the soil stratification on free field traffic-induced vibrations

Summary  This paper deals with the influence of the soil stratification on the free field vibrations generated by the passage of a vehicle on an uneven road. A two-stage solution procedure is applied for the numerical prediction of the free field traffic-induced vibrations. First, a 2D vehicle model is used for the calculation of the axle loads from the longitudinal road profile. Next, the free field response is calculated with the dynamic Betti-Rayleigh reciprocity theorem, using a transfer function between the road and the receiver. The dynamic road-soil interaction problem is solved with a substructure method. The road is modelled as a beam of infinite length, while the boundary element method, based on the Green's functions for a horizontally layered linear elastic halfspace is used for the soil. The influence of the soil stratification is demonstrated by a numerical example where the free field vibrations during the passage of a vehicle on a traffic plateau are calculated. Three different cases are considered for the layering of the soil: a homogeneous halfspace, a layer built in at its base and a layer on a halfspace. Special emphasis goes to the dynamic interaction between the road and the soil. It is demonstrated that the stratification of the soil has a considerable influence on both the peak particle velocity and the frequency content of the free field vibrations. Received 28 November 2000; accepted 24 April 2001     

AN INTEGRATED COUPLING ELEMENT FOR VEHICLE-RAIL-BRIDGE INTERACTION SYSTEM WITH A NON-UNIFORM CONTINUOUS BRIDGE

An integrated coupling element considering wheel-rail interface for analyzing the dynamic responses of vehicle-rail-bridge interaction system with a non-uniform continuous bridge is presented. The governing equations of the interaction system are established first, and the solution procedure and assembly method of the coupling element are demonstrated. Finally, the accuracy, efficiency and function of the integrated coupling element are tested using two numerical examples. The influences of different combinations of rail and bridge element length in the coupling element on the solution are investigated, and the effects of different rail irregularities on the dynamic responses are discussed.     

Mechanical properties of isolation bearings identified by a viscoelastic model

The Haringx theory is usually employed to describe the mechanical behavior of rubber bearings subjected to a compressive axial load and a lateral shear deformation, but it does not consider the damping effect. In order to study the behavior of isolation bearings which possess an energy-dissipation capacity, the explicit formulas for the horizontal stiffness of viscoelastic columns and the corresponded height reduction are derived by the method of variable separation. These explicit formulas are then applied to develop an identification procedure to find the shear modulus and loss factor of the rubber using the cyclic shear tests of isolation bearings. Through this identification procedure, the empirical formulas for the shear modulus and the loss factor of rubber are established as functions of the strain amplitude and the excitation frequency.