扭转塑性变形对6063铝合金拉伸力学性能的影响机理研究

扭转是一种常用的冷作硬化方法。本文通过实心圆轴扭转实验和预扭试件的单向拉伸实验,研究了扭转塑性变形程度对6063铝合金拉伸力学性能的影响。通过理论研究和硬度分析探究了造成这一影响的内在机理。结果表明,试件扭转后其内部形成的以屈服强度为特征参数的梯度结构,是造成预扭试件力学性能得到改善的根本原因。并且,扭转不同的角度,材料内部产生的梯度结构也是不同的。而不同的梯度结构对试件力学性能的影响则表现为后继拉伸屈服强度随预扭角度的增大而增大。为了预测预扭试件的后继拉伸力学行为,验证前述结论的正确性,建立了由内到外屈服强度逐渐变化的有限元模型。此模型代表了预扭转变形试件,对其施加位移载荷,模拟后继单向拉伸加载过程。模拟所得材料力学性能随扭转角的变化趋势与实验结果基本吻合,从而验证了扭转冷作硬化后,圆轴试件内部产生了以屈服强度为特征参数的梯度结构这一结论。同时,也提供了一种有效的预测材料扭转后拉伸力学性能的数值模拟方法。     

用弹性理论求解片状弹簧承受拉伸和扭转时的变形

<正> 机械、仪器、仪表中,片状弹簧或拉丝应用甚广.本文用弹性理论求解片状弹簧承受拉伸和扭转时的变形.作为力学理论在工程中的应用实例,可供有关专业的师生和工程技术人员参考.1.矩形截面杆的自由扭转     

实心圆试件扭转试验确定大应变本构关系

提出并完成了通过实心圆轴扭转试验建立大应变本构关系的方法。它比单向拉伸试验所得到的本构关系更为精确。因拉伸实验变形较大时试件伸长和变细对测量结果有影响；尤其在“颈缩”后，很难对有关力学量作有效测量和分析。即扭转本构关系的描绘更为完整。以低碳钢为例，扭转本构关系所描述的有效区间比拉伸本构关系大十余倍。该方法将有利于探讨研究更大应变下的材料力学行为。     

计及相变微结构演化的形状记忆合金本构描述

基于对NiTi形状记忆合金的实验观察及有限元分析,考虑两相间的应变不协调关系,采用应变修正法建立了计及片层状微结构的本构模型,本模型考虑了两相间的相互约束,及其约束随微结构演化的变化规律.研究了NiTi形状记忆合金微圆管在拉伸和扭转下的响应特性.计算结果与实验结果的对比表明所建本构模型较好地描述了伪弹性响应尤其是较好地描述了拉伸实验过程中的应力跌落现象.     

实心圆轴扭转测定本构关系的概念和方法

本文提出了实心圆轴扭转试验建立有限应变本构关系(τ—γ曲线)的概念，并在文[1]工作的基础上完成了通过实心圆轴扭转试验建立文献[6]形式的有限应变本构关系的方法，它比单向拉伸试验所得到的本构关系更为精确，因拉伸实验变形较大时试件伸长和变细对测量结果有影响，尤其在“颈缩”后，很难对有关力学量作有效测量和分析，扭转本构关系的描绘也更为完整，以低碳钢为例，扭转本构关系所描述的有效范围比拉伸本构关系大十余倍，本文方法将有利于探讨研究更大应变下的材料力学行为。     

拉扭耦合作用下柱形纤维与基底的界面黏附性能研究

受壁虎刚毛可逆黏附性能的启发,本文建立了单根弹性圆柱纤维与刚性基底黏附接触的理论和数值模型,同时考虑了拉伸和扭转载荷的耦合作用及纤维半径对界面黏附性能的影响.研究发现耦合载荷作用下柱形纤维同样存在一个临界半径,当纤维半径小于该临界尺寸时,界面应力达到均匀的理论强度分布,接触边界应力集中消失,出现缺陷不敏感现象;当纤维半径大于该临界尺寸时,界面以裂纹扩展而失效.在耦合载荷作用下纤维的临界半径小于纯拉伸而大于纯扭转时的临界尺寸,且该临界半径随着施加扭转载荷的增大而减小.表明在纯拉伸载荷下使界面黏附强度达到最优的柱形纤维,在拉伸和扭转载荷耦合作用下,由于界面失效形式的转变使界面易发生脱黏,并且界面脱黏时的拉脱力随着扭转载荷的增大而减小,理论和数值结果一致.本文结果进一步应用揭示了壁虎可以通过调控施加在其最小黏附单元上的载荷形式实现纯拉伸载荷下强黏附及耦合载荷下易脱黏的力学机制.     

单纤维细丝微力学性能实验研究

使用数字标记点识别方法分别对T300碳纤维和Kevlar29芳纶纤维单丝进行了拉伸实验测试,给出了单纤维细丝的拉伸性能参数。其中T300碳纤维单丝的直径在 7μm左右,比Kev lar29芳纶纤维的直径 (约 12μm左右 )要小;T300碳纤维的拉伸模量为 230GPa左右,远大于Kevlar29芳纶纤维的拉伸模量(约 80GPa);它们的拉伸强度相当,都在 2. 5GPa左右;而T300碳纤维的断裂伸长率在 1. 0%左右,小于Kevlar29芳纶纤维的 3. 0%。使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对纤维单丝断裂前后的结构进行了观察,这些不同的微观结构决定了纤维单丝拉伸性能的差异。     

考虑微观变形特征的水凝胶均匀和非均匀溶胀分析及其影响参数研究

本文给出考虑微观变形的水凝胶溶胀的分析模型,该模型假设构成聚合物网络的单链受到由于周围链的作用而产生类似圆管状的约束,并且认为每个单链变形与网络变形之间存在非仿射关系.利用该模型分析了凝胶在自由溶胀情形,预拉伸凝胶单一方向溶胀情形以及具有刚性核的球形凝胶溶胀至平衡状态情形的变形特征.研究表明, 对于自由溶胀的均匀变形情形, 水凝胶微观单链与宏观网络的变形相一致,伸长率随链段数的增加而增大, 随单链密度的增大而减小.伸长率也会随有效圆管几何参数数值的增大而增大,但是当外部溶剂压力达到一定数值以后单链的圆管约束对凝胶溶胀变形影响逐渐减小.在单一方向溶胀状态下,预拉伸凝胶会出现微观单链和宏观网络伸长率相等的溶胀平衡状态,此时约束应力等于零.具有刚性核的球形凝胶溶胀至平衡状态时产生径向和环向伸长率不相等的非均匀球对称变形.在刚性核的附近, 单链和网络的径向伸长率均大于自由溶胀状态伸长率.在远离刚性核的位置, 单链和网络的伸长率均接近自由溶胀状态的伸长率.网络渗透压随有效圆管几何参数数值的增大而降低,溶剂分子体积分数则随有效圆管几何参数数值的增大而增大.所建立的分析模型可以模拟凝胶溶胀导致的微观单链变形.      

薄壁管预扭冲击拉伸实验装置的研制

材料在复合应力下的拉压或扭转行为常常与单轴拉压或者单轴扭转应力下不同,拉压以及扭转常体现出相互影响的特点。而复合应力下的塑性波可以有效地反映材料在复合应力下的本构行为特点。本文通过对霍普金森压杆进行改造,建立了一套薄壁管预扭冲击拉伸的实验装置,可以在薄壁管内产生拉扭耦合塑性波,并对率相关材料304不锈钢进行了薄壁管预扭拉伸实验研究,得到了该材料的拉扭耦合塑性波。结果表明,304不锈钢薄壁管的拉扭耦合塑性波具有明显的耦合快波和耦合慢波的双波结构,并且快波慢波之间没有恒值区间隔。同时也表明,该装置可以实现预期效果,并且可以有效避免薄壁管屈曲的产生。     

PBX炸药的拉伸断裂损伤分析

采用巴西实验作为间接拉伸加载手段,研究了某PBX(polymer-bonded explosive)炸药试样拉伸作用下的断裂损伤特性.发展了PBX炸药的光学制备技术,获得了试样在光学显微镜下的细观表面形貌和断裂损伤形貌,结合高速摄影和数字相关分析技术获得了试样的形变和破坏过程.实验结果表明该PBX炸药的静态拉伸强度低于...     

Correlation between swift effects and tension–compression asymmetry in various polycrystalline materials

The Swift phenomenon, which refers to the occurrence of permanent axial deformation during monotonic free-end torsion, has been known for a very long time. While plastic anisotropy is considered to be its main cause, there is no explanation as to why in certain materials irreversible elongation occurs while in others permanent shortening is observed.In this paper, a correlation between Swift effects and the stress–strain behavior in uniaxial tension and compression is established. It is based on an elastic–plastic model that accounts for the combined influence of anisotropy and tension–compression asymmetry. It is shown that, if for a given orientation the uniaxial yield stress in tension is larger than that in compression, the specimen will shorten when twisted about that direction; however, if the yield stress in uniaxial compression is larger than that in uniaxial tension, axial elongation will occur. Furthermore, it is shown that on the basis of a few simple mechanical tests it is possible to predict the particularities of the plastic response in torsion for both isotropic and initially anisotropic materials. Unlike other previous interpretations of the Swift effects, which were mainly based on crystal plasticity and/or texture evolution, it is explained the occurrence of Swift effects at small to moderate plastic strains. In particular, the very good quantitative agreement between model and data for a strongly anisotropic AZ31–Mg alloy confirm the correlation established in this work between tension–compression asymmetry and Swift effects. Furthermore, it is explained why the sign of the axial plastic strains that develop depends on the twisting direction.     

Photovisco-elasto-plastic analysis tested on polyester by the scattered-light method

A three-dimensional photovisco-elasto-plastic model considering the strain rate effect was investigated by the scattered-light method using polyester as a model material. To examine the mechanical and optical properties of the material, tension and torsion tests were carried out on cylindrical specimens under various strain rates at 30°C. The effects of strain rate on the stress-strain relation and scattered-light fringe appearance were evaluated. The equivalent shearing stress-strain relation can be approximated by the Ramberg-Osgood equation with rate-dependent modulus and yield stress. The fringe gradient, when normalized by a rate-dependent yield gradient, can be related to an equivalent strain in the same form regardless of the strain rate. The strain rate can be evaluated from the measurement of the rate of increase of the fringe gradient. Hence, the relation between the fringe gradient and its rate of increase was derived as a function of strain rate. Finally, a method is proposed for the estimation of the visco-elasto-plastic stress and strain in a three-dimensional specimen from the measurement of only the fringe gradient and its rate of increase. The method was successfully applied not only to uniaxial tension but also to pure torsion.     

Experimental analysis of the correlation between martensitic transformation plasticity and the austenitic grain size in steels

This work investigates the effect of the Austenite Grain Size (AGS) on the thermo-mechanical behavior of 35NiCrMo16 steel during the martensitic transformation under complex loading. Particularly in view of some thermal cycles, we analyzed the evolution of the austenite grain size under different austenitizing conditions. Using the same temperature-holding time parameters, we performed a series of experiments to assess the Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP) under uniaxial (tension or torsion) and biaxial (tension + torsion) loading. The results suggest that the uniaxial torsion loading case, Transformation-Induced Plasticity does not depend on the prior Austenite Grain Size (AGS) whereas, in the uniaxial tension loading case, it is a “slightly” increasing function of the AGS.     

Ratchetting under tension–torsion loadings: experiments and modelling

This paper is concerned with the mechanical behaviour of 316 austenitic stainless steel under multiaxial loadings and particular attention is paid to ratchetting under tension–torsion non-proportional loadings. First, a series of uniaxial tests and biaxial tests has been carried out in order to calibrate five different cyclic plasticity models based on an isotropic hardening rule and a non-linear kinematic hardening rule. It is shown that this class of models gives quite good agreement between the experimental and numerical results. Second, another series of ratchetting tests has been carried out under tension–torsion loadings in order to test the prediction capacities of the previous models. It is shown that whereas the models have been calibrated with similar loading paths, four of the five selected models give poor predictions.     

A Mixed Criterion of Delayed Creep Failure Under Plane Stress

The paper discusses delayed creep failure criteria and their experimental justification. These criteria allow transition from the strength characteristics under uniaxial stress to the strength characteristics under plane stress. The criterion is chosen in the form of a mixed invariant that relates two stress components responsible for brittle and ductile failure. The limit characteristics take the effect of the principal stresses into account. The criterion was tested for isotropic metallic materials subjected to internal pressure, internal pressure with tension, pure torsion, and tension with torsion     

Modelling of the plastic flow of trip-aided multiphase steel based on an incremental mean-field approach

An incremental mean-field model is developed for the prediction of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) in multiphase steel. The partitioning of strain between softer and harder constituents is computed based on an elastic-plastic Mori–Tanaka approach that accounts for the progressive transformation of austenite into martensite. The latter transformation is predicted using an energy-balance criterion that is formulated at the level of individual austenite grains. The model has been tested against experimental data. Macroscopic stress-strain curves and rate of martensite formation have been measured on sheet samples subjected to various loading modes: uniaxial tension, simple shear, and (in-plane) uniaxial compression. These experiments were performed at 20 °C and the uniaxial tensile test was repeated at ?30 °C. The mean-field model produces fair predictions of the macroscopic hardening resulting from TRIP on the condition that a sufficient proportion of the load is carried by the very hard martensite inclusions. Such prediction implies that one accounts for the stress heterogeneity across the ferrite-based matrix. At the same time, the model reproduces the elastic lattice strains and the plastic elongation which are measured within the phases by neutron diffraction and by image correlation in a scanning electron microscope, respectively. The model can be used in finite element simulations of forming processes which is illustrated in a study of necking of a cylindrical bar under uniaxial tension.     

拉扭复合加载下循环应力应变关系的研究

以拉扭簿壁管试件为研究对象,根据多轴临界面上的应力应变特性及多轴疲劳临界面法的结果,结合单轴循环应力应变关系,研究了多轴比例与非比例加载下的循环应力应变关系,推导出多应力应变关系模型,经拉扭复合比例与非比例物载试验难证,其预测结果与实测值相符合。     

不同本构模型对橡胶制品有限元法适应性研究

为确定不同本构模型对橡胶制品进行非线性有限元分析的适应性,采用HyperMesh 和ABAQUS软件建立了橡胶标准试件和防尘罩制品的非线性有限元模型. 根据标准试件单轴拉伸试验数据,利用ABAQUS软件拟合了Mooney--Rivlin, Ogden 及Yeoh 3 种本构模型的特征参数,并给出了试件和制品轴向拉伸和压缩工况有限元分析结果. 实测试验与有限元分析结果对比发现:在应变不大于100% 时,两参数的Mooney--Rivlin本构模型计算误差较小;在应变大于100% 时, 用Yeoh 和Ogden 本构模型计算误差较小. 该结论对大变形橡胶元件的非线性特性理论分析具有实际意义.     

Calculation of Creep Strains of Thin-Walled Tubular Members Made of Linear Viscoelastic Materials Under Tension and Torsion

International Applied Mechanics - The problem of analysis of creep strains in thin-walled tubular elements made of linearly viscoelastic materials under uniaxial tension, pure torsion, and combined...